Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of a Portion of East End Cemetery, Cadiz, Kentucky
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1 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of a Portion of East End Cemetery, Cadiz, Kentucky January 2011 Report prepared by Anthony L. Ortmann, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Geosciences Murray State University anthony.ortmann@murraystate.edu Report prepared for the Cadiz Renaissance on Main program, Cadiz, Kentucky
2 On Saturday October 16 th, 2010 a small group of Murray State University graduate and undergraduate students conducted a ground penetrating radar survey of a portion of the East End Cemetery in Cadiz, Kentucky. The survey was supervised by Dr. Anthony Ortmann (Department of Geosciences, Murray State University) and was undertaken in collaboration with members of the Cadiz Renaissance on Main program. East End Cemetery is located next to Trigg County High School on Main Street in Cadiz, Kentucky (Figure 1). The purpose of the ground penetrating radar survey was to identify the locations of potential unmarked graves. The city of Cadiz and the Cadiz Renaissance on Main program plan to erect a permanent monument within the cemetery to memorialize these unmarked graves. Historical research on East End Cemetery revealed the names of at least forty-five individuals who were buried in the cemetery, but whose grave markers were either lost, moved, or never emplaced. Some of these burials may date as early as the middle of the 19 th century. East End Cemetery currently covers an area of approximately 4.5 hectares (11.12 acres), however, when originally purchased by the city of Cadiz, the cemetery probably only encompassed an area of approximately 2.25 hectares (5.56 acres) (Figure 2). Near the center of the modern cemetery are several areas that are nearly devoid of grave markers (Figure 2). This portion of the cemetery was probably originally situated near the rear of the initial land acquisition. Geophysical Survey Methods In consultation with Paul Fourshee of the Cadiz Renaissance on Main program and Cadiz Mayor Lyn Bailey, the areas with few grave markers near the center of the modern cemetery were identified as the highest probability areas for containing unmarked graves. Two separate areas were selected for ground penetrating radar surveying (Figure 3). Survey area 1 was rectangular in shape and covered an area of 840 m 2 (9,041.7 ft 2 ). Survey area 1 was bordered on its eastern and southern edges by modern, paved roads. To the west and north, survey area 1 was bordered by plots of land containing known burials with standing gravestones. Survey area 2, situated to the east of survey area 1 was irregular in shape, but also covered an area of 840 m 2 (9,041.7 ft 2 ). Survey area 2 was bordered along its eastern and western edges by modern, paved roads, and along its southern edge by a series of stone blocks that appear to delineate an historic, but currently unused road. To the north, survey area 2 was bordered by a large sinkhole. A datum point was established by inserting a plastic stake in the ground a few meters south of survey area 2 (Figure 3). This datum point was assigned arbitrary coordinates of 100 m (328.1 ft) northing, 100 m (328.1 ft) easting, and 100 m (328.1 ft) elevation. Each corner of each survey area (and each corner of each survey grid within each survey area) was mapped relative to this datum point to facilitate relocating any anomalies or targets discovered in the ground penetrating radar data (see Table 1 for a list of all recorded map data points). In addition, global positioning system (GPS) measurements were recorded for the survey datum point ( , ; 16S , ). The survey grids established for this project were not oriented along a true north-south azimuth, but were laid out to conform to features of the landscape such as roads. As a result, each survey grid was actually oriented approximately degrees west of north ( degree azimuth). 2
3 Ground penetrating radar is one of the fastest growing geophysical survey techniques for both archaeological and geological applications. Ground penetrating radar is particularly useful for identifying subsurface features that are elongated and/or hollow. As such, ground penetrating radar has proven useful for a variety of geo-archaeological applications, including locating potential unmarked graves. Ground penetrating radar systems emit an electromagnetic impulse into the ground and record the amount of time it takes that impulse to bounce off of buried objects and return to the radar antenna. Changes in the velocity of these electromagnetic impulses are caused by changes in the density as well as chemical and physical properties of the objects they contact below the ground surface. The amplitude of the changes in electromagnetic impulse velocity are then recorded so they can subsequently be plotted into two-dimensional profile and plan view images depicting subsurface features. The survey of East End Cemetery was conducted using a GSSI SIR-3000 ground penetrating radar system equipped with a 400 MHz antenna (see Table 2 for a complete description of all data collection parameters). Data collected during the survey were subsequently processed using GSSI s RADAN software package. Each survey area was divided into a series of smaller grids and data from each grid were collected independently. Each grid was surveyed in 50 cm (19.7 in) transects to ensure enough overlap between transects that subsurface features would not be missed. While ground penetrating radar is capable of producing high resolution images of subsurface features, the technology is limited by several factors related to the natural environment as well as the specific data collection parameters utilized during survey. Soils in the vicinity of the East End Cemetery belong to the Hammack soil series which consists primarily of well-drained silts and clays overlying thicker clay, silt, and gravel deposits (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service soil surveys - The uppermost 65 cm (25.6 in) is characterized as silt loam to silty clay loam. Beneath this are extensive gravel deposits resulting from weathering of the underlying bedrock. While the uppermost 65 cm (25.6 in) of this soil stratigraphic unit are amenable to ground penetrating radar survey, the gravel deposits which underlie these sediments tend to negatively affect the returning electromagnetic impulses. In this case, the ground penetrating radar survey of East End Cemetery resulted in poor data resolution below approximately 100 cm (39.4 in) depth. This poor resolution was most likely caused by scattering of the radar s electromagnetic impulses as they passed through the coarse gravel deposits. The effect of these gravel deposits on the ground penetrating radar data does not preclude the ability to identify subsurface features (i.e., unmarked graves), but does make it more difficult to discern the size and shape of these features. This poor data resolution can be compensated for, to some extent, by applying various filters and adjusting the amount of contrast between buried targets and their surrounding sediments. In order to enhance the visibility of subsurface features in the ground penetrating radar data, each survey grid was processed separately with the application of different kinds of filters and different levels of contrast. As a result, the figures presented for each survey grid have unique and distinctive visual characteristics. 3
4 Geophysical Survey Results Survey Area 1 Survey area 1 was considered the highest probability area for finding unmarked, historic graves. As a result, the survey crew focused much of their effort on this portion of the cemetery. Survey area 1 consisted of a rectangular area measuring 30 m (98.4 ft) north to south by 28 m (91.9 ft) east to west (Figure 3). Near the center of survey area 1 was a large tree stump (Figure 4). Moving the ground penetrating radar unit across the stump would have resulted in decoupling from the ground surface and a subsequent loss of signal. As a result, an area near the center of survey area 1, measuring 4.5 m (14.8 ft) north to south by 4 m (13.1 ft) east to west, was excluded from the survey (Figure 5). Since survey area 1 was considered the highest probability area for finding unmarked, historic graves, ground penetrating radar data from this portion of the cemetery were collected in two directions (north to south and east to west). Surveying in multiple directions not only increases the likelihood of identifying subsurface features, but also provides better information about the size and shape of these features. Four separate, but overlapping survey grids were established within survey area 1 (Figure 5). Grids 1 and 2 were surveyed in an east to west orientation alternating with each transect while grids 3 and 4 were surveyed in a north to south orientation also alternating with each transect. The resulting survey data provided overlapping or redundant data from each corner of survey area 1 (Figure 5). Each survey grid within survey area 1 was then combined and processed together. Survey area 1 appears to contain surprisingly few unmarked burials. In fact, only one readily identifiable unmarked grave (Feature 1) was discovered anywhere in survey area 1 (Figure 6 and Table 3). This unmarked burial is oriented east to west and is centered at approximately 29.3 m (96.1 ft) easting and m (399.5 ft) northing. Several meters to the east of this unmarked grave is a marked burial (Feature 2) with a small metal placard bearing the name Gilbert Bridges. This burial is also evident in the ground penetrating radar data and is oriented east to west (Figure 6 and Table 3). This marked burial is centered at approximately 47.6 m (156.2 ft) easting and 122 m (400.3 ft) northing. No other potential graves (marked or unmarked) are discernable in the ground penetrating radar data from survey area 1. The only other anomalies that are visible in survey area 1 appear to be associated with tree root systems. These tree roots are easily discernable near the center of survey area 1 where they almost completely surround the large tree stump (Figure 6). In addition, another tree located just a couple of meters to the west of survey area 1 appears to have a root system that is visible along the western edge of the survey area. Similar tree root-type disturbances are visible along the southern edge of survey area 1, however, these do not appear to be associated with any specific trees. Survey Area 2 Survey area 2 consisted of three separate survey grids with no overlapping data (Figure 7). Survey area 2, grid 1 measured 14 m (45.9 ft) east to west and 22 m (72.2 ft) north to south. 4
5 Survey area 2, grid 2 measured 16 m (52.5 ft) east to west and 13 m (42.7 ft) north to south. Survey area 2, grid 3 measured 27 m (88.6 ft) east to west and 12 m (39.4 ft) north to south. Ground penetrating radar data collected from survey area 2 are far more ambiguous than the data from survey area 1. This is probably the result of surveying each grid within survey area 2 in only one direction. Survey area 2, grid 1 was surveyed in a north to south direction with alternating transects while survey area 2, grids 2 and 3 were surveyed in an east to west direction with alternating transects. No graves were identified in the ground penetrating radar data collected from survey area 2, grid 1. This survey grid, however, did reveal an entirely different kind of subsurface feature that may account for the lack of graves in this portion of the cemetery. Extending in an arc shaped pattern through the center of survey area 2, grid 1 is a relatively shallow (22 67 cm [ ft]) surface expressed as a large concentration of high amplitude radar reflections (Figure 8). These high amplitude reflections are characteristic of compacted surfaces and may represent a buried road that once crossed this portion of the cemetery. If this feature is an actual road, it appears to have connected with the historic, unpaved road just south of survey area 2, grid 1 and suggests that the modern configuration of roads within the cemetery is different from the original configuration when the cemetery was first established. Since only a small portion of this road is visible in the ground penetrating radar data, it is not possible to determine its northernmost extent. Survey area 2, grid 1 does contain one relatively modern tombstone centered at approximately 96.9 m (317.9 ft) northing and 89.5 m (293.6 ft) easting. This grave marker bears the name Greenwood, but does not appear to be associated with a specific grave. Since this grave marker appears to be a relatively recent monument, but depicts dates from the late 19 th century, it seems likely that the marker was placed irrespective of any actual burials, and at a much later time. Several potential unmarked graves were identified in survey area 2, grids 2 and 3, however, these potential graves are less distinctive than the unmarked and marked graves identified in survey area 1. Survey area 2, grid 2 contains twelve potential unmarked graves concentrated primarily in the northern half of the survey grid (Figure 9 and Table 3). The sizes and shapes of these subsurface features don t necessarily match expectations for human burials, however, this is probably a byproduct of surveying these grids in only one direction. The high amplitude reflections associated with these subsurface features are similar to other graves, including those identified in survey area 1. While there are more than twelve high amplitude reflections visible in survey area 2, grid 2, when viewed in profile only the twelve labeled with feature numbers have characteristics typical of graves. Although Feature 3 appears to mark the location of a grave, it may also be part of the compacted surface identified in survey area 2, grid 1. One large piece of metal (Feature 10) was also identified in survey area 2, grid 2 at approximately m (365.8 ft) northing and m (329.1 ft) easting. This feature has a distinctive appearance in the radar profile that strongly suggests it is composed of metal and is quite different from the potential unmarked graves identified in this survey grid. Survey area 2, grid 3 contains a total of ten possible graves; eight potential unmarked graves and two marked graves (Figure 10 and Table 3). All of the graves in survey area 2, grid 3 appear to cluster near the eastern and western portions of the survey grid. The center of the survey grid 5
6 appears to be largely devoid of any cultural or natural subsurface features. As with survey area 2, grid 2, the potential unmarked graves in grid 3 do not match expectations for the size and shape of human burials, but the high amplitude reflections associated with these subsurface features are similar to other graves and potential graves identified in the cemetery. Two of the features identified in the survey data from survey area 2, grid 3 are associated with actual grave markers. One grave marker is centered at approximately m (379.3 ft) northing and m (428.2 ft) easting. This grave marker bears the name Matilda Wilson and appears to be associated with Feature 24. The other grave marker is centered at approximately m (370.1 ft) northing and m (378 ft) easting. This grave marker bears the name Mary W. Hunter and appears to be associated with Feature 20. Summary A total of twenty-one potential unmarked graves were identified during ground penetrating radar survey of this small portion of the East End Cemetery in Cadiz, Kentucky (see Table 3 for a complete list of feature coordinates and interpretations). Although the majority of graves were expected to occur in survey area 1, only one of the potential unmarked graves was identified in that area. Instead, the vast majority of potential unmarked graves appear to cluster in the central and eastern portions of survey area 2 within grids 2 and 3 (Figure 11). Despite the identification of twenty-one potential unmarked graves, there is no guarantee that every unmarked grave was detected in the ground penetrating radar data. For example, some unmarked graves may be obscured by other subsurface features such as tree root systems. Alternatively, some graves may have gone undetected because the electromagnetic impulses emitted by the radar antenna simply weren t able to discriminate between subtle differences in the physical and chemical composition of these graves and the surrounding sediments. Conversely, there is no guarantee that every feature identified as a potential unmarked grave is actually marking the location of a grave. In some instances these targets may represent other types of subsurface features with similar properties to graves. While the data obtained during this survey of East End Cemetery have been informative with regard to the possible locations of historic, unmarked graves, the results would have benefitted from a more thorough, multi-directional survey within survey area 2. Multi-directional surveys greatly enhance the ability to detect subsurface features, such as graves, and provide much clearer details about the shape and size of these features than uni-directional surveys. It does seem clear, however, that the majority of potential unmarked graves identified within survey areas 1 and 2 cluster near the central and eastern portions of survey area 2. This portion of the cemetery was probably originally near the rear of the initial property acquisition. Further research would be necessary to discern the locations of all unmarked graves within the cemetery. Future geophysical surveying should concentrate on reanalyzing survey area 2 with a more thorough, multi-directional survey. In addition, based on the locations of the potential unmarked graves already identified, future research should probably focus on areas immediately to the north and east of survey area 2. 6
7 Figure 1. Aerial view of East End Cemetery, Cadiz, Kentucky. 7
8 Figure 2. Property limits of East End Cemetery (approximate extent of modern cemetery outlined in red, hypothesized extent of initial land acquisition outlined in yellow, area with few grave markers outlined in dashed light blue line). 8
9 Figure 3. Aerial view of central portion of East End Cemetery showing approximate locations of survey areas 1 and 2, and site datum point. 9
10 Figure 4. Large stump located near the center of Survey Area 1. 10
11 Figure 5. Distribution of survey grids and radar data in Survey Area 1. 11
12 Figure 6. Ground penetrating radar data from Survey Area 1 (all grids combined) at 59.6 cm (1.96 ft) below ground surface. 12
13 Figure 7. Distribution of survey grids within Survey Area 2. 13
14 Figure 8. Ground penetrating radar data from Survey Area 2, Grid 1 at cm (1.18 ft) below ground surface. Compacted (road?) surface outlined with red dashed line. 14
15 Figure 9. Ground penetrating radar data from Survey Area 2, Grid 2 at cm (2.04 ft) below ground surface. Individual features outlined in white and labeled (refer to Table 3 for coordinates and descriptions of individual features). 15
16 Figure 10. Ground penetrating radar data from Survey Area 2, Grid 3 at 59.6 cm (1.96 ft) below ground surface. Individual features outlined in white and labeled (refer to Table 3 for coordinates and descriptions of individual features). 16
17 Figure 11. All ground penetrating radar data from Survey Areas 1 and 2 (variable depths). 17
18 Table 1. Coordinates for ground penetrating radar survey grids. Northing E asting Northing Easting Map Data Poin t (m) (m) (ft) (ft) Site Datum Survey Area 1, Northeast corner Survey Area 1, Southeast corner Survey Area 1, Southwest corner Survey Area 1, Northwest corner Survey Area 2, Grid 1, Northeast corner Survey Area 2, Grid 1, Southeast corner Survey Area 2, Grid 1, Southwest corner Survey Area 2, Grid 1, Northwest corner Survey Area 2, Grid 2, Northeast corner Survey Area 2, Grid 2, Southeast corner Survey Area 2, Grid 2, Southwest corner Survey Area 2, Grid 2, Northwest corner Survey Area 2, Grid 3, Northeast corner Survey Area 2, Grid 3, Southeast corner Survey Area 2, Grid 3, Southwest corner Survey Area 2, Grid 3, Northwest corner Table 2. Ground penetrating radar setup and collection parameters. Antenna 400 MHz Transect spacing 50 cm Scans per meter 50 Samples per scan 512 Range 70 ns Dielectric 14 18
19 Table 3. Approximate coordinates (at center point) for all features identified in ground penetrating radar survey data. Feature Number Survey Area Grid Number Feature description Coordinates Northing (m/ft) Easting (m/ft) Feature 1 1 2/3 possible unmarked grave m/399.6 ft 29.3 m/96.1 ft Feature 2 1 2/4 marked grave m/400.3 ft 47.6 m/156.2 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/373.4 ft 90.1 m/295.6 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/355.3 ft 92.2 m/302.5 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/367.5 ft 94.1 m/308.7 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/364.2 ft 94.5 m/310.0 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/360.9 ft 94.5 m/310.0 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/389.4 ft m/338.3 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/391.4 ft m/342.8 ft Feature large metal object m/365.8 ft m/329.1 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/363.5 ft m/331.4 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/379.6 ft m/337.3 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/373.4 ft m/339.2 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/366.8 ft m/339.9 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/366.5 ft m/348.1 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/389.4 ft m/347.1 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/381.6 ft m/362.9 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/375.7 ft m/357.3 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/373.7 ft m/358.9 ft Feature marked grave m/372.4 ft m/365.8 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/415.4 ft m/419.9 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/409.8 ft m/417.7 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/402.6 ft m/426.8 ft Feature marked grave m/392.4 ft m/426.5 ft Feature possible unmarked grave m/380.9 ft m/436.7 ft 19
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