ASI ORIGINAL REPORT. Prepared for: Hatch Ltd South Service Road, 6 th Floor Burlington, ON L7L 6M9 T

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1 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT INGLEWOOD NEW WELL PART OF LOTS 3 AND 4, CONCESSIONS 1 WEST OF CENTRE ROAD TOWN OF CALEDON, REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF PEEL (FORMER TOWNSHIP OF CALEDON, COUNTY OF PEEL), ONTARIO ORIGINAL REPORT Prepared for: Hatch Ltd South Service Road, 6 th Floor Burlington, ON L7L 6M9 T Archaeological Licence #P392 (Ritchie) Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport PIF# P File: 15EA April 2016 Archaeological & Cultural H e r i t a g e Se r v i c es 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 T F heritage.ca

2 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT INGLEWOOD NEW WELL PART OF LOTS 3 AND 4, CONCESSIONS 1 WEST OF CENTRE ROAD TOWN OF CALEDON, REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF PEEL (FORMER TOWNSHIP OF CALEDON, COUNTY OF PEEL), ONTARIO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Services Inc. () was contracted by Hatch Ltd. on behalf of the Region of Peel to conduct a (Background Study and Property Inspection) for the Inglewood New Well Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (EA). The formal study area for this Stage 1 archaeological assessment consists of the Site N well location as well as a stretch of proposed associated watermain along Hurontario Street., Background research is also reviewed for the Site K location, located on forks of the Credit Road (northeast of the study area), however no recommendations are made in this Stage 1 archaeological assessment regarding Site K s archaeological potential. The background research determined that no previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area. A review of the historical and archaeological contexts of the study area also suggested that it has potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro- Canadian archaeological resources, depending on the degree to which soils have been impacted by disturbance. A property inspection was conducted which determined that the Hurontario Street right-of-way (ROW) has been subject to deep and extensive land disturbance. Parts of Site N were also documented to possess previous disturbance as well as low and wet conditions, and as such, do not retain archaeological potential. The remainder of the Site N study area, however, does retain archaeological potential and will require further archaeological assessment. In light of these results, makes the following recommendations: 1. Parts of the Inglewood New Well study area exhibit archaeological potential. These lands require Stage 2 archaeological assessment by test-pit survey at five metre intervals, prior to any proposed impacts to the property; 2. The remainder of the study area does not retain archaeological potential due to deep and extensive land disturbance and low and wet conditions. These lands do not require further archaeological assessment; and, 3. Should the proposed work extend beyond the current study area then further Stage 1 archaeological assessment should be conducted to determine the archaeological potential of the surrounding lands.

3 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page ii PROJECT PERSONNEL Senior Project Manager: Project Coordinator: Project Manager (licensee): Field Director: Report Preparation: Graphics: Report Reviewer: Lisa Merritt, MSc. (P094) Senior Archaeologist, Manager EA Projects (East) Environmental Assessment Division Sarah Jagelewski, Hon. BA (R405) Staff Archaeologist, Assistant Manager Environmental Assessment Division Paul David Ritchie, MA (P392) Staff Archaeologist Paul David Ritchie Paul David Ritchie Blake Williams, MLitt (P383) Geomatics Specialist, Staff Archaeologist Lisa Merritt

4 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT Development Context Historical Context Aboriginal Land Use Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement Historic Map Review Summary of Historical Context Archaeological Context Current Land Use and Field Conditions Geography Previous Archaeological Research Summary of Archaeological Context FIELD METHODS ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS Analysis of Archaeological Potential Analysis of Property Inspection Results Conclusions RECOMMENDATIONS ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION REFERENCES CITED MAPS IMAGES APPENDIX A: DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTIONS APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SITE K LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Nineteenth-century property owner(s) and historical features(s)... 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Inglewood New Well Study Area Location Figure 2: Inglewood New Well Study Area overlaid on 1859 map of Peel County, Canada West Figure 3: Inglewood New Well Study Area overlaid on 1877 map of Southern Part of Township of Caledon Figure 4: Inglewood New Well Study Area Surficial Geology Figure 5: Inglewood New Well Study Area Soil Drainage Figure 6: Inglewood New Well Study Area Property Inspection Results LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Northwest view of Hurontario Street ROW. ROW is disturbed with no archaeological potential Plate 2: Southeast view of Hurontario Street ROW. ROW is disturbed with no archaeological potential Plate 3: West view of study area. Lands possess archaeological potential are require Stage 2 test-pit survey Plate 4: Southwest view of study area. Lands are low and wet with no archaeological potential Plate 5: South view of study area. Lands are disturbed with no archaeological potential Plate 6: South view of study area. Lands are disturbed with no archaeological potential

5 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page iv Plate 7: South view of study area. Lands possess archaeological potential and require Stage 2 test-pit survey Plate 8: South view of study area. Lands are low and wet with no archaeological potential Plate 9: View southwest of study area. Lands are disturbed with no archaeological potential....21

6 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page PROJECT CONTEXT Archaeological Services Inc. () was contracted by Hatch Ltd. on behalf of the Region of Peel to conduct a (Background Study and Property Inspection) for the Inglewood New Well Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (EA). We understand that the scope of the work is for a new Inglewood Well. The formal study area for this Stage 1 archaeological assessment consists of the Site N well location as well as a stretch of proposed associated watermain along Hurontario Street, herein referred to as the study area (Figure 1). Background research is also reviewed for the Site K location, located on forks of the Credit Road (northeast of the study area; see Appendix B), however no recommendations are made in this Stage 1 archaeological assessment regarding Site K s archaeological potential. In the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (S & G), Section 1, the objectives of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment are discussed as follows: To provide information about the history, current land conditions, geography, and previous archaeological fieldwork of the study area; To evaluate in detail the archaeological potential of the study area that can be used, if necessary, to support recommendations for Stage 2 archaeological assessment for all or parts of the study area; and, To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment, if necessary. This report describes the Stage 1 archaeological assessment that was conducted for this project and is organized as follows: Section 1.0 summarizes the background study that was conducted to provide the historical and archaeological contexts for the project study area; Section 2.0 addresses the field methods used for the property inspection that was undertaken to document its general environment, current land use history and conditions of the study area; Section 3.0 analyses the characteristics of the project study area and evaluates its archaeological potential; Section 4.0 provides recommendations for the next assessment steps; and the remaining sections contain other report information that is required by the S & G, e.g., advice on compliance with legislation, works cited, mapping and photo-documentation. 1.1 Development Context All work has been undertaken as required by the Environmental Assessment Act, RSO (1990) and regulations made under the Act, and are therefore subject to all associated legislation. This project is being conducted under the Municipal Class EA process. All activities carried out during this assessment were completed in accordance with the terms of the Ontario Heritage Act (2005) and S & G. Permission to carry out all activities necessary for the completion of the assessment was granted by Hatch Ltd. on December 7, 2015.

7 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page Historical Context The purpose of this section, according to the S & G, Section 7.5.7, Standard 1, is to describe the past and present land use and the settlement history and any other relevant historical information gathered through the Stage 1 background research. First, a summary is presented of the current understanding of the Aboriginal land use of the study area. This is followed by a review of the historical Euro-Canadian settlement history Aboriginal Land Use Southern Ontario has been occupied by human populations, since the retreat of the Laurentide glacier, approximately 13,500 before present (BP) (Ferris 2013: 13). Populations at this time would have been highly mobile, inhabiting a boreal-parkland similar to the modern sub-arctic. By approximately 10,000 BP the environment had progressively warmed (Edwards and Fritz 1988) and populations now occupied less extensive territories (Ellis and Deller 1990: 62-63). Between approximately 10,000-5,500 BP, the Great Lakes basins experienced low-water levels, and many sites which would have been located on those former shorelines were then submerged. This period produces the earliest evidence of heavy wood working tools and is indicative of greater investment of labour in felling trees for fuel, to build shelter, or to produce tools, and is ultimately indicative of prolonged seasonal residency at sites. By approximately 8,000 BP, evidence exists for polished stone implements and worked native copper. The source for the latter from the north shore of Lake Superior is evidence of extensive exchange networks. Early evidence exists at this time for the creation of communal cemeteries and ceremonial funerary customs. This evidence is significant for the establishment of band territories. These communal places indicate shared meaning across the community and are reflective of a people s cosmology (Brown 1995: 13; Holloway and Hubbard 2001: 74; Parker Pearson 1999: 141). Between approximately 4,500-3,000 BP, there is evidence for construction of fishing weirs. These structures indicate not only the group sharing of resources, but also the organization of communal labour (Ellis et al. 1990; Ellis et al. 2009). Settlement and subsistence systems between 3,000 BP and 2500 BP are not entirely understood. Populations continued a semi-permanent existence and exploited seasonally-available resources. The harvesting of spawning fish continued to be an important part of their subsistence practices. There continues to be evidence for extensive and complex exchange networks (Spence et al. 1990:136, 138). By approximately 2,000 BP, evidence exists for macro-band camps, focusing on the seasonal exploitation of resources such as spawning fish and wild rice (Spence et al. 1990:155, 164). It is also during this period that maize was first introduced into southern Ontario, though it would have only supplemented people s diet (Birch and Williamson 2013:13-15). Bands likely retreated to interior camps during the winter. From approximately 1,000 BP until approximately 300 BP, lifeways became more similar to that described in early historical documents. Populations in the study area would have been Iroquoian speaking though full expression of Iroquoian culture is not recognised archaeologically until the fourteenth century. During the Early Iroquoian phase ( ), the communal site is replaced by the village focused on horticulture. Seasonal disintegration of the community for the exploitation of a wider territory and more varied resource base was still practised (Williamson 1990: 317). By the second quarter of the first millennium BP, during the Middle Iroquoian phase ( ), this episodic community disintegration was no longer practised and populations now communally occupied sites throughout the year (Dodd et al. 1990: 343). In the Late Iroquoian phase ( ) this process continued with the

8 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 3 coalescence of these small villages into larger communities (Birch and Williamson 2013). Through this process, the socio-political organization of the Aboriginal Nations, as described historically by the French and English explorers who first visited southern Ontario, was developed. The study area is located within the Credit River watershed. The Credit River watershed has a welldocumented ancestral Huron-Wendat settlement sequence dating from the beginning of the fourteenth century (Antrex site ) until the mid-sixteenth century (Emerson Springs - Hawkins 2004; Wallace site - Crawford 2003). By 1600, the Five Nations Iroquois, in particular the Seneca, were the principle group using the central north shore of Lake Ontario, in particular for hunting, fishing, and for participation in the fur trade. By 1649, the Seneca mainly took over control of the region (Heidenreich 1990: 489; Ramsden 1990). Compared to settlements of the New York Iroquois, the Iroquois du Nord occupation of the landscape was less intensive. Only seven villages are identified by the early historic cartographers on the north shore of Lake Ontario, and they are documented as considerably smaller than those in New York State. The populations were agriculturalists, growing maize, pumpkins and squash. These settlements also played the important alternate role of serving as stopovers and bases for New York Iroquois travelling to the north shore of Lake Ontario for the annual beaver hunt (Konrad 1974). Beginning in the mid-late seventeenth century, the Mississaugas began to replace the Seneca as the controlling Aboriginal group along the north shore of Lake Ontario since the Five Nations Iroquois confederacy had overstretched their territory between the 1650s and 1670s (Williamson 2008). The Five Nations Iroquois could not hold the region and agreed to form an alliance with the Mississauga peoples and share hunting territories with them. The Mississaugas traded with both the British and the French in order to have wider access to European materials at better prices, and they acted as trade intermediaries between the British and tribes in the north. The eighteenth century saw the ethnogenesis in Ontario of the Métis. Métis people are of mixed First Nations and French ancestry, but also mixed Scottish and Irish ancestry as well. The Métis played a significant role in the economy and socio-political history of the Great Lakes during this time. Living in both Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal societies, the Métis acted as agents and subagents in the fur trade but also as surveyors and interpreters. Métis populations were predominantly located north and west of Lake Superior, however Métis populations lived throughout Ontario (Métis Nation of Canada n.d.; Stone and Chaput 1978:607,608). The study area is located within lands of the 1818 Ajetance Treaty between the Crown and the Mississauga Nation of the River Credit, Twelve and Sixteen Mile Creeks (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2013). This treaty, however, excluded lands within one mile on either side of the Credit River, Twelve Mile Creek and Sixteen Mile Creek. In 1820, Treaties 22 and 23 were signed which acquired these remaining lands except a 200 acre parcel along the Credit River (Heritage Mississauga 2012:18) Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement Historically, the study area is located part of Lots 3 and 4, Concession 1 West of Centre Road in the Former Township of Caledon, County of Peel.

9 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 4 The S & G, Section 1.3.1, stipulates that areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement (pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches and early cemeteries, are considered to have archaeological potential. Early historical transportation routes (trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), properties listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site are also considered to have archaeological potential. For the Euro-Canadian period, the majority of early nineteenth century farmsteads (i.e., those which are arguably the most potentially significant resources and whose locations are rarely recorded on nineteenth century maps) are likely to be located in proximity to water. The development of the network of concession roads and railroads through the course of the nineteenth century frequently influenced the siting of farmsteads and businesses. Accordingly, undisturbed lands within 100 m of an early settlement road are also considered to have potential for the presence of Euro-Canadian archaeological sites. The first Europeans to arrive in the area were transient merchants and traders from France and England, who followed Aboriginal pathways and set up trading posts at strategic locations along the well-traveled river routes. All of these occupations occurred at sites that afforded both natural landfalls for Great Lakes traffic and convenient access, by means of the various waterways and overland trails, into the hinterlands. Early transportation routes followed existing Aboriginal trails, both along the lakeshore and adjacent to various creeks and rivers ( 2006). Caledon Township The land within Caledon Township was acquired by the British from the Mississaugas in The first township survey was undertaken in 1819, and the first legal settlers occupied their land holdings in the following year. The township was named after the Roman designation for Scotland. Caledon was initially settled by the children of Loyalists, soldiers who served during the War of 1812, and by immigrants from England, Scotland and Ireland. By the 1840s, the township was noted for its good farms (Armstrong 1985:142; Rayburn 1997:51; Smith 1846: 27). Hamilton & North Western Railway The former Hamilton & North Western (H&NW) railway line intersects with the study area. The H&NW railway was formed in 1872 stimulated by the growth of the Town of Hamilton and the need to expand railway markets beyond Hamilton s hinterland. In 1875 the H&NW absorbed the Hamilton & Lake Erie Railway. Actual construction of the H&NW line did not occur until In 1879 the H&NW merged with the Northern Railway (Cooper 2001) Historic Map Review The 1859 Tremaine s Map of the County of Peel and the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Peel County were examined to determine the presence of historic features within the study area during the nineteenth century (Figures 2 and 3). To best use historic mapping to reconstruct/predict the location of former features within the modern landscape, maps are reviewed using geographic information systems (GIS). Using reference points which are likely to have remained constant through time, such as unimproved road intersections or Concession Lot vertices, these maps are georeferenced in order to project the most

10 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 5 accurate location of former map features. There are numerous potential sources of error inherent in this process. These include idealism in the original map production, map scale, image resolution and reproduction accuracy. The significance of such potential error is often mitigated, however, through critical analysis of the sources in comparison with other map sources as well as the property inspection results. It should be noted, also, that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases, given that they were financed by subscription, and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the atlases. Details of historic property owners and features are provided in Table 1. Table 1: Nineteenth-century property owner(s) and historical features(s) 1859 Tremaine s Map of the County of Peel & 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Peel Lot # Concession # 1859 Property Owner 1859 Historical Feature(s) 1877 Property Owner 1877 Historical Feature(s) 3 1 West of Centre Road Arch d McColl n/a Archibald McColl n/a 4 1 West of Centre Road Dan l Quinn n/a Wm Kidd Farmhouse; orchard The historic mapping indicates that the study area is located in proximity to the 1859 location of the historic settlement of Sligo as well as other historic features and that Hurontario Street and the Caledon Trailway Path (formerly the H&NW railway) were both historic transportation routes Summary of Historical Context The background research demonstrates that the study area lands were part of the former territory of the ancestral Huron-Wendat during the fifteenth century and were subsequently utilized by the Seneca in the mid-seventeenth century and by the Mississaugas from the late seventeenth century until 1820, for resource extraction. The background research also acknowledges the presence of the Métis across Ontario, however their presence is often muted in the historical record. Further, the background research and historic mapping demonstrates that the study area is located within the Former Township of Caledon, County of Peel and is in proximity to a historic settlement, historic features as well as historic transportation routes. 1.3 Archaeological Context This section provides background research pertaining to any previous archaeological fieldwork conducted within and in the vicinity of the study corridor, its environmental characteristics (including drainage, soils or surficial geology and topography, etc.), and current land use and field conditions. Three sources of information were consulted to provide information about previous archaeological research in the study corridor; the site record forms for registered sites housed at the MTCS; published and unpublished documentary sources; and the files of.

11 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page Current Land Use and Field Conditions The property inspection was conducted on March 18, The study area includes the Hurontario Street ROW from north of the Grange Side Road until south of the Caledon Trailway Path. The study area also includes lands within the Ken Whillans Resource Management Area. The Hurontario Street ROW is a five lane major thoroughfare with a heavily built up road bed. The study area lands within the Ken Whillans Resource Management Area consist of an extant parking area as well as a maintenance facility. The study area is surrounded by rural land with some low density residential development, between the more suburban developed centres of Brampton and Orangeville Geography In addition to the known archaeological sites and historic features, the state of the natural environment is an important indicator of archaeological potential. Accordingly, a description of the study corridor physiography and soils is provided below. The S & G, Section 1.3.1, stipulates that primary water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, etc.), secondary water sources (intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps, etc.), ancient water sources (glacial lake shorelines indicated by the presence of raised sand or gravel beach ridges, relic river or stream channels indicated by clear dip or swale in the topography, shorelines of drained lakes or marshes, cobble beaches, etc.), as well as accessible or inaccessible shorelines (high bluffs, swamp or marsh fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh, etc.) are characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. Water has been identified as the major determinant of site selection and the presence of potable water is the single most important resource necessary for any extended human occupation or settlement. Since water sources have remained relatively stable in Ontario since 5,000 BP (Karrow and Warner 1990: Figure 2.16), proximity to water can be regarded as a useful index for the evaluation of archaeological site potential. Indeed, distance from water has been one of the most commonly used variables for predictive modeling of site location. The S & G, Section 1.3.1, also lists other geographic characteristics that can indicate archaeological potential including: elevated topography (eskers, drumlins, large knolls, plateaux), pockets of well drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground, distinctive land formations that might have been special or spiritual places, such as waterfalls, rocky outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases. Physical indicators of use may be present, such as burials, structures, offerings, rock paintings or carvings. Resource areas, including; food or medicinal plants (migratory routes, spawning areas) are also considered characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. The study area is situated within the Niagara Escarpment and Oak Ridges Moraine physiographic regions of southern Ontario in kame moraine and spillway landform (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The Niagara Escarpment physiographic region extends from the Niagara River to the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula, continuing through the Manitoulin Islands (Chapman and Putman 1984: ). Vertical cliffs along the brow mostly outline the edge of the dolostone of the Lockport and Amabel Formations, which the slopes below are carved in red shale. Flanked by landscapes of glacial origin, the rock-hewn topography stands in striking contrast, and its steep-sided valleys are strongly suggestive of non-glacial regions.

12 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 7 The Oak Ridges Moraine is an end moraine which extends from the Niagara Escarpment, east to the Trent River, creating the watershed boundary for the Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe drainages. The Oak Ridges Moraine has a knob-and-basin relief and covers an area of approximately 1,300 km 2. The Oak Ridges Moraine reaches a height of up to approximately 427 m a.s.l., varying across the moraine to a minimum elevation of approximately 358 m a.s.l. The Oak Ridges Moraine bears headwaters for most of the tributaries of the Lake Simcoe basin and the north shore of the Lake Ontario basin. The soil is primarily blow sand, outwash, and calcareous sand originally supporting a mixed pine-hardwood forest (Chapman and Putnam 1984: ). Spillways are the former glacial meltwater channels. They are often found in association with moraines but in opposition are entrenched rather than elevated landforms. They are often, though not always, occupied by stream courses, the fact of which raises the debate of their glacial origin. Spillways are typically broad troughs floored wholly or in part by gravel beds and are typically vegetated by cedar swamps in the lowest beds (Chapman and Putnam 1984:15). Kame moraines are conical or steeply sided hills of stratified material which have accumulated on the edge glaciers, deposited by their meltwaters. Till moraines consist of either: boulder clay; or, gravel and sand deposits at the edge of a glacier by escaping meltwater. These features often indicate the termini of glacial advances (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 236). Surficial geology information is mapped in Figure 4. The study area is underlain by deposits of sand and organic deposits. These sand deposits consist of both ice-contact stratified deposits (which include deposits of gravel, and minor deposits of silt, clay and glacial till) and Holocene alluvial deposits (which include of deposits of clay, silt. Gravel and organic remains). Organic deposits consists of deposits of peat, muck and marl (Ontario Geological Survey 2010). Soil drainage information is mapped on Figure 5. The study area includes areas of well drained, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils (Department of Agriculture 1953). Soil within the study area consists of Bottom Lands, Gilford loam, Muck and Pontypool sandy loam (Department of Agriculture 1953). For detailed soil descriptions see Appendix A. The study area includes the Credit River and Silver Creek. Silver Creek is a subwatershed of the Credit River and is approximately 26 km long and drains an area of approximately 49 km 2 (Schroeter & Associates 2003). The Credit River is approximately 90 km long and its watershed features both Carolinian and Deciduous forests (Credit Valley Conservation [CVC] n.d.). The watershed drains approximately 1000 km 2 (CVC 2006). The Credit River s headwaters originate at the Niagara Escarpment. The river transits the South Slope and Peel Plain physiographic regions until meeting its confluence with Lake Ontario at Port Credit in the Iroquois Plain physiographic region Previous Archaeological Research In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the MTCS. This database contains archaeological sites registered within the Borden system. Under the Borden system, Canada has been divided into grid blocks based on latitude and longitude. A Borden block is approximately 13 km east to west, and approximately 18.5 km north to south. Each Borden block is referenced by a four-letter designator, and sites within a block are numbered sequentially as they are found. The study area under review is located in Borden block AkGx.

13 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 8 According to the OASD no previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area (MTCS 2016). According to the background research, no previous archaeological assessments have been completed within 50 m of the study area Summary of Archaeological Context The review of archaeological work conducted in the area demonstrated that no previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area. The study area includes the Credit River and its tributary the Silver Creek. The study area includes well-drained sandy soils. Historic mapping indicates that the study area is located in proximity to a historic settlement, other historic features and includes historic transportation routes. These criteria are indicative that the study area possesses potential for Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on soil conditions and the degree to which soils have been subject to deep disturbance. 2.0 FIELD METHODS A Stage 1 property inspection must adhere to the S & G, Section 1.2, Standards 1-6, which are discussed below. The entire property and its periphery must be inspected. The inspection may be either systematic or random. Coverage must be sufficient to identify the presence or absence of any features of archaeological potential. The inspection must be conducted when weather conditions permit good visibility of land features. Natural landforms and watercourses are to be confirmed if previously identified. Additional features such as elevated topography, relic water channels, glacial shorelines, welldrained soils within heavy soils and slightly elevated areas within low and wet areas should be identified and documented, if present. Features affecting assessment strategies should be identified and documented such as woodlots, bogs or other permanently wet areas, areas of steeper grade than indicated on topographic mapping, areas of overgrown vegetation, areas of heavy soil, and recent land disturbance such as grading, fill deposits and vegetation clearing. The inspection should also identify and document structures and built features that will affect assessment strategies, such as heritage structures or landscapes, cairns, monuments or plaques, and cemeteries. The Stage 1 archaeological assessment property inspection was conducted by Paul David Ritchie (P392) of, on March 18, 2016 in order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions and to evaluate and map archaeological potential of the study area. It was a visual inspection only and did not include excavation or collection of archaeological resources. Weather conditions were adequate for the property inspection to assess archaeological potential. Previously identified features of archaeological potential were examined; additional features of archaeological potential not visible on mapping were identified and documented as well as any features that will affect assessment strategies. Field observations are compiled onto maps of the study area in Section 7.0 (Figure 6) and associated photographic plates are presented in Section 8.0 (Plates 1-9).

14 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS The historical and archaeological contexts have been analyzed to help determine the archaeological potential of the study area. These data are presented below in Section 3.1. Results of the analysis of the property inspection are then presented for the study area (Section 3.2). 3.1 Analysis of Archaeological Potential The S & G, Section 1.3.1, list criteria that are indicative of archaeological potential. The Inglewood New Well study area meets the following criteria indicative of archaeological potential: Water sources: primary, secondary, or past water source (Silver Creek); Well-drained sandy soils (Pontypool sandy loam) Proximity to historic settlement (Sligo) Proximity to historic features (farmstead) Proximity to historic transportation route (Hurontario Street; H&NW Railway) These criteria are indicative of potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on the soil conditions and the degree to which soils have been subject to disturbance. 3.2 Analysis of Property Inspection Results The property inspection determined that the Hurontario Street ROW has been previously subject to deep and extensive disturbance (Figure 6: areas marked in yellow). Parts of Site N location within the study area were also documented to have been previously disturbed and to possess low and wet conditions (Figure 6: area marked in yellow and blue, respectively). These lands do not retain archaeological potential. Parts of the study area are considered to possess archaeological potential (Figure 6: areas marked in green). 3.3 Conclusions The Stage 1 background study determined that no previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area. A review of the geography of the study area suggested that the study area has potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on the degree to which soils have been disturbed. The property inspection determined that the Hurontario Street ROW has been subject to deep and extensive land disturbance. Parts of the Site N location were also documented to possess previous disturbance as well as low and wet conditions. As such, these lands are considered to not retain archaeological potential. The remainder of the Site N study area, however, retains archaeological potential and require further archaeological assessment by Stage 2 test-pit survey at five metre intervals.

15 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page RECOMMENDATIONS In light of the results makes the following recommendations: 1. Parts of the Inglewood New Well study area exhibit archaeological potential. These lands require Stage 2 archaeological assessment by test-pit survey at five metre intervals, prior to any proposed impacts by the project; 2. The remainder of the study area does not retain archaeological potential due to deep and extensive land disturbance and low and wet conditions. These lands do not require further archaeological assessment; and, 3. Should the proposed work extend beyond the current study area then further Stage 1 archaeological assessment should be conducted to determine the archaeological potential of the surrounding lands. Notwithstanding the results and recommendations presented in this study, notes that no archaeological assessment, no matter how thorough or carefully completed, can necessarily predict, account for, or identify every form of isolated or deeply buried archaeological deposit. In the event that archaeological remains are found during subsequent construction activities, the consultant archaeologist, approval authority, and the Cultural Programs Unit of the MTCS should be immediately notified. 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION advises compliance with the following legislation: This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. 18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the MTCS a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development; It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act; Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry

16 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 11 out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act; and, The Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33, requires that any person discovering or having knowledge of a burial site shall immediately notify the police or coroner. It is recommended that the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services is also immediately notified 6.0 REFERENCES CITED Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2013 Treaty Texts Upper Canada Land Surrenders. Ajetance Treaty, No. 19. < Archaeological Services Inc. () 2006 Historical Overview and Assessment of Archaeological Potential Don River Watershed, City Of Toronto Report on the Salvage Excavation of the Antrex Site (AjGv-38), City of Mississauga, Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario. Armstrong, F.H Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology. Toronto: Dundurn Press. Birch, J. and R.F. Williamson 2013 The Mantle Site: An Archaeological History of an Ancestral Wendat Community. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. Brown, J On Mortuary Analysis with Special Reference to the Saxe-Binford Research Program. In: Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by L. A. Beck. New York: Plenum Press, pp Chapman, L.J. and F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Cooper, C Hamilton s Other Railway. Ottawa: Bytown Railway Society. Crawford, G.W The Wallace Site (AkGx-1), 1984 and Report on file. Mississauga University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) n.d. Watershed Science. <

17 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 12 CVC 2006 Watershed Report Card. < Department of Agriculture :63,360. Soil Map of Peel County, Ontario. Soil Survey Report No. 18. Ottawa: Department of Agriculture. Dodd, C.F., D.R. Poulton, P.A. Lennox, D.G. Smith and G.A. Warrick The Middle Ontario Iroquoian Stage. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., pp Edwards, T.W.D. and P. Fritz 1988 Stable-isotope palaeoclimate records from southern Ontario, Canada: comparison of results from marl and wood. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25: Ellis, C. J. and D. B. Deller 1990 Paleo-Indians. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., pp Ellis, C.J., I.T. Kenyon and M.W. Spence 1990 The Archaic. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., pp Ellis, C. J., P. A. Timmins and H. Martelle 2009 At the Crossroads and Periphery: The Archaic Archaeological Record of Southern Ontario. In: Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity across the Midcontinent. Edited by: T.E. Emerson, D.L. McElrath and A.C. Fortier. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, pp Ferris, N Introduction: Seeing Ontario s Past Archaeologically. In: Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province. Edited by: M.K. Munson and S.M. Jamieson. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen s University Press, pp Hawkins, A.L Report on the 2004 Investigations at the Emmerson Springs Village (AkGx-5), Town of Halton Hills, Ontario, under License P and P Heidenreich, C History of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Area to A.D In: The Archaeology of Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London, Ontario: London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, pp

18 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 13 Heritage Mississauga 2012 Heritage Guide: Mississauga. < % pdf> Hoffman, D.W. and N.R. Richards Soil Survey of Peel County. Report No. 18 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Guelph: Department of Agriculture. Holloway, L. and P. Hubbard 2001 People and place: the extraordinary geographies of everyday life. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. Karrow, P.F., and B.G. Warner 1990 The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London: London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, pp Konrad, V.A Iroquois Villages on the North Shore of Lake Ontario, Paper Presented at the Fall Meeting of the Ontario Historical Geographers. November 9, 1974, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario. Métis National Council n.d. The Métis Nation. < Ministry of Consumer Services 2002 Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act Ministry of Environment 1990 Environmental Assessment Act Ministry of Culture 2005 Ontario Heritage Act Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Cultural Programs Branch, Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto, Ontario. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) 2016 PastPortal < Municipal Engineers Association 2000 Municipal Class Environmental Assessment [as amended in 2007 and 2011] Ontario Geological Survey 2010 Surficial geology of Southern Ontario. < =MRD128-REV>

19 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 14 Parker Pearson, M The Archaeology of Death and Burial. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. Pope, J.H Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Peel. Toronto: Miles & Co. Ramsden, P. G The Hurons: Archaeology and Culture History. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D London Chapter, OAS, No. 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London, Ontario, pp Rayburn, A Place Names of Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Schroeter & Associates 2003 Silver Creek Subwatershed Study. Appendix G: Hydrology Impact Assessment Model. < Smith, W.H Smith s Canadian Gazetteer. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. Spence, M.W., R.H. Pihl and C. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., pp Stone, L.M. and D. Chaput 1978 History of the Upper Great Lakes. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15: Northeast. Edited by B.G. Trigger. Washington: Smithsonian Institute, pp Tremaine, G.C :39,600. Tremaine s Map of the County of Peel, Canada West. Toronto: Geo. C. Tremaine. Williamson, R.F The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., pp Before the Visitors. In: Toronto: An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years. Edited by: R.F. Williamson. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., pp

20 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page MAPS

21 H EA RT R SE SH O ± E H IL L R O Orangeville! Caledon Bolton!! AD! LA KE R O Erin AD Brampton! Georgetown! GE RO SI AD DE RO AD H O Study Area H H FO RK S O F TH E TH E CR GR ED IT AN! U R O N EA R TA RT IO LA R O AD R AD T LA EE C M R ST KE R RO EN OL DE BA SE LI AD NE O BASE: (c) OpenStreetMap and contributors, Creative Commons-Share Alike License (CC-BY-SA) Kilometres PROJECT NO.: 15EA-120 DATE: 14 Apr 2016 DRAWN BY: BW PDR FILE: 15EA120_Fig1 Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Figure 1: Inglewood New Well Study Area Location 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P F asiheritage.ca

22 ± WILLOUGHBY RD MAIN ST BEECH GROVE SIDERD HORSESHOE HILL RD HEART LK RD HURONTARIO ST CHARLESTON SIDERD AIRPORT RD THE GORE RD MISSISSAUGA RD MCLAREN RD WINSTON CHURCHILL BLVD OLDE BASELINE RD KING ST MCLAUGHLIN RD BRAMALEA RD DIXIE RD HEART LK RD MISSISSAUGA RD CREDITVIEW RD MAYFIELD RD Study Area BASE: Ortho Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Plan Inglewood Area Property Apr-16.dgn Metres PROJECT NO.: 15EA-120 DATE: 08 Jun 2016 DRAWN BY: JF & BW FILE: 15EA120_Fig3_NTS Figure 3: Inglewood New Well Study Area overlaid on 1989 NTS Map Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P F asiheritage.ca

23 N TH E GRA Gravel HURONTARIO ST RD Diamicton GE S IDE Study Area Organic deposits Sand Silt Figure 4: Inglewood New Well Study Area Surficial Geology N TH E GRA RD Well Drained GE S IDE Study Area HURONTARIO ST Imperfectly Drained Poorly Drained Very Poorly Drained Figure 5: Inglewood New Well Study Area Soil Drainage 0 Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P F asiheritage.ca 1,000 Metres PROJECT NO.: 15EA-120 DATE: 14 Apr 2016 DRAWN BY: BW PDR FILE: 15EA120_Fig4_5 Path: X:\2015 Projects\EA\15EA-120 Inglewood Well\View\15EA120_Hist_Soil_Maps.mxd

24 THE GRANGE SIDERD ± WILLOUGHBY RD MAIN ST BEECH GROVE SIDERD CHARLESTON SIDERD HORSESHOE HILL RD HEART LK RD AIRPORT RD THE GORE RD HURONTARIO ST MISSISSAUGA RD MCLAREN RD WINSTON CHURCHILL BLVD OLDE BASELINE RD KING ST BRAMALEA RD DIXIE RD HEART LK RD MCLAUGHLIN RD MISSISSAUGA RD CREDITVIEW RD MAYFIELD RD Study Area #* # Photo Plate and Orientation Stage 1 Results No potential: Low and wet #* # 1 2 #* # HURONTARIO ST #* ## *## *# #* # #* # # * # 9 #* # No potential: Disturbed Potential: Requires Test Pit Survey BASE: Ortho Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Plan Inglewood Area Property Apr-16.dgn Metres PROJECT NO.: 15EA-120 DATE: 14 Apr 2016 DRAWN BY: JF & BW FILE: 15EA120_Fig6_Stg1 Figure 6: Inglewood New Well Study Area Property Inspection Results Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P F asiheritage.ca

25 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page IMAGES Plate 1: Northwest view of Hurontario Street ROW. ROW is disturbed with no archaeological potential. Plate 2: Southeast view of Hurontario Street ROW. ROW is disturbed with no archaeological potential. Plate 3: West view of study area lands with archaeological potential. Requires Stage 2 test-pit survey. Plate 4: Southwest view of study area. Lands are low and wet with no archaeological potential. Plate 5: South view of study area. Lands are disturbed with no archaeological potential. Plate 6: South view of study area. Lands are disturbed with no archaeological potential.

26 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 21 Plate 7: South view of study area. Study area lands (background) possess archaeological potential and require Stage 2 test-pit survey. ROW ditch (foreground) is disturbed with no potential. Plate 8: South view of study area. Lands are low and wet with no archaeological potential. Plate 9: View southwest of study area. Lands are disturbed with no archaeological potential. 9.0 APPENDIX A: DETAILED SOIL DESCRIPTIONS Bottom lands are low lying soils along stream courses which are usually subject to flooding. They are immature soils. Drainage varies but is typically poor. Vegetation consists of willow, elm, and cedar and where flooded bulrushes, sedges, and marsh grasses. Bottom lands are utilized for pasture however can be cultivated when the timing and extent of flooding is considered (Hoffman and Richards 1953: 63). Gilford loam is a poorly drained soil that occurs on very gently sloping topography. The natural vegetation consists of elm, ash and cedar. Gilford loam has been documented to possess the following profile (Hoffman and Richards 1953:51):

27 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page 22 Horizon Colour Texture/structure Profile depth A1 Very dark brown (10YR Loam; fine granular structure; friable 0-15 cm 2/2) consistency; few stones G Dark greyish brown (10YR Loam; mottled; medium nuciform structure; cm 4/2) friable consistency; stony C Brown (10YR 5/3) Gravelly outwash; single grain structure; loose consistency; calcareous 48+ cm Muck soils consists of well decomposed organic material and are black (10YR 2/1) in colour. Muck soils do not typically present horizon development and typically occur in depressional topography. Muck soils have very poor drainage and in some areas are submerged for part of the year. The natural vegetation consists of elm, ash, white cedar and sedge (Hoffman and Richards 1953:62-63). Pontypool sandy loam is a well to excessively drained coarse textured soil that occurs on irregular steeply sloping topography. This soil has a low organic content. Natural vegetation consists of hard maple, beech and spruce. Pontypool sandy loam has been documented to possess the following profile (Hoffman and Richards 1953:44-45): Horizon Colour Texture/structure Profile depth A1 Dark greyish brown Sandy loam; fine crumb structure; very friable 0-10 cm (10YR 4/2) consistency; few stones A21 Yellowish brown (10YR Sand; very weak platy structure; very friable cm 5/4) consistency; stonefree A22 Light yellowish brown Sand; single grain structure; loose consistency; cm (10YR 6/4) stonefree B2 Dark brown (10YR 4/3) Sandy loam; medium nuciform structure; friable cm consistency; few stones C Greyish brown (10YR 5/2) Sand; single grain structure; loose consistency; calcareous; few to frequent stones 86+ cm

28 Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario Page APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SITE K Hatch Ltd. requested summary background information on Site K to help inform the EA. Site N is the preferred alternative for the EA and therefore no impacts to Site K are proposed. Site K is located within the former territory of the ancestral Huron-Wendat during the fifteenth century and were subsequently utilized by the Seneca in the mid-seventeenth century and by the Mississaugas from the late seventeenth century until 1820, for resource extraction. The background research also acknowledges the presence of the Métis across Ontario, however their presence is often muted in the historical record. Further, the background research and historic mapping demonstrates that Site K is located within part of Lots 9, Concessions 1 and 2 West of Centre Road, in the Former Township of Caledon, County of Peel. Site K is in proximity to a historic saw mill as well as the Sligo Post Office. Forks of the Credit Road is also a historic transportation route. The review of previous archaeological research determined that no previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of Site K. Site K is situated in proximity to a tributary of the Credit River and includes well-drained sandy soils.

29 Cedar Dr Cedar Dr Forks of Credit Rd McLaughlin Rd SITE K Guelph Halton Hills Vaughan Brampton Etobicoke Milton Copyright: 2014 Esri Figure 1b. Project Study Area - Site K Key Site K Project Study Area Sike K Proposed Well Metres Site K Proposed North Watermain Site K Proposed South Watermain Site K Proposed Watermain Watercourse Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, *The information displayed is derived from sources with varying accuracies and all boundaries should therefore be considered approximate Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, s Waterbody Hurontario