Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued. and Metamorphic rocks!
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1 Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued and Metamorphic rocks!
2 Metamorphism Process that leads to changes in: Mineralogy Texture Sometimes chemical composition Metamorphic rocks are produced from parent rocks, called protoliths
3 Metamorphic Character Metamorphic rocks have distinctive properties Unique texture intergrown and interlocking grains Unique minerals some minerals are only metamorphic Unique foliation a planar fabric from aligned minerals These transformations can change the rock completely
4 Metamorphic Processes Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state Several processes are at work: 1. Recrystallization Minerals change size and shape
5 Metamorphic Processes Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state Several processes are at work 2. Phase change New minerals with different structure Example: Andalusite to kyanite
6 Metamorphic Processes Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state Several processes are at work 3. Neocrystallization New minerals of different composition
7 Metamorphic Processes Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state Several processes are at work 4. Pressure solution Mineral grains partially dissolve
8 Metamorphic Processes Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state Several processes are at work 5. Plastic deformation Mineral grains soften and deform
9 Causes of Metamorphism The agents of metamorphism are Heat (T) Pressure (P) Hot fluids (Chemical composition) Differential stress
10 Causes of metamorphism: Temperature and pressure T and P both increase with depth Mineral stability is highly dependent upon T and P Mineral crystals grow larger Some minerals convert to new minerals
11 Causes of metamorphism: Confining pressure Caused by weight of overlying rocks, increases with depth Acts equally in all directions No deformation
12 Causes of metamorphism: Differential stress Caused by plate tectonic forces, like continental collisions Pressure that is greater in one direction than others Rocks can become highly deformed
13 Causes of metamorphism: Fluids Most rocks contain pore fluids These fluids enhance metamorphism, by: Speeding up chemical reactions: Recrystallization Growth of new minerals Influencing melting temperatures
14 Two subdivisions of metamorphic rocks Foliated Has a throughgoing planar fabric Subjected to differential stress Has a significant component of platy minerals Classified by composition, grain size, and foliation type Nonfoliated No planar fabric evident Crystallized without differential stress Comprised of equant minerals only Classified by mineral composition
15 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks Marble Metamorphosed limestone Mineralogy still is calcite Larger, interlocking crystals Quartzite Metamorphosed quartz sandstone Mineralogy still is quartz Quartz grains fuse together
16 Foliated metamorphic rocks Can be broadly classified by type of foliation and parent rock composition (less important) As metamorphic grade (T and P) increases, rock type will change: Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss Increasing metamorphic grade Parent rocks can vary (shale, siltstone, granite, etc...)
17 Foliated metamorphic rocks
18 Foliated metamorphic rocks
19 Foliated metamorphic rocks
20 Foliated metamorphic rock: Slate Fine clay, low-grade metamorphic shale Has a distinct foliation called slaty cleavage Develops by parallel alignment of platy clay minerals Slaty cleavage oriented perpendicular to compression Slate breaks along this foliation creating flat sheets
21 Foliated metamorphic rock: Phyllite Fine mica-rich rock Formed by low- to medium-grade alteration of slate Clay minerals neocrystallize into tiny micas Micas reflect a satiny luster
22 Foliated metamorphic rock: Schist Fine or coarse rock with larger micas Medium- to high-grade metamorphism Has a distinct foliation called schistosity Parallel alignment of large mica crystals Micas are visible because they have grown at higher T Schist often has other minerals due to neocrystallization. e.g. garnet
23
24 Foliated metamorphic rock: Gneiss Has a distinct banded foliation Light bands of felsic minerals (quartz and feldspars) Dark bands of mafic minerals (biotite or amphibole) During higher grades of metamorphism, ion migration results in the segregation of minerals
25 Metamorphic Grade: A measure of metamorphic intensity
26 Main types of metamorphism Contact metamorphism High temperatures caused by igneous intrusions (magma) bake surrounding rocks Regional metamorphism Metamorphism of an extensive area of the crust, associated with high temperatures and pressures at convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones & continental collisions) Burial metamorphism Burial of rocks by thick accumulations of sediment increase the temperature & pressure and cause low-grade metamorphism Hydrothermal metamorphism Chemical alteration by hot, metal rich fluids associated with igneous activity (most commonly at mid-ocean ridges)
27 Main types of metamorphism Contact metamorphism High temperatures caused by igneous intrusions (magma) bake surrounding rocks Regional metamorphism Metamorphism of an extensive area of the crust, associated with high temperatures and pressures at convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones & continental collisions) Burial metamorphism Burial of rocks by thick accumulations of sediment increase the temperature & pressure and cause low-grade metamorphism Hydrothermal metamorphism Chemical alteration by hot, metal rich fluids associated with igneous activity (most commonly at mid-ocean ridges)
28 Contact metamorphism
29 Contact metamorphism
30 Contact metamorphism
31 Regional metamorphism
32 Regional metamorphism
33 Hydrothermal metamorphism
34 Hydrothermal metamorphism
35 Metamorphic rocks reflect plate tectonic setting Where will you get metamorphic rock forming? Label the areas where you will have different mineral assemblages due to: Low T, low P (where you might get thick sequences of sediment) Low T, high P High T, low P High T, high P
36 Metamorphic rocks reflect plate tectonic setting
37 Metamorphic facies
38 Metamorphic facies
39 Continental Shields Much of the continental basement consists of metamorphic rock shields the core of ancient mountain chains!
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