- Both reactions sacrifice. - This in a nuclear reaction is called the. and is the energy in the reaction

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1 Unit 2: Origins I. Time Begins a. The b. The universe begins as the size of a single atom c. The universe began as a i. All matter and space were created from a single point of pure energy in an instant II. 3 Minutes after Big Bang a. The universe has grown from the size of an atom to larger than the size a grapefruit b. c. energy froze into matte r according to Albert Einstein s equation. d. This basically says that like snowflakes freezing, energy forms matter into clumps that today we call protons, neutrons and electrons. e. These parts later form into atoms III. Several Hundred Thousand Years after Big Bang a. ATOMS form (specifically Hydrogen and its isotopes with a small amount of Heliu m.) b. The early Universe was about 75% Hydrogen and 25% Helium. c. It is still almost the same today. IV Million Years After Big Bang a. 1 st stars and Galaxies form V. 4.6 Billion Years Ago a.. VI. Evidence for Big Bang

2 VII. Fission and Fusion Fission - Example: Fusion Example: VIII. Where does Energy come from? - Both reactions sacrifice - This in a nuclear reaction is called the and is the energy in the reaction Similarities and Differences between Nuclear Fission and Fusion Unique to Nuclear Fission Common to Both Unique to Nuclear Fusion - nucleus into particles - - Used to produce - Produces radioactive - Both generate the same way ( Convert ) - two small to form a one - Used by - Produces essentially

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5 Student sheet Name Title: Heavy Elements Introduction: On Earth, we have 92 naturally occurring elements. The atoms of each element are unique. Every gold atom has 79 protons in its nucleus. Every carbon atom has 6 protons. The number of protons gives each element its distinctive properties. Stars are the birthplace of all the different types of elements we find on Earth. Through the process of nuclear fusion (the nucleus of two atoms getting smashed together) atoms change and become heavier during every star cycle they go through. In this activity you will play a game to model the formation of heavy elements in the star cycle. Materials: per group: one game board, 4 set of element cards (per group of 4), game pieces (small items you have) one paper dice Directions: 1. Line your game pieces up on the nebula, the gas cloud where it all begins. Deal out 10 hydrogens to each player to start. 2. Roll to see who goes first. 3. Follow the directions on the game board. When you fuse atoms, turn in the fusing atoms for the new product. For example: H + H = He, you will turn in two hydrogen cards and get one helium. 4. You will have a set amount of time to play. Your teacher will tell you how much. 5. The winner has the largest atom at the end of the time. If you cross the start you collect another 10 hydrogens. Analysis: 1. What creates the energy given off by stars? 2. Why do they expand and contract in size? 3. Why don t more heavy elements form in smaller stars like brown and white dwarves? 4. What does the presence of atoms as large as Mercury (80 protons) or Lead (82 protons) suggest about the star cycle? Conclusion:

6 Mission 11 ALT Logbook Mission to Mars Spectroscopy Can You detect signs of past water? Elemental Fingerprints Worksheet 2 Name: Date: Mystery Spectra Identify the elements in spectra A, B, and C by comparing the bright lines present with the bright lines in the spectra for known elements. Helium Hydrogen Sodium Lithium Spectra A Elements: Spectra B Elements: Spectra C Elements: If spectrum A, B, and C were samples of spectroscopy data collected by the Mars Global Surveyor, what could you say about the chemical composition of the surface of Mars? 2 L:H?T?E? SETI Institute

7 Red shift/blue shift Practice Blue Red Nearby Star Andromeda Galaxy Bernard s Galaxy Bear Galaxy Venus SR Which galaxy or planet is moving at the same speed as the nearby star? 2. What galaxies or planets are moving toward the nearby star? 3. What galaxies or planets are moving away from the nearby star? 4. Is the Andromeda galaxy red or blue shifted? 5. According to Hubble s law, which galaxy or planet is moving fastest away from the nearby star? 6. Which galaxy or planet is moving the slowest away from the nearby star?