STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PART LOT 12 FIRST CONCESSION, CUMBERLAND TWP. (GEO), CITY OF OTTAWA

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1 PIF P Original STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PART LOT 12 FIRST CONCESSION, CUMBERLAND TWP. (GEO), CITY OF OTTAWA prepared for: EXP Services Inc prepared by: Ken Swayze Queensview Dr Kinickinick Heritage Consulting Tel. (613) ext R. R. # 5 Cobden, Ontario K0J 1K0 Tel. (613) kenswayze@hotmail.com September

2 2 PIF P Kinickinick Heritage Consulting K. Swayze September STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT, PART LOT 12 FIRST CONCESSION, CUMBERLAND TWP. (GEO), CITY OF OTTAWA In June 2012 EXP Services, of Ottawa, contracted Kinickinick Heritage Consulting to prepare a Stage 1 archaeological assessment, according to Provincial standards and guidelines, of land in Cumberland Township, in the City of Ottawa, where a development project is planned. The objective of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment is to provide background information about the development property s geography, history, land use, previous archaeological fieldwork, and current condition. These data are used to evaluate archaeological potential to determine if Stage 2 assessment is warranted for all, or part, of the development zone. A terrain analysis and consideration of the landscape evolution serve to determine precontact archaeological potential, while historical maps, old aerial photographs, and local histories have been used to evaluate historical archaeological potential. The study area is portrayed in H. Walling s historical map dated 1862 and Belden s historical atlas in It is apparent in the first map that there were four buildings, spaced at equal distances, along the north side of the Montreal Road and a fifth set back from the road close to Peter Harkness (or Market) Street. The 1882 map in Belden s atlas shows two stars on the north side of Montreal Road in lot 12 labelled GM and SM, which stand for Grist Mill and Sawmill. Historical aerial photographs taken in 1927 and 1934 show a single hay field, much as it is today. During the Champlain Sea episode the study area was deeply submerged and during the recessional period, from 10,100 to about 8,000 BP, it was on the bed of the Ancestral Ottawa River, and subject to scouring by flood events. During the Middle Archaic period, about 8,000 BP to 5,000 BP, the study area finally emerged and became habitable terrain, although the abandoned river channel upon which it lay was imperfectly drained at best. Subsequently, in the Late Archaic and Early Woodland period, about 4,700 to 3,500 BP, the modern Ottawa River gradually receded below the escarpment on the north side of Regional Road 174, thus isolating the study area from easy access by small watercraft. The study area developed soil with primary characteristics of St. Thomas fine sandy loam and secondary traits of Bear Brook clay. While both soils are stone free, the sandy loam is imperfectly drained and the clayey soil inclines toward poor drainage. According to the predictive model used by the City of Ottawa, most of the study area has archaeological potential. The consultant agrees with this interpretation of potential, even though he finds that the City model is partly in error because it fails to recognize that the whole development property has archaeological potential because it is within 300 m of the Ottawa River. In terms of historical archaeological material, there is a 50 m wide buffer along the Old Montreal Road and there should be a similar one along Peter Harkness Lane (or Market St.). The consultant recommends Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the entire development area, including the proposed Barnett Drive expansion. The survey method should be pedestrian survey of bare, weathered, soil at 5 m transect intervals. In order to facilitate pedestrian survey the field should be ploughed and cultivated. A licensed archaeological consultant should carry out the Stage 2 assessment in accordance with the Provincial standards and guidelines.

3 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Development Context Historical Context Archaeological Context Known and Registered Sites in the Vicinity Surficial Geology and Soil Analysis and Conclusions Recommendations Advice on Compliance with Legislation References 8 LIST OF MAPS AND IMAGES Figure 1: Regional location of study area 10 Figure 2: Geographical location 11 Figure 3: Plan of study area and photograph direction 12 Figure 4: Drainage, infrastructure, and topography, 31 G/11 13 Figure 5: Modern aerial photograph, taken Figure 6: Land tenure from an historical atlas 15 Figure 7: Historical aerial photographs 16 Figure 8: Soils of the study area 17 Figure 9: Surficial geology of the Cumberland vicinity 18 Figure 10: Archaeological potential 18 Figure 11: Photographs of the study area, taken June

4 4 PIF P Kinickinick Heritage Consulting K. Swayze September STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT, PART LOT 12 FIRST CONCESSION, CUMBERLAND TWP. (GEO), CITY OF OTTAWA 1.0 Development Context In June 2012 EXP Services, of Ottawa, contracted Ken Swayze, of Kinickinick Heritage Consulting, to prepare a Stage 1 archaeological assessment, according to the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (OMTC 2011), of a parcel of land in Cumberland Township, in the City of Ottawa (Figures 1 and 4), where a development project is planned (Figure 3). The study area consists of a hayfield located between Old Montreal Road and Regional Road 174 on the east side of the historical village of Cumberland. The objective of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment is to provide background information about the development property s geography, history, land use, previous archaeological fieldwork, and current condition. These data are used to evaluate archaeological potential to determine if Stage 2 assessment is warranted for all, or part, of the development zone. A terrain analysis of the study area serves to determine the Pre-Contact archaeological potential, while historical maps, old aerial photographs, and local histories are used to evaluate historical archaeological potential. The study area lies in the north part of lot 12 First Concession, Cumberland Township (Geo.) and has a total area of 4.64 ha (Figures 2, 4 and 5). Although it consists of a single hay field at present (Figures 5 and 11), it will be divided into three separate parcels and an extension of Barnett Drive (see Figure 3). The study area is bounded by Old Montreal Road on the south, Regional Road 174 on the north, an unopened road allowance on the east; Peter Harkness Lane (also called Market St.) on the west; and by three residential lots in the southwest corner (Figures 4 and 5). Its northern boundary, along Regional Road 174, extends across the width of lot Historical Context Cumberland Township was originally part of Russell County; however as the Capital Region developed, it became part of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton (RMOC) and it is now part of the City of Ottawa. According to Belden (1882:61), the first European settlers in what would become the historical village of Cumberland were Abijah Dunning and his four sons. Originally from Massachusettst, they arrived about 1801 from Longueill, where they also had land, and took up nearly 3,000 acres. In 1812 the Dunnings returned to Longueill and the only other settler, until about 1817, was Amable Foubert, who arrived about 1807 and established a kind of Indian trading post. About 1816 John Munroe and Walter Beckwith arrived and the latter built a small mill at Beckwith Creek. In 1917 the Dunning family returned to Cumberland and set up business with a store and post

5 5 office. The region evidently suffered from a lack of infrastructure in the early decades and the Ottawa River Road (now called Old Montreal Road) was not built until 1850 (Ibid.) The study area is portrayed in H. Walling s historical map, dated 1862, and in The Historical Atlas of Prescott & Russell Counties first produced by Belden in 1882 (Figure 6). Both are now available from a facsimile edition. Unfortunately, the quality of the Walling s print is blurred. Nevertheless, it is apparent that there were four buildings in lot 12 First Concession, spaced at equal distances along the north side of the Montreal Road and a fifth set back from the road close to Peter Harkness Lane (Figure 6a). The easternmost building is identified as Town Hall while the other labels are illegible in this reproduction. The 1882 map in Belden s atlas shows two stars on the north side of Montreal Road in lot 12 labelled GM and SM, which stand for Grist Mill and Sawmill (Figure 6b). Historical aerial photograph HA141-2, taken April (Figure 7a) and A , taken April , show the study area as a single hay field, much as it is today. No internal fences or other cultural features are visible. 3.0 Archaeological Context This section considers the known and recorded archaeological sites in the immediate vicinity of the study area as well as previous research and a discussion of the postglacial period in the Ottawa Valley. 3.1 Known and Recorded Sites in the Vicinity Charles Borden (1952) designed a site registration system that is used throughout Canada. A Borden Block is a co-ordinate system that uses upper and lower case letters and is ten degrees latitude (long) by ten degrees longitude (wide). Canadian archaeologists refer to Borden Blocks and Borden Numbers and Bordenize sites when they register them. Sites within a Borden Block are numbered sequentially. The study area is in the 31 G/11 map sheet in the BjFu Borden Block and, according to the OMTCS site database, there are no archaeological sites recorded within 1 km radius of the proposed development. 3.2 Surficial Geology and Soil The following account references the dates of geological episodes to cultural time periods in order to underline the effect these processes had upon the relative attractiveness of the property, a various periods in time, for human use, either for habitation or specific resource exploitation activities. The cultural periods referred to, and their approximate dates before present (BP) are: Palaeo-Indian 11,500-10,000 BP; Early Archaic 10,000-6,000 BP; Middle Archaic 6,000-4,500 BP;

6 6 Late Archaic 4,500-2,500 BP; Woodland 2,500 BP-1,600 AD and Historic AD. The consultant refers to a chronological framework established by Gadd (1987); Fulton and Richard (1987); Gilbert (1994); Wright (1995; etc.) Dates are expressed here as either years ago, or BP, which means Before Present (the present being 1950 AD.) The most significant and dramatic effect of deglaciation, in eastern Ontario, was the creation of the Champlain Sea, which existed for almost two millennia and its recession, through a series of fluvial lakes, for another millennium. Beginning about 12,700 BP the entire St. Lawrence Lowlands was submerged under the Champlain Sea (Gilbert 1994:6). The maximum extent of the Champlain Sea has been radiocarbon dated (from shells) to 11,400 BP, at 170 m a.s.l. near Shawville, and to 11,000, at 160 m near Martindale in the Gatineau Valley. By 10,000 BP Late Palaeo-Indian/Early Archaic the Ancestral Ottawa River flowed into a riverine/lacustrine body of water called Lake Lampsilis. According to Fulton and Richard (1987:25) the level of this body of water was still as high as 94 m a.s.l. at Deschênes in 10,100 BP. It has been dated from three locations in the Ottawa vicinity to between 7,870 BP and 8,830 BP at 60 to 70 m a.s.l. (Fulton and Richard 1987:26, Table 7). After about 8,000 BP (in Middle Archaic times) post-glacial Lakes Agassiz and Barlow-Ojibway ceased to support Lake Lampsilis but the upper Great Lakes still contributed to the flow of the Ancestral Ottawa, until about 5,500, when two other outlets opened and began to drain to the south. The modern continental drainage and environment was established about 4,700 BP when the flow over the Nipissing-Mattawa threshold ceased (Fulton and Richard 1987:28). The study area consists of a single field of overgrown hay (see Figures 5 and 11) with no internal fences or cultural features visible. The terrain lies upon the bed of an abandoned river channel and the soil consists of a combination of fine, stonefree, sand and clay sediments with imperfect drainage (Figure 8). The terrain is slightly inclined from south to north and rises from about 57.5 m, beside Regional Road 174, to 63 m above sea level (asl) at Old Montreal Road. There is a drainage ditch in the northeast corner beside the highway. In the Pre-Contact Period, two small first order streams probably had their source in the northwest and northeast corners of the property. Two escarpments that mark former shorelines of the Ancestral Ottawa River border the property. One that marks the Early Woodland shore is immediately north of Regional Road 174 where it drops several metres to the current water level; the other is about 600 m to the south at about 80 m asl, marks the early Middle Archaic shore; while still further south at 90 m asl the Early Archaic Relic shore abuts limestone bedrock ridges. During the Champlain Sea episode the study area was deeply submerged and in the recessional period, from 10,100 to about 8,000 BP, it was on the bed of the Ancestral Ottawa River, where it was subject to scouring by Agassiz flood events. During the Middle Archaic period, about 8,000 BP to 5,000 BP, the study area

7 7 finally emerged and became habitable terrain, although the abandoned river channel upon which it lay was imperfectly drained at best (Figure 9). Subsequently, in the Late Archaic and Early Woodland period, about 4,700 to 3,500 BP, the modern Ottawa River formed and the shoreline gradually receded below the escarpment on the north side of Regional Road 174, thus isolating the study area from easy access by small watercraft. After it emerged, the study area developed soil with characteristics primarily of St. Thomas fine sandy loam with secondary traits of Bear Brook clay (Figure 8). While both soils are stone-free, the sandy loam is imperfectly drained and the clayey soil inclines toward poor drainage (Schut and Wilson 1987:70). 4.0 Analysis and Conclusion The City of Ottawa master plan model of Pre-Contact Period archaeological potential (ASI and Geomatics 1999) is based on proximity to water. It establishes a 300 m buffer to indicate archaeological potential along major shorelines, modern and relic, and a 100 m buffer along minor shorelines of streams and wetlands, where there are well drained or imperfectly drained soils. To predict the potential for Historical Period archaeological sites, the City model establishes a 100 m radius buffer around registered archaeological sites and a 50 m buffer on each side of historical roads, such as the Old Montreal Road. While the proximity to water buffers omit poorly drained terrain, they are painted with a broad brush and do not always take local drainage conditions into account. According to the Archaeological Resources Potential Mapping Study (ASI and Geomatics 1999), most of the study area has archaeological potential because it is shaded green, which indicates potential (Figure 10). The consultant agrees with this interpretation of potential, even though he finds that the City model is partly in error because it fails to recognize that the whole development property has archaeological potential. The City model omits the corner between Regional Road 174 and Peter Harkness Lane (or Market St.) and a sliver along Old Montreal Road. These areas too have archaeological potential because it is within 300 m of a major shoreline. In terms of historical archaeological material, there is a 50 m wide buffer along the Old Montreal Road and there should be a similar one along Peter Harkness Lane (or, Market St). The omission is probably a glitch that occurred during the digitization of the original GIS map layers. 5.0 Recommendations The consultant recommends Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the entire development area, including the proposed Barnett Drive expansion. The survey method should be pedestrian survey of bare, weathered, soil at 5 m transect intervals. In preparation for the pedestrian survey, the standards and guidelines (OMCTS 2011) require that the field should be ploughed and cultivated. A licensed archaeological consultant should carry out the Stage 2 assessment in accordance with the Provincial standards and guidelines (OMTCS 2011).

8 8 6.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation Advice on compliance with legislation is not part of the archaeological record. However, for the benefit of the proponent and approval authority in the land use planning and development process, the OMTC standards and guidelines require the following three caveats: 7.0 References 1. This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism and Culture as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that the licensed consultant archaeologist has met the terms and conditions of their archaeological licence, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the culture heritage of Ontario. 2. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. 3. The Cemeteries Act requires that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries, Ministry of Small Business and Consumer Services. ASI and Geomatics International Inc The Archaeological Resource Potential Mapping Study of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton Planning Report submitted to the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. Barnett, P.J History of the northwestern arm of the Champlain Sea, In; Gadd, N.R. (ed.) The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin, Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 35, pp Belden H The Illustrated Historical Atlas of Prescott & Russell Counties reproduced in a facsimile edition. Borden, C. E A Uniform Site Designation Scheme for Canada Anthropology in British Columbia vol. 3:44-48, Victoria.

9 9 Fulton, R.J. and S.H. Richard 1987 Chronology of Late Quaternary Events in the Ottawa Region In: Geological Survey of Canada Paper Gilbert, R. (compiler) 1994 A Field Guide to the Glacial and Postglacial Landscape of Southeastern Ontario and Part of Québec Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 453, Ottawa Canada. Schut, L.W. and E.A. Wilson 1987 The Soils of The Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton Report No. 58 of the Ontario Soils Survey, Experimental Farms Service and Ontario Agricultural College, Ottawa Kenney, T. C Sea-Level Movements and the Geologic Histories of the Post-Glacial Marine Soils at Boston, Nicolet, Ottawa and Oslo Géotechnique vol. 14: Lewis C.F.M. and T.W. Anderson 1989 Oscillations of levels and cool phases of the Laurentian Great Lakes caused by inflows from glacial Lake Agassiz and Barlow-Ojibway Journal of Palaeolimnology v.2: Ontario Ministry of Tourism Culture and Sport (OMTCS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists Ministry of Culture Tourism and Sport, Toronto.

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