Geology of the Pacific Northwest
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1 Geology of the Pacific Northwest Pat Pringle photo, April 16, 1983 <= Peat layers, lahar deposits, and tephra east of Enumclaw Coal beds in Puget => Group sedimentary northeast of Ashford of Eocene age (~50 Ma) <=Lava over sediment: Tieton Andesite lava flow (1 Ma) from Goat Rocks volcano over fluvial gravel along US 12 west of Naches Below: Miocene turbidite deposits at Beach #4 on the Olympic Coast. Mud up to 3 ft thick sits in fields, around homes and on roads in and around Curtis and it's starting to dry up. Occupants of this Ceres Hill Road home are burning their furniture and belongings destroyed by the flood. STEVE RINGMAN / SEATTLE TIMES Left: Modern mud cracks after 12/3/2007 Chehalis River flood Right: Ripple marks in tilted Puget Group sedimentary rocks of Eocene age near Wilkeson WA
2 Today s Puget Lowland Puget Sound Puget Lobe of the Vashon Glacier ~16,000 yr ago Ice Trilobite - species Chancia, order Ptychopariida, Cambrian Addy Quartzite, WA; David Morgan photo; Above: Fossil fish from Eocene Green River Shale in western Wyoming Fossil flower: Eocene, Republic WA Florissantia uilchenensis (map D Molenaar, 1987) Path of the great Missoula Floods (brown) biggest floods in Earth s geologic record James Hutton The Father of Geology Siccar Point Uniformitarianism Raise question Gather data Scientific Method Raise question Gather data Form hypothesis Test and modify hypothesis Scientific Theory Scientific Law Scientific Method
3 Basic Plate Tectonics 1. Earth s surface is broken into rigid plates 2. Plates move 3. Geology happens where the plates interact with one another What do we mean by the Outer Part of the Earth? Three Layers: Based on Composition Crustal Properties Layer Crust Mantle Composition Rock: Felsic & Mafic Rock: Ultramafic Crust Density Composition Thickness Age Continental ~2.8 g/cm 3 Felsic Thick: km Old: up to 4 Byrs Core Metal: Iron & Nickel Oceanic ~3.2 g/cm 3 Mafic Thin: 2-10 km Young: <200 Mys Four Layers: Based on Physical Properties Layer Lithosphere State Solid / Rigid Asthenosphere Lower Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Partly Liquid / Plastic Solid Liquid Solid
4 Part #1 of Plate Tectonics Definition Earth s surface is broken into rigid plates Surface = Lithosphere (includes Continental Lithosphere and Oceanic Lithosphere) The Major Plates Part #2 of Plate Tectonics Definition Plates move on the plastic Asthenosphere What Drives Plate Tectonics? Internal Heat Part #3 of Plate Tectonics Definition Geology happens where the plates interact with one another How do they interact?.....\..\..\0_geographics\ animations\global tectonics\sm09meso zoicsubduction.mov 1. Pull Apart from one another (Diverge) New rock is formed) 2. Push into one another (Converge, and Rock is destroyed) 3. Slide past one another rock is conserved (Transform)
5 Divergent Boundary..\..\..\0_geogr phics\animations\global \ tectonics\sfs3_tfarrows.mov Types of terranes Examples: 1. Microcontinents 2. Island Arcs 3. Hot Spot Islands & Seamounts 4. Ridges (Divergent Zones) Transform Boundary Transform Example san andreas sf bay.kmz
6 Convergent Boundary: Subduction Melting Produces More Felsic Magma Example in Pacific Northwest: Cascadia Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust and destruction of Oceanic Crust Example: Andes Mountains Convergent Boundary: Collision Results in the growth of Continental Crust..\..\..\0_geographics\animations\Global tectonics\indiaasiacollision.mov Note Alternative Names: Volcanoes 1. Divergent (also called Spreading Ridges, Rifts, and Mid-Ocean Ridges) 2. Transform (also labeled as Strike-Slip Faults) 3. Convergent: Oceanic-Continental (also labeled as Subduction Zones) 4. Convergent: Continental-Continental (also labeled as Collision Zones and Thrust Faults)
7 Earthquake Distribution Topography Rock Age Basic Plate Tectonics - Revised 1. Earth s lithosphere is broken into rigid plates 2. Plates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plastic Asthenosphere 3. Geology happens where the plates interact with one another along Divergent, Transform, Subduction and Collisional Boundaries
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