Mapping tidal wetlands and their losses on the U.S. West Coast: new methods, new insights

Transcription

1 Mapping tidal wetlands and their losses on the U.S. West Coast: new methods, new insights Assoc. of State Wetland Managers Members Webinar January 31, 2018 Presented by: Laura Brophy Director, Estuary Technical Group Institute for Applied Ecology and Marine Resource Management Program, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon, USA

2 Mapping tidal wetlands and their losses on the U.S. West Coast: new methods, new insights Co-authors: Correigh Greene and Hiroo Imaki, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA Van Hare and Brett Holycross, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland, OR Andy Lanier, Tanya Haddad, and Randy Dana, Oregon Coastal Management Program, Dept. of Land Conservation and Development, Salem, OR Walter Heady, The Nature Conservancy Kevin O'Connor, Moss Landing Marine Labs

3 Who is IAE / ETG? IAE: Small independent non-profit Corvallis, Oregon Mission: conserve native species and habitats through restoration, research and education. The Estuary Technical Group within IAE provides: Scientific decision support for estuary management Resources for strategic planning and prioritization, including climate change adaptation On-the-ground wetland monitoring and research

4 Take-home messages 1. For planning estuary conservation and restoration, we needed new maps of estuary extent -- and have now built them for the West Coast. 2. Elevation-based maps are the way to go: high-accuracy, and best for planning purposes. 3. Using the new extent maps, we mapped tidal wetland losses. They are high in general (85% for the West Coast) but vary considerably by estuary. 4. All of these new maps are available online: (West Coast maps) (most West Coast maps) (Oregon maps)

5 What are tidal wetlands? Wetlands with hydrology influenced by the tides

6 Tidal wetland types: Unvegetated: e.g. mudflats, sand flats Photo courtesy of NOAA's National Ocean Service

7 Vegetated tidal wetlands: 1. Low intertidal (seagrasses, algae beds) 2. Upper intertidal (tidal marsh, tidal swamp) Photo courtesy of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds

8 Landscape array of tidal wetland classes Illustration courtesy of J. Good, OSU Extension Service

9 Why do we care about tidal wetlands?

10 Ecological functions of tidal wetlands Wildlife habitat Water quality Flood/storm protection Climate change mitigation (carbon sequestration)

11 Mammals Other fish & shellfish Salmon Rearing Shelter Osmotic transition Wildlife habitat Birds Amphibians

12 Climate change mitigation and carbon sequestration Wetland soils store lots of carbon (organic matter) Plants trap incoming sediment and store carbon in their roots and tops Stored carbon is kept out in soil and of the atmosphere, reducing global warming PNW Blue Carbon Working Group

13 What is the context for our mapping project? The team was convened by PMEP PMEP works to protect, enhance, and restore ecological processes and habitats within estuaries and nearshore marine environments, to sustain healthy native fish communities and the people that depend on them. Website:

14 What is the context for our mapping project? Goal of this mapping project: Develop a spatial framework to support West Coast fish habitat assessments More info: assessment-reports/

15 Why are we mapping West Coast estuaries? Provide improved spatial data on estuary habitats to support fish assessments, including: Evaluation of condition/impacts Identification and prioritization of restoration and conservation opportunities

16 What s our general approach? Map full spatial extent of estuaries Including all tidal wetlands to head of tide Including freshwater tidal zone Definition of tidal wetland = inundation due to tidal forces at least once a year

17 What s our general approach? Map current and historical tidal wetlands: Historical wetland mapping informs restoration planning Historical = just before European settlement

18 Why not use existing (digital) maps? Existing maps (e.g. NWI, C-CAP) have very different purposes; for our purposes, they have major data gaps and/or inaccuracies Field studies demonstrate the need for new data Up to half of current/former tidal wetlands missing Problem is greatest in mid/upper estuaries Critical mass of new field and remote data to support improved mapping

19 Methods for improved mapping How can we efficiently model the full extent of the estuary (ocean to head of tide)? Downslope (seaward) boundary: Water depth (bathymetry) -- for estuary extent Downslope edge of vegetation, visible in aerial photos -- for emergent, shrub, forested wetlands Upslope (landward) boundary: Challenging! Starting point: accepted definition (inundation due to tidal forces at least once a year)

20 Mapping the upslope boundary Determine water level elevation that defines upper boundary (annual inundation) Map the areas below this elevation on the landscape

21 Upslope limit of tidal wetlands? In our area, NOAA publishes no datums between MHHW and Highest Measured Tide Annual inundation falls between MHHW & HMT Ultimately, a modeling exercise Hydrodynamic models? Not for the whole West Coast

22 Updating Oregon's estuarine wetland habitat maps: Modernizing the foundation for coastal resource management Products released Oct. 2014: Andy Lanier 1, Laura Brophy 2, Tanya Haddad 1, Laura Mattison 1 1 Oregon Coastal Management Program, Department of Land Conservation and Development, Salem, OR 2 Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, OR

23 The solution: NOAA extreme water level analysis Meters above MHHW Annual exceedance probability

24 Two possible choices: Meters above or below Mean Sea Level 50% exceedance = 3.12 m (10.2 ft) NAVD88 99% exceedance = 2.83 m (9.3 ft) NAVD88

25 Choosing a probability level to map tidal wetlands: Compare to field data across entire outer coast of Oregon

26 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, S OR Coast Coquille River estuary

27 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, South OR Coast Ni-les tun Tidal Marsh Restoration Site Bandon Marsh Reference site Green dots = groundwater wells

28 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, South OR Coast Which exceedance contour best matches the known tidal wetland boundary, based on field data? BM T3 GW (high marsh) BM T5 GW (forested tidal)

29 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, South OR Coast Marked sample points are local tide Which exceedance gauges; all contour showed best tidal influence. matches the known tidal wetland boundary, based on field data? 99% exc. = 8.6 ft 50% exc. = 9.6 ft BM T3 GW (high marsh) BM T5 GW (forested tidal)

30 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, South OR Coast 99% exc. = 8.6 ft

31 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, South OR Coast 50% exc. = 9.6 ft

32 Compare to field data across entire Oregon coast Example: Coquille River estuary, South OR Coast 50% exc. = 9.6 ft: BEST CHOICE because it includes all the tidal sample points. 99% exceedance would exclude two.

33 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - OR Similar ground-truthing was conducted across the entire Oregon coast using a variety of field data; the 50% exceedance contour was confirmed as an appropriate boundary for the extent of tidal influence.

34 50% exceedance elevations were interpolated between 4 NOAA tide stations on the OR coast

35 then for the whole West Coast (21 NOAA stations)

36 then for the whole West Coast (21 NOAA stations) Note: 50% exceedance elevations for the Columbia River Estuary differ from outer coast NOAA stations; mapping used water level models from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

37 Mapping the upslope boundary Now we have a water level elevation that defines the upslope estuary boundary Need to find the location of the estuary boundary in the landscape to generate maps. How? Using VDatum, intersect the 50% exceedance surface with LIDAR Digital Elevation Model

38 Tillamook Bay Estuary, Oregon

39 Tillamook Bay Estuary, Oregon

40

41 The result: PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent

42 The result: PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent

43 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - WA

44 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - OR

45 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - CA

46 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - OR Coquille River Estuary

47 National Wetland Inventory tidal wetlands, Coquille River Estuary, OR The new maps greatly enhance our vision of West Coast estuaries, past and current

48 PMEP Current and Historical Estuary Extent, Coquille River Estuary, OR The new maps greatly enhance our vision of West Coast estuaries, past and current

49 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - CA San Francisco Bay Estuary and SF Bay Delta (Sacramento San Joaquin Delta)

50 San Francisco Bay Estuary and the Bay Delta

51 National Wetland Inventory tidal wetlands, North San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta, CA

52 PMEP Current and Historical Estuary Extent, North San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta, CA

53 Data validation and review Initial ground-truthing relative to Oregon CMECS data (mapping completed in 2014) Two expert review webinars, plus expert input to web map Comparison to historical wetland mapping: San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) historical ecology studies Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP) historical wetlands

54 Results of review Very close match between data sources CA: matches historical ecology data from SFEI WA: matches historic wetlands layer from PSNERP OR: matches results of independent OCMP effort

55 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent - CA San Francisco Bay Estuary and SF Bay Delta (Sacramento San Joaquin Delta)

56 PMEP Current and Historical Estuary Extent, North San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta, CA Suisun/Grizzly Bay

57 Suisun/Grizzly Bay and Suisun Marsh Pink: Historical tidal wetlands from Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Historical Ecology Study (SFEI 2014)

58 Suisun/Grizzly Bay and Suisun Marsh New PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent (blue) vs. SFEI historical tidal wetlands (pink): match within m

59 PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent Snohomish River Estuary

60 Snohomish River Estuary, WA Pink: Historical wetlands from Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project (PSNERP)

61 Snohomish River Estuary, WA New PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent (blue) vs. PSNERP historical wetlands (pink): match within m in tidal areas

62 Results of review For Oregon, the same methods were used by both efforts (PMEP and OCMP). We compared the PMEP data to the OCMP data to ensure methods worked correctly. PMEP s final map products use the Oregon spatial data, since these have been extensively reviewed.

63 Conclusions The new maps of West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent: Greatly improve and expand our understanding of West Coast estuaries and the habitat they provide Provide consistent, comprehensive coverage Have been positively reviewed by experts Closely match historical wetland maps Provide a solid base layer for West-coast-scale analysis of wetland classification, losses, restoration and conservation opportunities

64 Take-home messages 1. For planning estuary conservation and restoration, we needed new maps of estuary extent -- and have now built them for the West Coast. 2. Elevation-based maps are the way to go: high-accuracy, and best for planning purposes. 3. Using the new extent maps, we mapped tidal wetland losses. They are high in general (85% for the West Coast) but vary considerably by estuary. 4. All of these new maps are available online: (West Coast maps) (most West Coast maps) (Oregon maps)

65 Next analysis steps Major steps: 1. Classification of habitats (CMECS) 2. Tidal wetland loss assessment 3. Web map interface development 4. Data integration to assist PMEP fish habitat assessments

66 Next analysis steps Major steps: 1. Classification of habitats (CMECS) 2. Mapping of disconnected areas ( lost ) 3. Web map interface development 4. Data integration to assist PMEP fish habitat assessments

67 Habitat classification: Why? Resource managers need to know where different kinds of wetlands are found Land use planning and regulatory processes are based on wetland classification Different kinds of wetlands provide different ecosystem functions and services. Examples: Emergent tidal wetlands in SF Bay support the endangered California clapper rail. Willow wetlands provide excellent songbird habitat. Vegetated tidal wetlands capture sediment and store carbon.

68 Habitat classification: Why CMECS? Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard It s a national standard (endorsed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee) It provides a consistent structure for ecosystem characterization and mapping Because it s consistent, it allows comparison of status and trends across space and time Activities that require consistent data use CMECS, such as policy development, restoration planning, and fisheries management It s required for projects where federal funds are used!

69 Major components of CMECS Illustration from

70 Upper few levels of CMECS hierarchy Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

71 Upper few levels of CMECS hierarchy Where to start? Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

72 CMECS classification: Where to start? What data are most needed for effective resource management? What data are available West Coast-wide? Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

73 CMECS classification: Where to start? Biotic Component contains the familiar classes of emergent, scrub-shrub and forested wetlands. Most regulatory and conservation programs use this classification heavily. Data are available coastwide. Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

74 CMECS classification: Where to start? Physiographic Setting describes estuary type (e.g. riverine, bay, lagoonal). Estuary type relates very closely to many estuary characteristics and functions. Data are available coastwide. Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

75 CMECS classification: Where to start? Therefore, PMEP s classification work has focused on the Biotic Component and Physiographic Setting. PMEP is gathering data for other components of CMECS for further classification. Oregon has mapped several other components including Geoform, Substrate, Aquatic Setting Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

76 CMECS classification: Biotic Component: Benthic/Attached Biota Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

77 CMECS classification: Biotic Component: Benthic/Attached Biota Illustration courtesy of Oregon Coastal Management Program

78 Updating Oregon's estuarine wetland habitat maps: Modernizing the foundation for coastal resource management Products released Oct. 2014: Andy Lanier 1, Laura Brophy 2, Tanya Haddad 1, Laura Mattison 1 1 Oregon Coastal Management Program, Department of Land Conservation and Development, Salem, OR 2 Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, OR

79 CMECS classification: Biotic Component PMEP mapping used methods established by the State of Oregon. For emergent, scrub-shrub and forested wetlands: Primary data source: National Wetland Inventory Secondary data source: C-CAP (NOAA s Coastal Change Analysis Program) For aquatic bed wetlands (seagrasses and algae beds), used NWI plus C-CAP (maximum extent).

80 NWI Estuary Extent No NWI data (use CCAP)

81

82 The result: PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent

83 CMECS classification: Biotic Component

84 Next analysis steps Major steps: 1. Classification of habitats (CMECS) 2. Tidal wetland loss assessment 3. Web map interface development 4. Data integration to assist PMEP fish habitat assessments

85 Indirect assessment of West Coast historical tidal wetland loss Laura Brophy 1, Brett Holycross 2, Van Hare 2 1 Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology 2 Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission

86 Loss Assessment: Motivation 1. PMEP s Estuary Extent layer maps historical and current tidal wetlands. 2. Many of these are not currently tidal. 3. We need to know which areas are nontidal. 4. Spatially explicit data (maps) of loss are urgently needed to: Determine impacts Assess restoration potential Prioritize restoration and conservation actions

87 Methods: Wetland types studied Emergent (tidal marsh) Scrub-shrub (tidal swamp) Forested (tidal swamp)

88 Methods: Central concept We used the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) to identify current tidal wetlands within the PMEP extent. These are considered retained. Conversely, all areas within PMEP s Historical and Current Estuary Extent that are not identified in the NWI as tidal wetlands can be considered lost. Non-vegetated areas are not analyzed, unless they were probably originally vegetated wetlands (such as diked salt ponds on former tidal marsh).

89 This is an indirect assessment of West Coast tidal wetland loss Why is this an indirect assessment? Direct assessment would use mapping of disconnected areas (diked, tide gated, filled, etc.) No such mapping exists for the whole West Coast. Most diked and disconnected wetlands are not attributed as such in NWI. Only parts of the West Coast have comprehensive mapping of diked/disconnected areas (e.g. Oregon). Indirect assessment is a reasonable initial approach for broad geographic understanding.

90 Initial results Initial stages of the analysis showed: Method works best in larger estuaries with substantial human alterations For smaller estuaries, scale of NWI data and NWI mapping methods limit usefulness of method Therefore, we focused the analysis on estuaries with >100 ha historical tidal wetland area, and with substantial human alterations (55 estuaries). These 55 estuaries represent over 95% of West Coast historical tidal wetland area.

91 Initial results Initial stages of the analysis also showed that: The method underestimates loss in developed areas (because the Estuary Extent layer doesn t account for lands filled above tidal range). This is especially true for urban estuaries. For technical reasons, the method isn t suitable for lagoonal estuaries, so they were not analyzed.

92 Estuaries studied Number of estuaries Estuary type Included in TWL analysis Not included Total Embayment/Bay Major River Delta Riverine Estuary All types Included in TWL analysis are 55 non-lagoonal estuaries with historical tidal wetland area >100 ha and substantial human alterations. Lagoonal estuaries are omitted from the figures above.

93 Estuaries studied Historical tidal wetland area (ha) Estuary type Included in TWL analysis Not included Total Embayment/Bay 88,870 3,892 92,762 Major River Delta 180, ,685 Riverine Estuary 85,505 2,622 88,127 All types 355,230 7, ,574 % of total historical tidal wetland area 98% 2% 100% Included in TWL analysis are 55 non-lagoonal estuaries with historical tidal wetland area >100 ha and substantial human alterations. Lagoonal estuaries are omitted from the area figures above.

94 Loss assessment results, by estuary size Percent loss is related to estuary size: (Graph shows the 55 estuaries included in the TWL assessment.)

95 Loss assessment results, by estuary type

96 Loss assessment results, by ecoregion Tidal wetland loss (ha) Historical tidal wetland area (ha) Ecoregion # of estuaries % loss Central CA 9 213, , % Salish Sea 13 25,931 30, % S. CA Bight 7 1,965 3, % WA, OR, N. CA 26 60,107 88, % Total , , %

97 The result: PMEP West Coast Current and Historical Estuary Extent

98

99

100

101 Columbia, all reaches: TWL area 47,744 TWL lost 30,875 TWL lost % 64.7%

102

103

104

105

106 Limitations of the analysis Limitations relate to the source data. For example, for the National Wetland Inventory: Wetland mapping and classification are based on remote data Scale is 1:24,000 Represents a point in time (so data may be outdated) No clear path for user input Details on NWI methods are here: Wetland-Deepwater-and-Related-Habitats-of-the-United-States.pdf

107 Limitations of the analysis Two main types of known errors related to NWI source data: Type 1. NWI fails to identify existing tidal wetlands Result: overestimate of loss Common examples Upper estuary (especially forested tidal wetlands) Recent restoration projects

108 NWI Type 1 error examples: Tillamook Bay Hoquarten Slough: forested tidal wetland, miscoded in NWI as nontidal Southern Flow Corridor: tidal wetlands restored in 2016, not yet recoded as tidal in NWI

109 NWI Type 1 error example: Nisqually River Restored tidal wetlands, not yet recoded in NWI as tidal (NWI is from 1981)

110 Limitations of the analysis Two main types of known errors related to NWI source data: Type 2. NWI identifies an area as tidal that is disconnected Result: underestimate of loss Uncommon In some cases NWI data are quite old (>20 yrs).

111 Limitations of the analysis Two types of known errors related to PMEP s Estuary Extent data: Type 1. Estuary Extent data underestimates historical extent of tidal wetlands Result: underestimate of loss Common example: filled and developed areas

112 Richardson Bay PMEP Current and Historical Estuary Extent, North San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta, CA

113 Estuary Extent Type 1 error example: Richardson Bay Pink = historical tidal wetlands (from SFEI)

114 Estuary Extent Type 1 error example: Richardson Bay Historical tidal wetlands outside PMEP estuary extent (pink) are now developed lands, filled above tide range Yellow = PMEP estuary extent

115 Estuary Extent Type 1 error example: L.A. Harbor Blue line indicates boundary of PMEP s West Coast Historical and Current Estuary Extent Historical estuary extent should include areas adjacent to the harbor, but these urban areas are now filled above tide range.

116 Limitations of the analysis Two types of known errors related to Estuary Extent data: Type 2. Estuary Extent data overestimates historical extent of tidal wetlands Result: overestimate of loss Rare, based on our field work Possible for very subsided diked lands (e.g. south Sacramento-San Joaquin delta)

117 Estuary Extent Type 2 error example: Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

118 Estuary Extent Type 2 error example: Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Pink = historical tidal wetlands (from SFEI)

119 Estuary Extent Type 2 error example: Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta PMEP estuary extent (blue) extends beyond SFEI historical tidal wetlands, probably due to subsidence

120 Limitations of the analysis Lagoonal estuaries (omitted) 214 small estuaries were omitted from analysis: Few major alterations Few or no tidal wetlands mapped in NWI Scale of alterations too small for NWI Although these represent <2% of West Coast tidal wetland area, they are important to fish diversity and coastal ecosystem function.

121 Comparisons to other data We compared our Tidal Wetland Loss Assessment results to three areas that have with local/regional data on wetland loss or diked status: SFEI Modern Baylands (maps tidal vs. nontidal areas) Lower Columbia tidally impaired lands OCMP CMECS diked areas

122 Comparisons to other data

123 Comparisons to other data

124 Comparisons to other data Comparison to Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership s Tidally Impaired Lands layer: 93.6% agreement 6.4% disagreement

125 Comparisons to other data

126 Comparisons to other data

127 Comparisons to other data Comparison to Oregon s CMECS diked areas mapping: 82.2% agreement 17.8% disagreement

128 Comparisons to other data

129 Comparisons to other data

130 Comparisons to other data Comparison to San Francisco Estuary Institute s Modern Baylands layer: 95.6% agreement 4.4% disagreement

131 Comparisons to other data - summary Lower Columbia: 93.6% agreement Oregon CMECS: 82.2% agreement San Francisco Bay: 95.6% agreement

132 Significance of the results First West Coast-wide analysis of tidal wetland losses Estuaries analyzed represent >95% of total West Coast historical tidal wetland area Results highlight the high level of alteration and losses in our West Coast estuaries. Results provide a baseline for understanding the status of fish and wildlife that depend on estuaries.

133 Significance Results set the stage for next steps: Address losses by habitat class Refine data on disconnected areas Solicit community input on restored areas Analyze potential climate change/slr impacts SLR impacts mapped in for Oregon s outer coast URL:

134 Recommended uses Comparison of losses at broad scales E.g., across estuaries and regions Data should not be used for site-specific assessment. As described above, refinements are needed: Refine data on disconnected areas Solicit community input on restored areas

135 Take-home messages 1. For planning estuary conservation and restoration, we needed new maps of estuary extent -- and have now built them for the West Coast. 2. Elevation-based maps are the way to go: high-accuracy, and best for planning purposes. 3. Using the new extent maps, we mapped tidal wetland losses. They are high in general (85% for the West Coast) but vary considerably by estuary. 4. All of these new maps are available online: (all maps) (all maps except wetland losses)

136 PMEP Spatial Data Publication Our PMEP team is developing a publication on the estuary extent and loss assessment. The publication will: Clearly document methods Provide interpretation of results Identify data limitations Provide links to products Bring the work to a wide audience A draft is expected in spring 2018.

137 How to access data online: West Coast 1. PMEP data page (

138 How to access data online: West Coast 1. PMEP data page (

139 How to access data online: West Coast 1. PMEP data page (

140 How to access data online: West Coast 1. PMEP data page (

141 How to access data online: West Coast 2. West Coast Estuaries Explorer ( The West Coast Estuaries Explorer is a collaborative effort between the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative, PMEP, and Databasin.

142 How to access data online: West Coast 2. West Coast Estuaries Explorer (

143 How to access data online: Oregon Oregon Coastal Atlas (

144 How to access data online: Oregon Oregon Coastal Atlas (

145 How to access data online: Oregon Oregon Coastal Atlas (

146 How to access data online: Oregon Oregon Coastal Atlas (

147 Take-home messages 1. For planning estuary conservation and restoration, we needed new maps of estuary extent -- and have now built them for the West Coast. 2. Elevation-based maps are the way to go: high-accuracy, and best for planning purposes. 3. Using the new extent maps, we mapped tidal wetland losses. They are high in general (85% for the West Coast) but vary considerably by estuary. 4. All of these new maps are available online: (West Coast maps) (most West Coast maps) (Oregon maps)

148 Thank you for listening! Questions? Laura Brophy Director, Estuary Technical Group Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, Oregon, USA and Marine Resource Management Program College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA