Geologic Evolution of the Skagit River Channel Migration Zone. J. Riedel National Park Service
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1 Geologic Evolution of the Skagit River Channel Migration Zone J. Riedel National Park Service
2 LSWT BT OT
3 CMZ defined by: 1) Areas within FEMA floodplain of Skagit River (100 and 500 year); 2) Areas within meander belt of the Skagit River identified with LiDAR; 3) USGS lahar (debris flow) inundation zone; 4) All areas mapped by Dragovitch et al. within Kennedy Cr. lahar deposition zone; 5) Excluded tributary FEMA floodplains; and 6) Excluded high terraces along river above Birdsview, which date to end of last ice age.
4 river meander pattern 6,000 year lahar -planar glacial braided Day Cr. Terrace Birdsview terraces
5 The Skagit Basin formed where two mountain ranges overlap. Coast Mountains The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are ~80 million years old. Skagit Valley The Cascade Mountains are less than 35 million years old. Cascade Mountains
6 Skagit River
7 Skagit River
8 Pacific Crest North Cascades Crest Skagit River Skagit Crest
9 Pacific Crest North Cascades Crest Skagit River Skagit Crest
10 Fraser R.
11 Mt. Baker Skagit River Glacier Pk.
12 LSWT BT OT
13 Baker alpine valley glacier ca. 27,000 yr BP - Area = 538km 2 -Δ ELA =980m -Δ T = ~7 C? Lake Concrete?
14 Lower Skagit Valley Finney Cr. Cedar Grove Ovenell
15 Cedar Grove Section 24,725 yr. BP 30,112 yr BP
16 23,754 Ovenell Big Boy Section
17 Ovenell - Big Boy Section? Cordilleran Ice Sheet CIS advance outwash 19,515 ybp Glacial Lake Concrete MSH M
18 Skagit River Baker Between 30,000 and ~19,000 years ago, the Skagit likely drained via the Stillaguamish to Puget Sound
19
20 Cordilleran Ice Sheet Redrawn from Waitt and Thorson (1981)
21 Before the ice ages, perhaps 3 million years ago, the Skagit likely flowed in two directions. Skagit River Since the first ice ages, the Skagit has become the focal point for ice sheet drainage, and carried water from the Fraser and Okanagan Rivers.
22 Skagit River ice sheet
23 Lower Skagit Gorge looking west
24 Skagit River Fraser R.
25 Fraser R.
26 Cordilleran Ice Sheet Between 19,000 and 15,000 years ago, the Skagit continued to drain via the Stillaguamish to the sea, but was eventually overwhelmed by ice.
27 Mount Josephine from Skagit valley photo by Scurlock
28 Skagit valley looking east over Marblemount (photo by Scurlock)
29 Advance of the Puget and Okanagan Lobes of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet into lower Skagit valley about 18,000 years ago. Puget Lobe Baker Valley Burpee Hills Lyman Concrete RSP Okanagan Lobe
30
31 Frontal retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet 13,000-12,000 years ago; note mouth Baker Blocker and Lake Tyee-Grandy Creek is outlet. N ice margin ice margin ice sheet
32 Mt. Baker Maximum extent of Glacial Lake Baker about 12,000 years ago; surface elevation 1100 ft. -After retreat of CIS opens southern outlet, lake stands at 825 ft. -GLB persisted until at least 3,000 years ago due to bedrock at it s outlet. ice sheet
33 Baker Valley Skagit R. (photo by Scurlock looking north)
34 OT Marblemount RSP Rockport IC Sauk R.
35 Mt. Baker Skagit River Glacier Pk.
36 LSWT Burlington Terrace OT
37 Mount Rainier Kautz Creek 1947 debris flow Dee Moleenaar
38 Glacier Peak (10,451 ft.) -Second to MSH in size and frequency of explosive eruptions since ice age; nine ash layers identified. -Major eruptions ~13,000 and ~6,000 years ago. -13,000 year old lahar reaches Puget Sound via Stillaguamish, forces Sauk to merge with Skagit. -6,000 year ago lahar fills Lower Skagit into sea, and forms prominent terraces from Lyman to Burlington.
39 Mt. Baker (10,775 ft.) -Present cone built within last 30,000 years, major eruptions 13,000 and 9,500 years ago. -Mud flow (lahar) to Deming 6800 years ago eruption kills fish cubic miles of ice is more than all other Cascade volcanoes combined (except MR).
40 Skagit River After ~13,000 years ago, the Sauk and Suiattle Rivers joined the Skagit.
41 7,500 6,000 13, ,500
42 Ocean Sedro-Woolley 6,000 year old lahar terrace edge of sea 6,000 years ago Burlington Ocean Mt. Vernon
43 Geologic Evolution of the Skagit River Channel Migration Zone J. Riedel National Park Service
44 The Skagit River Watershed Divides P C NCC NCC S C P C
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