Landforms. Why does the land look like it does? 1. Controlled by water 2. Controlled by the rocks

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1 Landforms Why does the land look like it does? 1. Controlled by water 2. Controlled by the rocks

2 Landforms Made by Running Water Stream erosion The evolution of a river system Entrenched meanders Fluvial Processes in Arid Climates

3 Water and Erosion IG4e_16_01

4 Erosion and landcover Land use and cover has a big impact on rates of erosion Figure 16.3, p. 548

5 IG4e_16_02

6 High rates of erosion when vegetative cover is sparse

7 Higher rates of erosion when vegetative cover is gone.

8 Boulders scour out potholes in the rock

9 IG4e_16_07

10

11 The gradient of the stream evolves into a gentle slope

12 Initially the gradient is steep with water falls

13 The stream quickly cuts deeply into the rock because the current is so fast

14 Tributaries attack the whole mountain; the main trunk widens

15 The river continues to widen as it erodes the sides and fills the floodplain with sediment

16 IG4e_16_11

17 IG4e_16_16

18 IG4e_16_17

19 IG4e_16_13

20 IG4e_16_18

21 IG4e_16_19a

22 IG4e_16_12

23 IG4e_16_19b

24 IG4e_16_19c

25 IG4e_16_20

26 IG4e_16_21

27 IG4e_16_22

28 IG4e_16_24

29 IG4e_16_25

30 IG4e_16_27

31 IG4e_16_30a

32 IG4e_16_30b

33 IG4e_16_30c

34

35 Landforms and Rock Structure Rock Structure as a Landform Control Landforms of Horizontal Strata and Coastal Plains Landforms of Warped Rock Layers Landforms Developed on Other Land-Mass Types

36 Landforms and Rock Structure rocks differ in their resistance to denudation more resistant rock tends to form uplands and ridges while weaker rock forms lowlands and valleys rock layers can be tilted, folded and fractured by tectonic forces

37

38 Landforms and Rock Structure principal rock structures and associated landforms Figure 17.2, p. 577

39 Landforms and Rock Structure the tilt and orientation of rock layers and fractures are described by their strike and dip strike - orientation of the rock plane with respect to compass direction dip - angle between rock plane and horizontal plane Figure 17.3, p. 578

40 Landforms of Horizontal Strata and Coastal Plains plateaus, mesas, and buttes are landforms of flat-lying erosion resistant strata in arid regions slopes in these regions form stair-step sequences of vertical risers of resistant rock with sloping treads of weaker rock Figure 17.1, p. 577

41 IG4e_17_05

42 Landforms of Horizontal Strata and Coastal Plains Dendritic: uniform surface Trellis: inclined layers of sedimentary rock Radial: around a hill drainage networks have characteristic patterns

43 Landforms Developed on Other Land-Mass Types Erosion of shield volcanoes: (a) (a) newly formed dome with central depression (b) early stage of erosion with deeply eroded valley heads (b) (c) advanced erosion stage with steep slopes and mountainous relief (c) Figure 17.24, p. 593

44 Mauna Kea: Shield Volcano

45 IG4e_17_p581d

46 IG4e_17_23a

47 IG4e_17_22

48 Landforms of Horizontal Strata and Coastal Plains coastal plains are found along passive continental margins consequent streams flow to the sea across the belts, fed by subsequent streams that drain the cuestas and lowlands Figure 17.7, p. 582

49

50 Landforms of Warped Rock Layers a sedimentary dome, a circular or oval structure in which strata have been forced upward into a domed shape igneous intrusions at great depth are responsible for some of these uplifts erosion features: strata are first removed from the summit region of the dome, exposing older strata beneath (eroded edges of steeply dipping strata form sharp-crested saw-tooth ridges called hogbacks) Figure 17.9, p. 583

51 IG4e_17_17

52 Continental Interiors Structural basin Circular or oval depression of stratified rock Structural dome Circular or oval uplift of stratified rock Erosion leads to circular pattern 52

53 Continental Interiors Domes and basins of North America 53

54 Continental Interiors Black hills of South Dakota Oblong dome 54

55 Black Hills Uplift

56 The Michigan Basin

57 Old folded and faulted

58 Fig Differential erosion in folded rocks

59 IG4e_17_15

60 Landforms of Warped Rock Layers fold belts create a ridge-and-valley landscape of alternating resistant rock ridges and weak-rock valleys these linear features lead to the formation of a trellis drainage pattern Figure 17.13, p. 585

61 Northern Rocky Mountains Young folded and faulted

62

63 Fig d. Faceted spurs in block faulted mountains Wasatch Mountains, UT

64 Landforms Developed on Other Land-Mass Types slate and marble are weak metamorphic rocks that underlie valleys schist, gneiss, and quartzite are more resistant and underlie uplands and ridges Figure 17.18, p. 587

65 Landforms Developed on Other Land-Mass Types huge plutons of intrusive igneous rock are formed deep below the Earth s surface some are eventually uncovered by erosion and appear at the surface batholiths are typically composed of resistant rock (eroded into hilly or mountainous uplands) a monadnock is an isolated projection of intrusive igneous rock surrounded by an eroded plain Figure 17.20, p. 588

66 IG4e_17_p591b

67 Sedimentary layers may extend for many miles

68 Landforms Developed on Other Land-Mass Types eroded volcanoes develop a radial drainage pattern of streams leading away from the summit at the last stage of erosion, all that remains is a volcanic neck with radial dikes Figure 17.21, p. 589

69

70

71

72

73 IG4e_17_23b

74 Devil s Tower; a volcanic neck, a feeder pipe

75 Shiprock, New Mexico; a volcanic neck

76 Rhumski, Cameroon; a volcanic neck

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