GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY
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1 Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University FALL 2005 GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY
2 Mount St. Helens 1980 Eruption Small earthquakes Small steam and ash eruptions in March and April 1980 USGS monitoring station set up north of the mountain on Coldwater Ridge May North side of mountain began to bulge, many micro-earthquakes, eruption was imminent; red-zone closed See USGS Professional Paper 1250 (1981) for much more information and pictures
3 Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it... David Johnston Photo of Dave at Coldwater II, May 17
4 8:32 AM 5/18/80 Magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered the Big Eruption The unstable bulge on the North side collapsed and exposed magma in a shallow chamber to air Gas bubbles formed instantaneously in the magma causing expansion, a shock wave and a big ash eruption Most of the force of the eruption was directed horizontally to the North Only 57 people died in the eruption
5 Eruption viewed from Mount Adams
6 The 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens, Washington USGS Professional Paper 1250, 1981, P.W. Lipman and D.R. Mullineaux, editors Photos, eye-witness accounts and complete descriptions of all aspects of the eruptions Much of the content of this presentation comes from this publication
7 Photos taken from a ridge about 10 miles NE of the summit Gary Rosenquist photos made reconstruction of the eruption sequence possible
8 Rosenquist 4 and 5
9 Rosenquist 6 & 8
10 Rosenquist 10
11 Reconstructed Eruption Sequence
12 After the first few minutes, the ash erupted upward and drifted ENE with the prevailing winds
13 View from the South on May 19
14 Effects of May 18, 1980 eruption National Geographic, January 1981, special Mt. St. Helens issue
15 Summit collapsed to form debris flows to north and west
16 Debris flow deposits to North
17 Toutle River Mud Flow
18 Directed blast vaporized vegetation near the volcano, stripped and flattened trees further out
19 Direction of trees indicates blast dynamics Fig. 224 USGS PP Kieffer
20 Ashflows Aug. 7, 1980 ash flow (USGS) Aug. 7, 1980 deposit on Aug. 8 (HL)
21 Ashflow on Snow
22 Dome growth over next few years: Will it fill the crater? Baby dome - Aug. 8, 1980 The dome The dome
23 Before and After May 18, 1980 National Geographic
24 We think Mount St. Helens 1980 was a big deal 1816 the year without a summer Pinatubo 1991 ~5 cubic km By comparison to other eruptions of subduction-related volcanoes, it was tiny! National Geographic
25 Mt. St. Helen s 1998
26 Recovery - 20th Anniversary MUDFLOW National Geographic, 2000
27 Johnston Ridge Observatory MUDFLOW THE CRATER National Geographic
28 Recent Images Landsat 2000 Space Shuttle 1994
29 Mount St. Helens 2004 October 1, A small explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens on October 1st; the first in more than a decade followed a week of increasing earthquake activity beneath the volcano and deformation of the lava dome. This eruption sent a steam and minor ash plume to an altitude of about 10,000 feet above sea level.
30 Mount St. Helens 2004 October 13, Almost vertical look at Mount St. Helens dome, old and new. The "old dome" ( ) is in the lower half of the image and the new uplift and growth is in the upper half of the image. The image shows part of the crater rim and south wall of the crater. (USGS photo, Kathy Cashman)
31 MSH new dome Sept. 21, 2005
32 Fun at Spirit Lake in the 1940s MUDFLOW
33 Volcanic Hazards Directed blast Hot ash flows, lava flows Airfall ash (threatens airplanes) Mudflows = lahars Mixture of melted ice, debris, water, and ash Threaten people, cities and towns far away Lahars from Mt. Rainier could threaten Seattle and/or Tacoma
34 Lahars=Mudflows are the main Volcanic Hazards at Mt. Rainier
35 USGS-USAID - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) Established after volcanic disaster in Columbia (Armero) in 1985 VDAP is a mobile, well equipped team of experienced volcanologists who can respond whenever a volcano crisis threatens anywhere in the world VDAP monitoring and successful prediction of 1991 eruption at Pinatubo saved thousands of lives
36 Recent Eruptions Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia Nov. 13, 1985 eruption Armero mudflow >23,000 killed Pinatubo, Philipines Erupted June 15, 1991 Ejected ~5 cubic km of magma (~10x St. Helens) threatened 1,000,000 people, only a few hundred perished
37 There s a Great Book about Volcanologists studying explosive Volcanoes in the post-st. Helens era Volcano Cowboys by Dick Thompson, 2000
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