Spatial Modeling, Regional Science, Arthur Getis Emeritus, San Diego State University March 1, 2016

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1 Spatial Modeling, Regional Science, and UCSB Arthur Getis Emeritus, San Diego State University March 1, 2016

2 My Link to UCSB The 1980s at UCSB (summers and sabbatical) Problems within Geography: The Quantitative Revolution Attraction to Regional Science Directed joint SDSU UCSB Ph.D. program in the 1990s Participated in Goodchild s workshops and other NCGIA activities Participated in Janelle s CSISS workshops

3 Who Identified (more or less) with Regional Science at UCSB in the 1980s Luc Anselin Richard Church Helen Couclelis Reg Golledge Mike Goodchild Terry Smith Bob Stimson (visitor) Waldo Tobler

4 The Creation of Regional Science Isard and the perceived failings of economics The Geographers role: Ullman, Garrison, Hagerstrand and their UW students Berry, Tobler, Nystuen, Marble, Dacey, Bunge, Morrill, Getis at Chicago, Michigan, Michigan, Penn, Northwestern, Wayne State, Washington, and Michigan State, respectively

5 Waldo Tobler

6 Luc Anselin

7 Richard Church

8 Reginald Golledge

9 Michael Goodchild

10 Helen Couclelis

11 The Growth of Regional Science Disaffected geographers, economic geographers Disproved theories (CPT) in geography, driven to RS The decline of urban planning The regional economists Kuznetz The role of economists studying developing countries The role of statistical spatial autocorrelation and modeling

12 Regional Science and Quantitative Geographers: Common Elements Spatial Modeling, Use of Spatial Parameters Spatial Behavior and Mapping Urban and Economic Modeling, Operations Research Spatial Econometrics

13 Regional Science Association International 7,000+ Members Tree Organizational Structure Three Continental Divisions (NARSC, ERSA, PRSCO) Many Regional Associations (e.g., within NARSC, there is WRSA, MCRSA, NERSA, SRSA, BRSA)

14 The Field of Regional Science Analytical approaches to problems specifically urban, rural, and regional Location theory including: location modeling, transportation, migration, land use, urban development, interindustry analysis, environmental and ecological analysis resource management, urban and regional policy analysis, geographical information systems, spatial data analysis. From Wikipedia:... any social science analysis that has a spatial dimension...

15 Journals Journals

16 Notable Events The Discovery of Spatial Autocorrelation Intellectualizing Bells and Whistles : The GIS Revolution The solution to the Transportation Problem Testing Christaller and Lӧsch (the development of probability models) The arrival of Interregional Input Output Analysis Industrial spatial cluster analysis Local statistics Changing from small data to large data problems Addressing the convergence problem spatially Development of spatial econometrics

17 General Model: Typology of Spatial Econometric Models: The Influence of Anselin Y = W 1 Y + X + = W 2 + with normal, 0 mean, and constant variance (i.e., variance is the same for every variable and covariance for every combination of variables is always 0)

18 Typology of Spatial Econometric Models Y = W 1 Y + X + and = W 2 + set =0, = 0 RESULT is Y = X + [NON SPATIAL; linear regression model] set = 0 RESULT is Y = W 1 Y + X + [spatial lag model] set =0 RESULT is Y = X + (I W 2 ) 1 [spatial disturbance model] also Y = W 1 Y + X + (I W 2 ) 1 [spatial Durbin model]

19 Spatial Econometric Models (continued) Also, vary variance and covariance assumptions. ( can represent heteroscedasticity as well as homoscedasticity) Also, can include time (create space time models) And, on and on, with contributions by spatial thinkers among others: Le Sage, Paelinck, Kelejian, Rey, Murray, Fotheringham, O Kelly, Griffith, Church, Ord and Getis

20 Testing the Models In any model, if error term is correlated, OLS is inappropriate device to find parameters. Usual tests on parameters and R 2 cannot be used. Use maximum likelihood approach (i.e., the parameters most likely to give you your data). Bayesian approaches Wald test on parameters; Likelihood Ratio test on the goodness of the model; La Grange Multiplier test on residuals (non spatial); Moran s I test on residuals (spatial)

21 Geographers Contributions to Regional Science Perspectives Scale (statistics that vary d LISA, G, K, ESDA, multiple scales) Zoning (use smallest units and then aggregate upward if necessary; use statistics that vary d; ESDA, multiple zonings, Fotheringham and Wong) Dependence (Global, Local, SpaStats, Geoda, Variogram, Spa. Econ., Anselin and others) Heterogeneity (statistics that vary d, GWR, partitioning) Filtering (Griffith eigenvectors, Getis spatial autocorrelation) Boundaries (NN, Ripley s K function) Missing Data (geostatistics, Kyriakidis, Griffith) Large Data Sets (nearly all of the above, partitioning, redundancy)

22 Role of Technology: The GIS Revolution Simulation Visualization of Data Mapping visualization Filtering Variable combinations Data Description The Big Data Problem Heterogeneity and Dependence

23 Trends in Regional Science, Modeling, and Geography Regional Science: Asian spatial problems fill journals, environmental issues, rapid development of field Modeling: Advances in software, more sophisticated modeling, GIS Geography: Spatial approaches holding on for dear life pushed out to the periphery, strong physical and environmental contributions, economic geography nearly non existent, GIS central and building