The PA Flora from a. Perspective Reading:

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1 The PA Flora from a Macroevolutionary and Physiogeographical Perspective Reading: Pages 5-7 7in Rhoads &Bl Block. Page ix-xi in Wherry ET, JM Fogg, & HA Wahl Atlas of the Flora of Pennsylvania. The Morris Arboretum, Philadelphia. The particular section headers are Introduction (p. ix), Nomenclature (p. ix), Geology of Pennsylvania in Relation to Plant Distribution (pp. ix-x), and Plants of Unusual Habitats (p. xi).

2 I. Overview of PA Flora A. Generalities 3400 vascular plant species (2/3 are native) 191 trees (130 native) 273 shrubs (170 native) 32 lianas (22 native) 70 vines (46 native) 116 extirpations Rhoads & Block Plants of Pennsylvania.

3 Overview of PA Flora B. Taxonomic Breakdown 94 Ferns & Fern Allies 29 Gymnosperms Rhoads & Block Plants of Pennsylvania.

4 Overview of PA Flora C. Important Families Asteraceae (327) Aster (Symphyotrichum) novae-angliae (aster) Achillea millefolium li (yarrow, milfoil) il) Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Solidago canadensis (goldenrod)

5 Overview of PA Flora C. Important Families Poaceae (281) Poa annua (annual bluegrass) Setaria viridis (bristlegrass, foxtail grass)

6 Overview of PA Flora C. Important Families Cyperaceae (275) Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) Carex grayi (sedge)

7 Overview of PA Flora C. Important Families Fabaceae sensu lato (98) Lathyrus (sweet-pea) Chamaecrista (partridge-pea) Albizia (mimosa tree)

8 Overview of PA Flora C. Important Families Orchidaceae (58) Goodyera pubescens (rattlesnake-plantain) Cypripedium parviflorum (yellow lady s Slipper)

9 Overview of PA Flora D. Important Genera Carex (166) Cyperus (29) and Juncus (29) Symphyotrichum (26) Solidago (25) and Dichanthelium (25) Quercus Q (21)

10 II. Physiogeography & The Flora 4 Main Physiogeographic Provinces Appalachian plateaus Ridge & Vll Valley Piedmont Coastal Plain Rhoads & Block Plants of Pennsylvania.

11

12 Physiogeography & The Flora 4 Main Physiogeographic Provinces Geographic regions with uniform geo-physical characteristics. These influence broad patterns of plant distribution &diversity diversity.

13 A. Appalachian Plateaus B d R&V k d b t (Pl t f t) i i l Boundary: R&V, marked by escarpment (Plataeu front) rising several 100 ft.

14 A. Appalachian Plateaus Topography: High elevation, low relief: relief due to dissection by streams/rivers. Grand Canyon, PA

15 A. Appalachian Plateaus Geology: 1. Near W & N of Scarp: Summits capped by horizontal, resistant sandstone bands. Acid soils, dry on outcrops, boggy around springs /depressions. 2. Far W & N: Less resistant sandstones & shales, lower elevation.

16 A. Appalachian Plateaus Vegetation: ti Northern plants; and plants of Ohio Valley and Great lakes basin.

17 B. Ridge & Valley Boundary: AP & Piedmont

18 B. Ridge & Valley Topography: Parallel l high h elevation ridges and lower valleys.

19 B. Ridge & Valley Geology: 1. Ridges are sandstone outcrops, acid soils. 2. Valleys limestone.; circumneutral, basic 3. Some slopes with prominent shale bands forming shale barrens; acid and poor soil development.

20 B. Ridge & Valley Vegetation: ti Variable.

21 C. Piedmont Boundary: R&V, CP

22 C. Piedmont Topography: Low to moderate relief; hilly on crystalline bedrock. Complexly folded/faulted.

23 C. Piedmont Geology: 1. Hilly on crystalline bedrock; acid soils. Ridges are sandstone outcrops. 2. Low elevations limestone; circumneutral/basic soils. 3. Metamorphic rocks & plutons.

24 C. Piedmont Vegetation: ti Variable, including southern plants at northern edge; Lower Susquehanna Valley important.

25 D. Coastal Plain B d Pi d t F ll Li Boundary: Piedmont, Fall Line. Topography: Flat, low.

26 D. Coastal Plain Geology: Unconsolidated d gravels and sands. Vegetation: Southern plants and Delaware River. Wetland plants common in sluggish waterways. Numerous invasives. Sagittaria eatonii

27 III. Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora Part of larger system based on Appalachian uplift. USGS

28 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora The PA Flora 458 Ma: Did not exist. No plants, no animals on land. Paleomap Project (

29 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora A. Taconic Orogeny ( Ma) Island arc 1 Island arc 2 Future W & S Europe

30 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora A. Taconic Orogeny ( Ma) Island arc accretion Taconic Mountains (Pennsylvania) form

31 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora B. Post-Taconic Passive Phase ( Ma) Mtns erode PA s first plants bryophytes diversify along lakes & streams; arthropods follow.

32 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora C. Acadian Orogeny ( Ma) Island arc #2 accretion Acadian Mtns. PA s first vascular plants diversify.

33

34

35 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora D. Post-Acadian Passive Phase ( Ma) Fern, Lycopod, Horsetail forests.

36 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora D. Post-Acadian Passive Phase ( Ma) Fern, Lycopod, Horsetail forests.

37

38 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora D. Post-Acadian Passive Phase ( Ma) Acadian Mtns. erode Amphibious tetrapods diversify

39 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora E. Alleghenian Orogeny ( Ma) African/Eurasian Collision w/ NA

40 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora E. Alleghenian Orogeny ( Ma) -African-Eurasian collision -Pangea forms

41 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora F. Pangean Passive Phase ( Ma) -Alleghenian Mtns erode? -Mass extinction.

42 Evolution of the Physiogeography & Flora -Mass extinction % of marine species. 70% of land species. Perhaps 99.5% of all organisms.

43 Why the mass extinction? 90-95% 95% of marine species. 70% of land species. Perhaps 99.5% of all organisms.

44 Influence on Biota Today? Extinction of giant lycopods, horsetails, & ferns. Seed plants evolve to fill void Extinction of dominant amphibians Reptiles evolve to fill void

45 G. Mid-Jurassic Rifting Phase Jurassic. 210 present Ma. Formation of Atlantic. Giant reptiles evolve. Angiosperms evolve.

46 H. Isostatic Rebound & Peripheral Bulge Ongoing Causal factors: Erosion of Alleghenian (ancient). Glacial melt (relatively recent). Formation of fatlantic ti (ongoing).

47 Future World?

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