Tectonic Framework of New York State
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1 Tectonic Framework of New York State Kurt Hollocher Union College Geology Department Talk given for the UCALL program Union College, Schenectady, NY April 3, 2007
2 New York State Geological Highway Map. Educational Leaflet No. 33
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4 Outline for the talk Review of common rocks in NY Processes Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Review of rock age dating Review of plate tectonics Geologic historical outline of NY Summary
5 Processes that make rocks Sedimentary rocks Erosion Transport (rivers, wind, glaciers) Deposition Igneous rocks Melting to make liquid rock Transport of the liquid (dikes) Solidification (below ground, on the surface, in the air) Metamorphic rocks Change at high temperature and pressure New minerals grow Rock deforms
6 Sedimentary Conglomerate Sandstone Shale Limestone Igneous Volcanic Plutonic Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphosed sediments Metamorphosed igneous rocks
7 Conglomerate: rivers, beaches
8 Sandstone: rivers, beaches, dunes
9 Shale: river flood plains, quiet or deep ocean
10 Limestone: warm, shallow oceans
11 Sedimentary Conglomerate Sandstone Shale Limestone Igneous Volcanic Plutonic Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphosed sediments Metamorphosed igneous rocks
12 Explosive volcanics
13 Volcanic ash
14 Granite
15 Quieter eruptions
16 Lava flows
17 Gabbro
18 Anorthosite
19 Sedimentary Conglomerate SandstoneShale Limestone Igneous Volcanic Plutonic Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphosed sediments Metamorphosed igneous rocks
20 Quartzite from sandstone
21 Schist from shale
22 Marble from limestone
23 Gneiss from granite
24 Recrystallized anorthosite from anorthosite
25 Amphibolite from basalt
26 Metamorphic reactions: garnet around pyroxene in anorthosite
27 Metamorphic reactions: garnet in partially melted gneiss
28 Metamorphic reactions: garnet and other minerals from gabbro
29 Folds
30 Geologic time How do you tell how old things are? Sedimentary and volcanic rock layering. Crosscutting relationships. Radiometric age dating.
31 Relative geologic age from stacked layers
32 Crosscutting relationship: basalt dike cutting quartzite
33 Crosscutting relationship: faults cutting sandstones
34 Crosscutting relationship: erosion surface cutting gneiss
35 Absolute age from various radiometric clocks
36 Adirondacks Geology
37 Plate tectonics Mid-ocean ridges: new ocean crust formed Subduction zones: old ocean crust destroyed Transform faults
38 World earthquakes, volcanoes, and plate boundaries Source: NASA
39 Mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones Source: NOAA
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42 Source: NASA Tibet India Continental collisions typically raise the highest mountains
43 New York State At last
44 Taconics, Berkshires, Green Mtns. Adirondacks Coastal plains Folded Appalachians Canadian Shield Sedimentary lowlands RV RV Appalachian Plateau Base map Andrew Birrell:
45 New York State geologic map New York State Geological Highway Map. Educational Leaflet No. 33 Adirondacks Sedimentary lowlands Appalachian Plateau T a c o n i c s Folded Appalachians Coastal Plain Rift valley
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77 Summary
78 New York State geologic map New York State Geological Highway Map. Educational Leaflet No. 33
79 Earthquakes Map source: USGS
80 Map source: NOAA
81 Map source: NOAA 50% chance of volcanoes off the eastern seaboard Trench
82 References For this talk I used several references, including: Hamilton, M.A., McLelland, J., and Selleck, B., 2004, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of the anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite suite, Adirondack Mountains, New York: Ages of emplacement and metamorphism. Geological Society of America, Memoir 197, p Isachsen, Y.W., T.D. Mock, R.E. Nyahay, and W.B. Rogers, 1990, New York State Geological Highway Map. Educational Leaflet No :1,000,000, four-plate color sheet. Isachsen, Y.W., E. Landing, J.M. Lauber, L.V. Rickard, and W.B. Rogers, Editors, 2000, Geology of New York: A Simplified Account, Second Edition. Educational Leaflet No. 28., 284 p., 4 plates. Jaffe, H.W. and Jaffe, E.B., 1986, Geology of the Adirondack High Peaks Region: a Hiker s Guide. Adirondack Mountain Club, 201 p. McLelland, J.M., Bickford, M.E., Hill, B.M., Clechenko, C.C., Valley, J.W., and Hamilton, M.A., 2004, Direct dating of Adirondack massif anorthosite by U-Pb SHRIMP analysis of igneous zircon: Implications for AMCG complexes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p Van Diver, B., 1985, Roadside Geology of New York. Mountain Press Publishing Company, 411 p. I had to use my memory and experience for a lot of the material in this talk. Quite frankly, my fertile imagination filled in many parts. Constructive suggestions for improvement are welcome. Contact Kurt Hollocher, Union College Geology Department, Schenectady, NY, 12308, U.S.A.
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