Basin-scale analysis of long-term sediment-generation rates derived from 10 Be in river sediment:
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1 Basin-scale analysis of long-term sediment-generation rates derived from 10 Be in river sediment: The Susquehanna River basin and beyond Joanna M. Reuter M.S. Proposal April 30, 2003 Paul Bierman, advisor
2 Outline Big picture questions Fundamentals of cosmogenic nuclide analysis of sediment Framework of study Susquehanna River Example: Drift Creek, Oregon Coast Range Geographic Information Systems Multivariate statistics Applications and summary
3 Where and how quickly does Earth s surface erode?
4 Climate Tectonics Sediment generation Biota Topography Local geology
5 From: Ahnert, 1970
6 From: Montgomery and Brandon, 2002
7 Climate Precipitation Temperature Tectonics Tectonic setting Sediment generation Biota Land cover Local geology Lithology Topography Relief Slope Aspect Stream network Sinuosity
8 Temporal Scale: Methods for Inferring Erosion Rates Apatite fission track, (U-Th)/He thermochronometry years Cosmogenic nuclide analysis of sediment years Measurement of present day sediment yield Time scale years
9 Depth, in meters Cosmogenic Nuclides: Key Ideas Si O 26 Al 10 Be 3 0 % 50 % 100% Production Rate Quartz
10 Depth, in meters Cosmogenic Nuclides: Key Ideas Si O 26 Al 10 Be 3 0 % 50 % 100% Production Rate Quartz
11 3 m 0% 100%
12 0% 100% 3 m 10 Be is a proxy for erosion rate
13 Sample Sediment for Basin-Integrated Sediment-Generation Rates
14 Spatial Distribution: Drift Creek, OR Coast Range Susquehanna River Basin Cosmogenic Sediment Data North Slope, AK Yuma Wash Rio Puerco Great Smoky Mountains Venezuela Nahal Yael, Israel Bhutan Bolivian Andes Namibia Drift Creek, OR: Bierman et al., 2001 Yuma Wash: Clapp et al., 2002 Rio Puerco: Clapp et al., 2001, Bierman et al., 2001 Great Smoky Mountains: Matmon et al., 2003 Nahal Yael, Israel: Clapp et al., 2000 Climate Tectonics Biota Erosion Topography Local geology
15 Framework of M.S. Research Acquire GIS data Susquehanna Basin All basins (Drift Creek example) Summarize data by basins Select sample sites and collect samples Separate quartz and measure 10 Be Interpret data as sediment generation rates GIS and multivariate statistical analyses
16 The Susquehanna River Basin Basin size: >70,000 km 2 North American passive margin Motivation: Chesapeake Bay Partly glaciated
17 Appalachian Plateaus Piedmont Valley and Ridge
18 The Susquehanna River basin 22 preliminary samples Collected at USGS streamgages Challenges of data interpretation Large basin Glaciated basin Sediment storage in terraces Sampling strategy Utilize GIS to select sampling sites Focus on small headwater basins Focus on unglaciated parts of the basin
19 Data Analysis Acquire GIS data Delineate drainage basin from digital elevation model Summarize data for each basin Explore data qualitatively longitudinal profiles, etc. Explore data statistically Investigate whether sediment generation rates inferred from 10 Be activities correlate with basin-scale parameters
20 Drift Creek 180 km 2 basin in the Oregon Coast Range Oregon Coast Range has received extensive geomorphic study Independent evidence suggests that the Oregon Coast Range approximates a topographic steady state
21
22 Elevation
23 Basin Area
24 Stream Network
25 Slope
26 Land Use/Land Cover
27 Geology
28 Precipitation
29 Multivariate statistics Ascertain which variables have most explanatory value Principal components analysis Multiple linear regression Canonical correlation analysis
30 Anticipated Outcome Insight regarding relative importance of: Climate Tectonics Topography Biota Erosion Local geology
31 Motivation and Applications Assess human impacts on sediment yield Chesapeake Bay sedimentation Development of EPA Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) regulations
32 Funding USGS NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Graduate College Summer Research Fellowship Graduate Teaching Fellowship
33 Timeline Spring 2003 (Graduate Teaching Fellowship) Preliminary Susquehanna samples: from quarts of sample to samples of quartz; data before summer field work GIS data acquisition (focus on US basins) and preliminary analysis Summer 2003 (Graduate College Summer Research Fellowship) Susquehanna field work, purify quartz from new samples GIS work continued Fall 2003 (NSF Graduate Research Fellowship) Continue intensive GIS analysis, analyze summer field data Present at GSA Spring & Summer 2004 (NSF Graduate Research Fellowship) Complete data analysis Write and defend thesis Presentation of results at national meetings
34
35
36 JUNK
37 Cosmogenic nuclide analysis of sediment: key ideas Earth is continually bombarded by cosmic rays The interaction of cosmic rays with near-surface materials produces cosmogenic nuclides, including 10 Be and 26 Al in quartz Abundance of cosmogenic nuclides in stream sediments reflects the erosional history of the basin
38 Climate Tectonics Topography Biota Local geology
39 Data organization Sediment get rid of dot get rid of dot 10 Be activity sample get rid of dot get rid of dot Interpreted sediment generation rate properties get rid of dot get rid of dot Grain size fraction used in analysis get rid of dot Basin area get rid of dot Slope get rid of dot Curvature Digital elevation model (DEM) get rid of dot Relief Network length (by stream order) Stream network properties Basin Sinuosity properties Longitudinal profile geometry Concavity Geology get rid of dot Area with quartz-bearing rocks get rid of dot Rock strength Physiography get rid of dot Area of represented physiographic provinces Ecoregion get rid of dot Area of represented ecoregions Land use/land cover get rid of dot Area of land cover types Tectonics get rid of dot Tectonic setting Region properties get rid of dot Rainfall General climate get rid of dot Temperature
40 What s New & Different Combination of: Temporal scale Spatial distribution Combination of analytical tools: Cosmogenic nuclide analysis of sediment Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Multivariate statistics
41 Framework of M.S. Research Obtain and interpret 10 Be data from Susquehanna River basin sediments Analyze worldwide basins from which Bierman and collaborators have obtained cosmogenic nuclide data from sediment Consider relationship of 10 Be activities to basinscale parameters using GIS
42 Spatial Distribution Cosmogenic Data Sets EXPLANATION DC: Drift Creek, OR (Bierman et al., 2001) YW: Yuma Wash, AZ (Bierman et al., 2001) RP: Rio Puerco, NM (Clapp et al., 2001) GS: Great Smoky Mtns. (Matmon et al., 2003) NY: Nahal Yael, Israel (Clapp et al., 2000) BA: Bolivian Andes SQ: Susquehanna River NS: North Slope, Alaska VZ: Venezuela NA: Namibia BH: Bhutan
43 Elevation, in meters Distance from mouth, in meters
44 Anticipated Outcome Results of the analysis of cosmogenic nuclide data and basin-scale parameters will provide insight regarding the relative importance of climate, tectonics, topography, biota, and lithology in determining sediment generation rates.
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