2 Georgia: Its Heritage and Its Promise

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1 TERMS region, erosion, fault, elevation, Fall Line, aquifer, marsh, climate, weather, precipitation, drought, tornado, hurricane, wetland, estuary, barrier island, swamp PLACES Appalachian Mountains, Appalachian Plateau region, Valley and Ridge region, Blue Ridge Mountains region, Brasstown Bald, Piedmont region, Stone Mountain, Coastal Plain region, Okefenokee Swamp, Golden Isles The Blue Ridge Mountains region in northern Georgia has some of the most beautiful scenery in the state. Smith Creek begins where two streams meet at Anna Ruby Falls, then flows south to feed the rivers of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. 2 Georgia: Its Heritage and Its Promise

2 ith mountains and beaches, oaks and pines, deer and alligators, Georgia has a rich diversity of land, soil, and life-forms. The state is in the western hemisphere of our planet on the continent of North America. North America includes not only the United States of America and Canada, but also the large island of Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean, the countries of Central America, such as Mexico, and the island countries in the Caribbean south of the United States. The North American continent is the third largest in land area, behind Asia and Africa. North America is the fourth largest in population, behind Asia, Africa, and Europe. Georgia is in the southeastern area of the United States of America and is the largest state east of the Mississippi River. It stretches about three hundred miles from its northern boundary to its southern border. Georgia is bordered on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina, on the west by Alabama, on the south by Florida, and on the east by South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean. The state is divided into five geographic regions. (A region is an area with common characteristics such as soil, vegetation, climate, landforms, recreation, or economic opportunities.) These regions have affected the settlement, culture, and economy of the state and provided homes for many different plants and animals. This chapter explores our state s geography and examines its importance in how Georgia s history unfolded. Chapter 1: Georgia s Land and Climate 3

3 Defining the Skill Practicing the Skill A map provides information in a graphic manner. There are many types of maps, including topographical, physical/political, historical, and satellite. Some common forms of maps found in textbooks focus on climate, weather regions, movement, transportation routes, distance, waterways, and natural resources. To properly read a map, you should look at the title to determine the subject or purpose; determine the type of information it displays; look at any key or legend to determine the meaning of symbols or colors; look at the compass rose and scale to determine direction and distance. Look at the map below. While you examine the map, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What is the subject of the map? 2. What type of information is displayed on the map? 3. Is there a scale? If so, what does it tell you? 4. Is there a legend? If so, what types of information does it indicate? 5. How many towns are shown on the map? Name one. 6. What states are shown on the map? Now, create one or more questions of your own about the map. 4 Chapter 1: Georgia s Land and Climate

4 VITAL STATISTICS Land area: 58,910 square miles (21st) Coast: 100 miles (16th) Shoreline: 2,344 miles (12th) Distances: 315 miles long, 250 miles wide Number of geographic regions: 5 Number of counties: 159 Highest point: Brasstown Bald (4,784 feet, 25th) Lowest point: Atlantic coastline (sea level, 3rd) Average elevation: 600 feet (16th) Anna Ruby Falls, White County LOCATION Latitude and longitude: Between and 35 north latitude Between 81 and west longitude Location within United States: Southeast Bordering states: Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina East-West divider: Fall Line Geographic center of state: Twiggs County, 18 miles southeast of Macon Chapter 1: Signs of the Times 5

5 As you read, look for the five geographic regions of Georgia, key physical features, including the Fall Line, terms: erosion, fault, elevation, Fall Line, aquifer, marsh. Based on its landforms (the natural features of a land surface), Georgia is divided into five distinct regions: the Appalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge area, the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain. Each of these regions has soil, physical features, and climate that help determine what kinds of animals and plants can live and thrive in it. Georgia s landforms and its climate have influenced the history of each region because they are strong determiners of where and how people live and earn their living. Below: This panoramic view of the Appalachian Plateau, also known as the Cumberland Plateau, is from Lookout Mountain, the 80-mile-long ridge that defines the western edge of the Appalachian Plateau region. Appalachian Plateau Region Running over two thousand miles from northern Georgia into Canada is the eastern mountain chain known as the Appalachians. They are very old mountains, some of the oldest in the world. They were formed when two plates of Earth crashed into each other, pushing one plate upward and forming the mountains. Because they are so old, the weather has worn them down, and they are more rounded and less jagged than the younger mountains of the western United States such as the Rockies. 6 Chapter 1: Georgia s Land and Climate

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