Potter Name: Date: Hour: Earth Science Unit 2: Astronomy

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1 Unit 2: Astronomy #1 LT 2.1 Galaxy Formation: I am able to describe the formation of the Milky Way Galaxy and our solar system and model earth s position in each. Yes I can 1. Can you roughly explain how the Milky way, and our solar system formed? 2. Can you explain the size difference between the solar system, the Milky Way and the Universe? 3. Can you explain where and how the Earth moves in the solar system and the Milky Way? LT 2.2 Sun Activity: I can explain activities in and on the sun, including how our sun gets its energy, makes different elements, and produces solar flares and winds. Yes I can 1. Can you explain events on the sun like sunspots, solar flares, and solar winds? 2. Can you relate events (auroras, power disturbances) on the Earth to sun events? 3. Can you explain the process of fusion and how it makes other elements and how newly made elements in the sun are spread across the universe? LT 2.3 Star Formation: I can describe the evolution of a star and use a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to infer different properties of evolving stars. Yes I can 1. Can you explain the life cycle of a star? (Both large and small) 2. Can you explain how an H-R diagram is used to infer the temperature, age, life span, and mass of a star? 3. Can you explain how and why stars of different masses will have different lives? LT 2.4 The Big Bang: I can interpret electromagnetic data and other data evidence and use it to explain the Big Bang Theory and the formation of the Universe. Yes I can 1. Can you explain what the Big Bang Theory is and the evidence we use to support is. 2. Can you explain how cosmic background radiation, red shift, motion of distant galaxies, and the composition of matter of the universe support the The Big Bang?

2 Vocabulary I should know: 1. Solar system Earth s local group of planets (7 others) revolving around the Sun #2 2. Galaxy A collection of billions of systems (stars and their planets) 3. Universe Every galaxy and everything we can possibly observe 4. AU An Astronomical Unit. A measure unit defined by the distance between the Earth and the Sun (93 million miles). Example: Mars is 1.5AU s away from the sun, Pluto is about 40AU s away from the sun. 5. Light Year the distance light travels in one year (6.1 trillion miles or 6,100,000,000,000 miles) 6. Big Bang The well accepted supported theory that the origin of the universe started as an infinitely tinny and hot speck that exploded 14 billion years ago and is still expanding. 7. Doppler Red shift the observation that stars moving away from us are shift to the red end of the light spectrum. Supports the theory of an expanding universe because almost everything is moving away from us. 8. Cosmic Background radiation heat left over from the initial bang of the universe. It can be seen at the most distant edge of the universe (the farthest back in time that we can see) 9. Sun spot a cool dark spot on the sun. Usually associated with solar flares and prominences. 10. Prominence a large arch of plasma looping on the surface of the sun, usually found over sunspots. 11. Solar flare When a prominence twists until it breaks (like a rubber band) and releases energy out into space 12. Solar winds a stream of charged particles that come from the sun and fly through the solar system, often hitting Earth. 13. Auroras AKA the northern lights. When charged particles from the sun enter our atmosphere, the glow a reddish, greenish color, high in the sky. 14. Fusion nuclear reaction that combines two atoms in to one, releasing a tremendous amount of energy (happens in the sun) 15. Fission the process of splitting large atoms into smaller atoms, release a large amount of energy (not as much as fusion) 16. Emission spectrum light coming from a star (or any light source). It looks like a rainbow of light except if you look closely, bands of light are missing. These missing bands represent the elements in the star. 17. Coronal Mass ejection (CME s) a giant cloud of solar plasma blasted away from the sun during strong and longduration solar flares. 18. Geomagnetic storm a temporary disturbance of earth s magnetic field, caused by solar flares and CME s. Geomagnetic storm can interrupt or communications and electrical transmission. Large storms have the potential on knocking out our power grid.

3 Welcome to the Solar System LT 2.1 Galaxy Formation: I am able to describe the formation of the Milky Way Galaxy and our solar system and model earth s position in each. Define an A.U.: We are going to pretend that the Sun is only 1 meter in diameter. How big would the other planets be? #3 Planet Actual diameter (km) Scaled diameter (mm) Distance from the sun (km) Scaled distance from the sun (m) Distance from the sun (AU) Sun (a star) 1,391, Mercury 4,880 58,000, Venus 12, ,000, Earth 12, ,000, Mars 6, ,000, Jupiter 142, ,000, Saturn 120,000 1,430,000, Uranus 51,800 2,870,000, Neptune 49,500 4,500,000, Pluto 2,300 5,900,000, In the space (Get it?) below, draw and label each planet to scale: Get this box signed by Mr. P after you make your model of the solar system

4 #4 Potter Name: Date: Hour: You are here LT 2.1 Galaxy Formation: I am able to describe the formation of the Milky Way Galaxy and our solar system and model earth s position in each. 1. Put in order from smallest to biggest: Universe, Solar System, Planet, Galaxy, Sun, Moon 2. Name and draw the planets in the solar system. Draw them in order. 3. Draw where our solar system located in the Milky Way. 4. Put it all together: Universe Galaxy Solar System 3 rd rock from the Sun Pictionary (this is just stuff that you should know to be a citizen of this planet): 5. Draw a picture showing a day. (sun and earth) 6. Draw a picture showing a year. (sun and earth) 7. Draw a picture showing a solar eclipse (sun, earth and moon) 8. Draw a picture showing a lunar eclipse (sun, earth, and moon). 9. Draw a picture showing a full moon (sun, earth, and moon).

5 Determining the Diameter of the Sun LT 2.1 Galaxy Formation: I am able to describe the formation of, the Milky Way Galaxy and our solar system and model earth s position in each. Part 1: How big is the light bulb? Rules: 1. You can t measure the light bulb 2. You must use a pinhole camera 3. Must setup a proportion. 4. PHC = Pin hole camera #4 Diameter of bulb Distance to PHC = Diameter of the Image Distance to PHC Show your calculations: Answer: Part 2: How big is the sun? There are four jobs: 1. Pinhole camera operator 2. Projection screen holder 3. Measurer (you need to measure two things) 4. Recorder Diameter of Sun = Diameter of the Image on the projection screen 93,000,000 miles Distance from PHC and the projection screen Show your calculations: Answer:

6 #5 Potter Name: Date: Hour: Formation of the Milky Way LT 2.1 Galaxy Formation: I am able to describe the formation of, the Milky Way Galaxy and our solar system and model earth s position in each. A cloud of hydrogen/helium gas begins to form myriad stars. As this continues, the cloud may contract somewhat and the grouping of stars begin to rotate around a common center. With rotation, there is a tendency for the cloud to assume a more oblate ellipsoidal shape and begin to spin. The spinning produces strings of stars in at least several district arms. When well developed, the stars have organized into a spiral galaxy.

7 #7 Formation of the Solar System LT 2.1 Galaxy Formation: I am able to describe the formation of, the Milky Way Galaxy and our solar system and model earth s position in each. 1. What is the nebular hypothesis? 2. How much of the solar nebula is in the sun? 3. What force formed that planets? 4. What 3 characteristics of the formation of the inner planets? 5. What 3 characteristics of the formation of the outer planets?

8 Formation of the Moon #8 Formation of Earths atmosphere

9 Activity on the Sun LT 2.2 Sun Activity: I can explain activities in and on the sun, including how our sun gets its energy, makes different elements, and produces solar flares and winds. #9 Sunspots Definition Prominence Solar Flare Coronal Mass ejection Aurora Geomagnetic storm Solar Wind Earth The Sun

10 Sunspot Cycles LT 2.2 Sun Activity: I can explain activities in and on the sun, including how our sun gets its energy, makes different elements, and produces solar flares and winds. Using the picture to the right, what are some thing you notice about sunspots? Try to come up with at least 3 things: #10 Sunspot Data Graph the data Analyze and Conclude: 1. Based on your graph, which years had the highest Sunspot Number? 2. How often does the cycle of maximum and minimum activity repeat? 3. When was the most recent maximum sunspot activity? 4. Based on what we learned from the previous page, why should we care about sunspots?

11 #11 How do we know what stars are made of? LT 2.2 Sun Activity: I can explain activities in and on the sun, including how our sun gets its energy, makes different elements, and produces solar flares and winds.

12 #12 4. How does the sun produce energy? 5. How does the process in the previous question change what is in the star?

13 LT 2.2 Sun Activity: I can explain activities in and on the sun, including how our sun gets its energy, makes different elements, and produces solar flares and winds. Nuclear reaction - Any reaction that change the number of protons or neutrons in an atom. Nuclear reactions often destroy some matter and release an incredible amount of energy. (e=mc 2 ) #13 1. What is the difference between fission and fusion? 2. Which do we use here on Earth and which occurs in stars? 3. Which releases more energy? Mr. Potter is going to help you draw the following atoms. Follow along with him. Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Carbon Oxygen

14 Part II Fusion (We are going to oversimplify nuclear reactions. They are much more complicated than this!) 1. Make the previous six nuclei with marshmallows you have been given. Show Mr. Potter. 2. Nebulas start as hydrogen gas. Grab a bunch of hydrogens and take two hydrogens and combine them. What do you get? 3. Take three hydrogens and combine them together. What do you get? 4. Take four hydrogens and combine them together. What do you get? 5. Take three hydrogens and 1 helium and combine them together. What do you get? 6. How could we get carbon? 7. How could we get iron (Fe)? 8. Stars start by fusing hydrogen. What is going to happen to the amount of Hydrogen in a star as it gets older? 9. Predict what old stars will be made of. #14 Part III Fission 10. Put all of your marshmallows together to make one big atom. What element would this be? 11. Randomly divide it into two parts, what two element did you make? Part IV Post Lab 1. What is a nuclear reaction? 2. What is nuclear fission? 3. What is nuclear fusion? 4. Which process does the sun do: fusion or fission? 5. Which process releases more energy: fusion or fission? 6. What element goes through fusion the most? 7. Which element would go through fusion the after the one from the previous question? 8. Can all elements do fusion? If so, or if not, explain why. 9. How do scientists know what elements are in stars?

15 H-R Diagrams LT 2.3 Star Formation: I can describe the evolution of a star and use a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to infer different properties of evolving stars. 1. What did we notice when we started organizing the stars based on their spectra? #15 1. What does the x-axis tell us (two things)? 2. What does the y axis tell us (two things)? 3. Color in the x-axis as follows: a. Red: b. Orange: 3,500-5,000 c. Yellow: 5,000-6,500 d. Blue-white 6,500-7,500 e. Blue: 7,500 and above. 4. What color is hottest? 5. What color is coldest? 6. Circle the main sequence. This is where most stars are found and where stars spend most of their life. However, we know that stars don t stay on the main sequence. 7. Where will our sun go once it leaves the main sequence?

16 #16 Potter Name: Date: Hour: 8. Each person in your group needs to pick 5 stars (different ones). Make sure you get a good mixture. Then, each person must plot their 5 stars on their star map. Color your stars in appropriate colors. Then, copy the work of your group members so you have stars drawn. 9. How many of your stars are on the main sequence? 10. What is your hottest star? 11. What is your brightest star? 12. Are they the same? 13. Where will our sun end up when it is all done (end of its life)? In other words, where on the chart? 14. The largest stars are found: 15. The brightest stars are found: 16. The hottest stars are found: 17. The hottest stars are what color: 18. The smallest stars are called: 19. Where is the sun in all of this? 20. What is the location on an H-R diagram where most of the stars exist? 21. Why are there no black holes or supernovas in this diagram? 22. If a star changes color from yellow to red (becomes a giant or supergiant), what does it tell you about the fusion at its core?

17 LT 5.3: I can describe the evolution of a star and use a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to infer different properties of evolving stars. Page: 787 #17 Second Stage: Forth Stage: Sixth Stage: Stars like our sun Third Stage: Fifth Stage: First Stage: Nebula Massive Stars Third Stage: Fifth Stage: Second Stage: Forth Stage: Sixth Stage:

18 Define the following terms 1. Define Nebula - #18 a. What do nebulas commonly consist of? 2. Define Protostar - a. What happens as a protostar contracts? b. At what temperature do stars start to shine (start fusion)? 3. Define Giant star - 4. Define Supergiant - a. Our sun will turn into which of the previous types of stars? 5. Define Planetary Nebula - 6. Define White dwarf - 7. Define Black Dwarf - 8. Define Neutron star - a. What will the final fate of our sun be? b. What determines if a star will be a white dwarf or a neutron star? c. What is a black hole? d. What would the inside of a black hole look like (your opinion, no correct answer)?

19 The Big Bang LT 5.4: I can interpret electromagnetic data and other data evidence and use it to explain the Big Bang Theory and the formation of the system 1. Define a theory: 2. The Big Bang Theory: #19 The Evidence: 1. Red-shift a. What is it? b. What does it mean? 2. Cosmic background radiation a. What is it? b. What does it mean? 3. Mixture of elements a. What is it? b. What does it mean? 4. Looking back in time a. What is it? b. What does it mean? How old do we estimate the universe is?

20 #20 Measuring the Expansion of the Universe LT 5.4: I can interpret electromagnetic data and other data evidence and use it to explain the Big Bang Theory and the formation of the system

21 1. Draw a line of best fit through the points. 2. Calculate the slope of the line (rise/run, or how many times do you go up for every time you go over?). 3. The age of the universe can be approximated by taking the reciprocal, or inverse, of the slope. Take 1/slope.

2. Very generally, describe how the Milky Way Galaxy formed. (Words or labeled picture)

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