"When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka
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1 Metamorphosis
2 "When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed into a monstrous bug. Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka
3 Metamorphism The transformation of rock by temperature and pressure Metamorphic rocks are produced by transformation of: Igneous, sedimentary and even other metamorphic rocks
4 One of the oldest rocks in the world. A gneiss produced by metamorphosis of an even older shale.
5 Origin of Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism begins when Temperature exceeds 200 O C Pressure exceeds 300 M Pa (approx. 10,000 ft deep) Metamorphism ends when melting begins
6 Metamorphism Recrystallization of minerals in the solid state Caused by changes in T, P or pore fluids New environment = new minerals Growing minerals create a new texture Metamorphism progresses from low to high grades
7 Metamorphism Textural changes occur during metamorphism New minerals grow during metamorphism replacing old minerals The new minerals reflect the Temperature and Pressure of the metamorphic event Precursor rock textures are modified or destroyed
8 Heat What causes metamorphism? Most important agent Heat drives recrystallization - creates new, stable minerals Pressure (stress) Fluids Increases with depth Pressure can be applied equally in all directions or differentially, i.e. directed The flow of hot mineral-rich water through the rock can have a big impact on metamorphism Referred to as hydrothermal alteration and creates specific easily identified minerals
9 Main factor affecting metamorphism Parent rock Metamorphic rocks typically have the same chemical composition as the parent rock. They contain different minerals, but the same chemicals; just rearranged. Exception: at sometimes gases like carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) are released Examples: Quartz Sandstone Quartzite Shale Slate Schist Gneiss Granite Granite, though minerals might align
10 Source of pressure Confining or hydrostatic pressure: equal in all directions Directed pressure: largely in one direction or along a particular axis
11 Source of Heat Proximity to igneous intrusions Contact metamorphism Zones if different metamorphic grade ring the intrusion Depth of burial o C increase per km below the surface Regional scale burial, mountain building events
12 Source of Heat
13 Source of Fluids
14 Metamorphism Three types of metamorphic settings: Contact metamorphism from a rise in temperature within host rock Hydrothermal metamorphism chemical alterations from hot, ion-rich water Regional metamorphism -- Occurs in the cores of mountain belts and makes great volumes of metamorphic rock
15 Contact metamorphism Produced mostly by local heat source
16 Hydrothermal Metamorphism Circulation of hot fluids through cracks and porous rock Important source of ores
17
18 Regional Metamorphism: Subduction zones.. Continental Crust Oceanic Crust
19 Regional Metamorphism: Subduction zones.. High T Low P High P Low T High T High P
20
21 and/or deep burial
22 Why it is called regional Colors represent different levels of Temperature and Fig Regional Metamorphic Pressure as Gradients recorded in the minerals. This regional pattern was caused by the collision of two continents
23 Metamorphic Grade T & P combined determine degree of metamorphism & mineral assemblage Low-grade metamorphism- 200 to 350 O C and relatively low pressures Intermediate-grade metamorphism to 550 O C and moderate to high pressures High-grade metamorphism - very high temperatures, usually above 550 O C and/or very high pressures
24 Mineral stability depends largely on temperature and pressure. Example: the Al 2 SiO 5 system Low T High P High T High P Low T Low P These minerals can be formed by the metamorphosis of shales
25 Other minerals behave similarly Metamorphic Index Minerals
26 Regional Metamorphic Zones Index minerals A mineral that forms within a specific, often narrow range of conditions Identifies a specific grade of metamorphism
27 Index Minerals in metamorphic rocks Each of these minerals is an index of T and P
28 Different kinds of tectonic settings can produce distinct types of metamorphism
29 Regional metamorphism High pressure is dominant factor Occurs as large belts in intensely deformed mountain ranges Results in rocks with foliated textures May occur over wide temperature range Higher pressure and temperature will produce increased metamorphic grade Prograde metamorphism common
30 Regional Metamorphism and plate tectonics Most regional metamorphism occurs along convergent plate boundaries Compressional stresses deform along the plate boundaries Cores of subduction zones contain linear belts of metamorphic rocks Occurs in major mountain belts: Alps, Himalayas, and Appalachians High-P, low-t zones near trench High-T, low-p zones in region of igneous activity (arc)
31 Ocean-Continent convergence
32
33
34 Juan de Fuca plate
35
36 Increasing Depth Directed pressure Increasing Pressure Increasing Temperature
37 Change in metamorphic grade with depth
38 Progressive metamorphism of a shale Shale
39 Progressive metamorphism of a shale Slate
40 Progressive metamorphism of a shale Phyllite
41 Progressive metamorphism of a shale Schist
42 Progressive metamorphism of a shale Gneiss
43 Metamorphic Environments Metamorphic grade A group of minerals that form in specific conditions of Pressure and Temperature Zeolite (really low T,P; <200C) Greenschist (low T, P; C, km) Blueschist (low T, high P - subduction zones) Amphibolite (high T, P; C, km) Granulite (super high T, P; >700C, >25km)
44 Metamorphic facies
45
46 What are metamorphic textures? Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains within a rock Foliation planar arrangement of mineral grains within a rock
47 Metamorphic textures Foliation Foliation can form in various ways: Rotation of platy or elongated minerals Recrystallization of minerals in a preferred orientation Changing the shape of equidimensional grains into elongated and aligned shapes
48 Development of foliation due to directed pressure
49 Flattened Pebble Conglomerate = flattening
50 Granites
51 Granites
52 Foliated vs. Nonfoliated textures under the microscope
53
54 Common metamorphic rocks Foliated rocks Slate Very fine-grained Excellent rock cleavage Made by low-grade metamorphism of shale Think of a pool table or chalkboard
55 slate
56 slate
57 Slate roof
58 Common metamorphic rocks Foliated rocks Phyllite Grade of metamorphism between slate and schist Made of small platy minerals Glossy sheen with rock cleavage Composed mainly of muscovite and/or chlorite
59 Phyllite (left) and Slate (right) lack visible mineral grains Phyllite Slate Has a sheen No sheen
60 Common metamorphic rocks Foliated rocks Schist Medium- to coarse-grained Made of platy minerals (micas) The term schist describes the texture To indicate composition, mineral names are used (such as mica schist)
61 Mica Schist - note well developed foliation
62 Schist
63 A mica garnet schist
64 Common metamorphic rocks Foliated rocks Gneiss Medium- to coarse-grained Banded appearance High-grade metamorphism Composed of light-colored feldspar layers with bands of dark mafic minerals
65 Gneiss displays bands of light and dark minerals
66
67
68 Progressive metamorphism of shale
69 Metamorphic rocks exposed at Mt. Everest. Deformation occurs at various scales
70 Outcrop of gneiss Canadian Shield
71 Multiple Folds First, vertical pressure makes the gneiss Then horizontal pressure folds it Fig. 8-13d, p. 245
72
73 Common metamorphic rocks Nonfoliated rocks Quartzite Formed from a parent rock of quartz-rich sandstone Quartz grains are fused together Forms in intermediate T, P conditions
74 Sample of quartzite Thin section of quartzite
75 Common metamorphic rocks Nonfoliated rocks Marble Coarse, crystalline Parent rock usually limestone Composed of calcite crystals Fabric can be random or oriented
76 Marble (Random fabric = annealing; nonfoliated)
77 Marble
78 Question: Where do we see metamorphic rocks in outcrops?
79 North American Craton Shield Western North American Mobile Belt Eastern North American Mobile Be Platform
80 Answer: In continental shields and uplifted basement rocks What are these?
81 The three types reviewed
82 Fig. 8-5, p. 240
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