Research Article Improving Ammonium and Nitrate Release from Urea Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite and Compost Produced from Agricultural Wastes

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1 Hindwi Pulishing Corportion e Sientifi World Journl Volume 215, Artile ID 57421, 12 pges Reserh Artile Improving Ammonium nd Nitrte Relese from Ure Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite nd Compost Produed from Agriulturl Wstes Ltifh Omr, 1 Osumnu Hrun Ahmed, 1,2,3 nd Nik Muhmd A. Mjid 3 1 Deprtment of Crop Siene, Fulty of Agriulture nd Food Sienes, Universiti Putr Mlysi, Bintulu Srwk Cmpus, 978 Bintulu, Srwk, Mlysi 2 Agriulture nd Environment, Borneo Eosystem Siene Reserh Centre, Fulty of Agriulture nd Food Sienes, Universiti Putr Mlysi, Bintulu Srwk Cmpus, 978 Bintulu, Srwk, Mlysi 3 Institute of Tropil Forestry nd Forest Produt (INTROP), Universiti Putr Mlysi, 434 Serdng, Selngor, Mlysi Correspondene should e ddressed to Osumnu Hrun Ahmed; osmn6@hotmil.om Reeived 18 Novemer 214; Aepted 27 Jnury 215 Ademi Editor: Ayko Oyne Copyright 215 Ltifh Omr et l. This is n open ess rtile distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution Liense, whih permits unrestrited use, distriution, nd reprodution in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly ited. Improper use of ure my use environmentl pollution through NH 3 voltiliztion nd NO 3 lehing from ure. Clinoptilolite zeolite nd ompost ould e used to ontrol N loss from ure y ontrolling NH 4 + nd NO 3 relese from ure. Soil inution nd lehing experiments were onduted to determine the effets of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost on ontrolling NH 4 + nd NO 3 losses from ure. Bekenu Series soil (Typi Pleudults) ws inuted for 3, 6, nd 9 dys. A soil lehing experiment ws onduted for 3 dys. Ure mended with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost signifintly redued NH 4 + nd NO 3 relese from ure (soil inution study) ompred with ure lone, thus reduing lehing of these ions. Ammonium nd NO 3 lehing losses during the 3 dys of the lehing experiment were highest in ure lone ompred with ure with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost tretments. At 3 dys of the lehing experiment, NH 4 + retention in soil with ure mended with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost ws etter thn tht with ure lone. These oservtions were euse of the high ph, CEC, nd other hemil properties of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost. Ure n e mended with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost to improve NH 4 + nd NO 3 relese from ure. 1. Introdution Depending on soil ph, moisture, nd pplition methods, ure undergoes hemil trnsformtion to produe either NH + 4 or NO 3 [1]. Nitrogen from ure is sujet to loss from numer of pthwys of whih lehing of NO 3 is one of the most importnt pthwys euse NO 3 is extremely moile. Lehing of NO 3 fromureledstoinreseinno 3 onentrtions in surfe nd ground wter [2]. Lehing losses of N our when soils hve more inoming wter thn they n hold. As wter moves through the soil, NO 3 in the soil solution moves long with the wter. Beuse NH + 4 is positively hrged, it is held y the negtive sites of soils (e.g., ly nd humus); therefore, NH 4 + lehes less in minerl soils whih re prtiulrly high in ly [3]. In ontrst, NH 4 + lehing is signifint in orse-textured snds nd some muk soils [4]. Thus, griulturl systems reserh leding to mngement prties tht improve N utiliztion effiieny nd derese N losses is essentil [5]. Nitrogen lehing loss in soils is risk euse if NO 3 is not sored y the plnt root system, it is lehed elow the root zone of plnts, thus ontminting groundwter [6]. Aording to Prmsivm et l. [7], optimiztion of irrigtion nd voidne of fertiliztion during riny sesons ould minimize lehing loss of N. However, this pproh nediffiulttohieveeuserpidlygrowingrops

2 2 The Sientifi World Journl require dequte N fertilizer. Lehing loss of N n e redued y minimizing the mounts of NH 4 + nd NO 3 in soils. However, this is hllenge euse it requires simultneous mngement of N fertilizers nd wter. Loss of minerl N from griulturl systems is diffiult to hieve through redution of N fertilizers use [8]. One of the etter methods of reduing losses of minerl N is the use of linoptilolite zeolite. Clinoptilolite zeolite n e used to ontrol N loss from ure euse of the smll moleulr size of the open-ringed struture of linoptilolite zeolite whih physilly protets NH 4 + ions ginst miroil nitrifition [9]. Clinoptilolite zeolite is minerl with unique struture whih llows entrpping or relesing vrious tions due to its high tion exhnge pity [1]. Adoption of mngement tehniques suh s linoptilolite zeolite utiliztion, whih mximizes N use effiieny nd wter use effiieny, my derese the exessive nd unlned use of N fertilizers in griulture. Unlned use of N fertilizers ould use environmentl pollution [11]. Studies hve shown tht the use of linoptilolite zeolite nd N fertilizers improves N use effiieny [12 15]. The inresed effiieny of N utiliztion when ure is used together with linoptilolite zeolite hs een demonstrted y numerofreserhers[16 18]. As the third lrgest produer of hiken produts in Asi, hiken mnure disposl is eoming hllenge in Mlysi. In 212, 674 million nd 637 million dy-old hiks nd roilers, respetively, were produed [19]. Wstes generted in the poultry frms re inresing s the poultry frming grows. The dily mnure prodution y lying hen hs een estimted s 138 g dy 1 (25% dry sustne) nd 9 g dy 1 (4%drysustne)yroiler[2]. Lrge quntities of rie strw re produed every hrvesting seson in Mlysi. Mnging this wste in Mlysi is hllenge. In Mlysi, there is 684, h of pddy fields from whih 1.3 million tonnes of rie strw is produed every yer [21]. Coomposting these wstes to produe orgni mendments suh s ompost is essentil. Coomposting is simple method whih onverts, for exmple, hiken mnure nd rie strw into vlule orgni mendments. The proess of oomposting is essentil for forementioned wstes to e sfely, onveniently, nd effiiently used s soil orgni mendment [22].Thisiseuse during oomposting, lrge prt of the originl orgni mtter is minerlized nd the residul orgni mtter is trnsformed into new orgni mterils (e.g., humi-like sustnes suh s humi nd fulvi ids). Applition of ompost in griulture is very desirle worldwide s ompost is most often used to improve soil struture nd ontent of soil orgni mtter [23]. However, the effets of ompost ddition to soil on the fte of minerl N re srely studied. For exmple, there is derth of informtion on improving NH 4 + nd NO 3 relese from ure using linoptilolitezeolitendomposts.thus,theojetiveofthis study ws to determine the effets of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (produed y oomposting rie strw nd hiken mnure) on ontrolling NH 4 + nd NO 3 loss from ure. 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1. Seleted Chemil Properties of Soil, Clinoptilolite Zeolite, nd Compost. The soil used in this study ws Bekenu Series (Typi Pleudults). The soil ws smpled t 2 m depth from n unultivted re t Universiti Putr Mlysi, Bintulu Cmpus Srwk, Mlysi. The soil ws ir-dried ndgroundtopss2.mmsieveforinitilhrteriztion, inution, nd lehing experiments. Field pity nd ulk density of the soil were determined y the method desried y Tn [26]. Soil field pity ws mesured using grduted ylinder. This proedure involves lultion of the wter perolte in mesuring ylinder. A 1 g soil ws weighted into funnel, the se of it filled with Whtmn filter pper numer 2 to void losing of soil. Afterwrds, 1 ml of distilled wter ws poured onto the soil in ylinder nd let to drin. All the wter drined from the soil y grvity ws onsidered the field pity of the soil [26]. Soil ulk density ws determined using the ore ring method [26]. The ore ring ws pled with the shrpened side down, on top of the soil fter whih the ore ring ws gently hmmered into the soil with hmmer. Afterwrds, piee of hrd wood ws pled over the ore ring until the top of it ws flushed with the soil surfe. A soop ws used to dig smll trenh on one side of the ore ring. It ws slightly deeper thn the ring.afterwrds,thesoilsmplewiththeoreringwspled in n oven t temperture of 15 Cfor24hoursndooled in desitor. The ulk density ws lulted onsidering the mss of oven dry soil, soil volume, dimeter, weight, nd height of ring smpler, s well s weight of soil nd ring smpler [26]. Soil texture ws determined using the hydrometer method [27]. The hydrometer method determines the texture of soil y mesuring totl snd (2..5 mm), silt (.5.2 mm), nd ly (<.2 mm). A 5 g of soil smple ws weighed nd pled in lender up. Distilled wter ws dded to the smple within 1 m of the top nd mixed with 4 drops of 3 M NOH. The mixture ws stirred ontinuously until the soil suspension hd ph of 1. Then the mixture ws stirred mehnilly for 15 minutes, fter whih it ws trnsferred into 1 ml mesuring ylinder. The remining soil residue in lender up ws spryed with distilled wteruntilvolumeofthesmplein1mlmesuring ylinder ws mde up to 113 ml. The soil suspension ws stirred ontinuously for homogenous mixture. Afterwrds, hydrometer ws used to mesure first reding fter 4 seonds. The suspension ws stirred six times nd fter 4 seonds, the hydrometer ws inserted in the suspension to otin seond reding. The suspension temperture ws reorded fter removing the hydrometer from the suspension. Averge of two redings gve the mount of silt nd ly in grms of the soil smple. The suspension ws stirred thoroughly fter 2 hours of settling time nd the third reding ws otined to get the mount of ly in grms. The temperture of the suspension ws reorded shortly fter the hydrometer ws dipped into the suspension for every reding euse the hydrometer ws lirted t 2 C[27]. The ph of the soil ws determined in rtio of 1 : 2 (soil : distilled wter suspension) using digitl ph

3 The Sientifi World Journl 3 meter [28]. A 1 g of soil ws weighed nd pled in plsti vils. Distilled wter of 2 ml ws dded nd shken t 18 rpm for 15 minutes [28]. The reding for ph in wter ws reorded fter 24 hours. A digitl ph meter (Seven Esy Mettler Toledo) ws used to reord ph reding. Soil orgni mtter, C, nd N were determined using LECO CHNS Anlyzer (LECO Truspe Miro Elementl Anlyzer CHNS, New York). A 2.2 mg ground soil (25 μm) ws pled on thelodinghedofthemhine.smpleswereomustedt 175 C nd the reding of totl C nd N ws otined diretly from omputer softwre. The loss of weight represented the weight of C nd orgni mtter ontent ws estimted y multiplying orgni mtter vlue; 58% of orgni mtter is C[29]. Soil ville P ws extrted using the doule id method [26] followed y the lue method[3]. A 5 g of soil ws weighed nd pled in 25 ml Erlenmeyer flsk. A 2 ml extrting solution ws dded nd shken mehnilly t 18 rpm for 1 minutes. Afterwrds, the superntnt ws filtered using Whtmn filter pper numer 2. Aid molydte stok solution (Regent A) nd sori id stok solution (Regent B) were prepred for olour development proedure. A stndrd P solution (stndrd solution 1) nd stndrd solution 2 were prepred nd used to prepre working solutions rnging from to.6 ppm., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, nd 6 ml of stndrd solution 2 were pipetted into 5 ml volumetri flsk using miropipette nd dded with8mlofregentbtodevelopthelueolour.a4ml ofthesuperntntwspipettedinto5mlvolumetriflsk. Regent B of 8 ml ws dded to develop the lue olour. This solution ws diluted to mrk with distilled wter nd mximumlueolourwsllowedtodevelop[3]. The sorne ws mesured t 84 nm. Stndrd urve ws prepredypipetting,1,2,3,4,5,nd6mlofthep stndrd solution into 7 series of 5 ml volumetri flsks. Smples inluding stndrd solution were red using UV-VIS spetrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Lmd 25, USA). Exhngele tions were extrted using the lehing method [26]. A 1 g soil ws pled in lehing tue nd lehed with 1 ml NH 4 OA solution for 5 hours. Their onentrtions in the extrt were determined using Atomi Asorption Spetrophotometry (Anlyst 8, Perkin Elmer, Norwlk, USA). Soil CEC ws determined y lehing the soil smples with 1 ml of 1 M NH 4 OA for 5 hours [26]. Afterwrds, the soil smple ws wshed with 3 ml of 95% ethnol. The lehte ws olleted in 1 ml volumetri flsknddistilledwterwsddedtomkeupvolumeof 1mLvolumetriflsk.A1mLofsmplefromlehtews pipetted into distilltion flsk nd dded with 1 ml of 4% NOH. The smples were distilled for 5 minutes nd olleted with 1 ml of 2% ori id with romoresol green nd methyl red inditor [31]. Then, the distilltews titrtedwith.1 M HCl [26]. The method of Keeney nd Nelson [32]ws used to extrt exhngele NH 4 + nd ville NO 3 fter whih their onentrtions were determined using stem distilltion. A smple of 5 g soil ws extrted with 5 ml of 2M KCl solution nd shken for 1 hour. Afterwrds, it ws filtered using Whtmn filter pper numer 2. Exhngele NH 4 + ws determined y pipetting 2 ml of extrtnt into distilltion tue, dded with.2 g of MgO, nd distilled for 5 min. A 1 ml of ori id with romoresol green nd methyl red inditor ws used to trp NH 4 +.Afterwrds, the distilltion ws ontinued y dding.2 g Devrd s lloy to the smple nd the proess of distilltion proeeded for nother 5 minutes. The distilltes of NH 4 + nd NO 3 were titrted with.1 M HCl. The texture of the soil ws sndy lom with ulk density of 1.51 g m 3.Thetextureofthesoil nd ulk density re onsistent with those reported in Soil Survey Stff [33]. The seleted hemil properties of the soil re summrized in Tle 1.The soil ph,totl N,nd totl C were onsistent with those reported for Bekenu Series [24]. The exhngele C, Mg, nd K in this study were higher thn the reported vlues [24]. Thelinoptilolitezeoliteusedinthisstudywsinpowder form. Totl N of the linoptilolite zeolite ws determined using Kjeldhl method [31]..5 g of linoptilolite zeolite ws mixed with 5 ml onentrted sulfuri id (H 2 SO 4 )nd digested. A tlet of selenium tlyst ws dded, shken, nd left to equilirte for 3 minutes. The smples were then digested t 18 Cfor1hndthent32 Cfor4to5huntil smples were olourless. 1 ml of the digested smple ws pipetted into 5 ml distilltion flsk nd dded with 1 ml 4% NOH. 1 ml of ori id plus inditor solution ws pled t the end of the ondenser in the distilltion pprtus to trp NH 3 relesed. The mixture ws distilled until the ori id-inditor solution douled the originl volume. The distillte solution ws titrted with.1 M HCl to estimte N ontent in the linoptilolite zeolite. The ph, exhngele NH 4 +,ndvilleno 3 of the linoptilolite zeolite were determined using the method desried previously [28, 32]. The CEC of the linoptilolite zeolite ws determined using the CsCl method [34]. The proedure is similr to the proedure of soil CEC determintion s outlined previously ut 1 M of CsCl insted of 1 M NH 4 OA ws used. The CsCl method ws used to void underestimtion of CEC of the linoptilolite zeolite s the method does not led to entrpment of mmonium ions in the hnnels of the linoptilolite zeolite. The exhngele K, C, nd Mg of the linoptilolite zeolite were extrted using the method of Ming nd Dixon [34]nd their onentrtions determined using Atomi Asorption Spetrophotometry (Anlyst 8, Perkin Elmer, Norwlk, USA). The hemil omposition of the linoptilolite zeolite used inthisstudy issummrizedin Tle 2. The seleted hemil hrteristis of the ompost were determined using stndrd proedures s outlined previously [26 32]. The seleted hemil properties of the ompost produed y oomposting rie strw nd hiken mnure re summrized in Tle 3. Vlues were otined from our previous study on oomposting rie strw nd hiken mnure (pper under review). Totl N of the ompost ws 1.8% (Tle 3). Cron to N rtio of the ompost ws Humi id ontent, sh ontent, NH 4 +,NO 3 P, C, Mg, nd K onentrtions inresed fter the oomposting proess (Tle 3). The lower onentrtions of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, nd miroil iomss of the ompost suggest tht the ompost is stle, mture, nd not toxi. The seeds germintion rte of mize (Ze mys L.) tested on ompost nd distilled wter (ontrol) using the method desried y

4 4 The Sientifi World Journl Tle 1: Seleted hemil properties of Bekenu Series. Property Vlue otined (men ± SE) Stndrd dt rnge CEC (mol kg 1 ) 7.43(±.15) ph wter 4.66 (±.1) 4.6 Exhngele lium (mol kg 1 ) 1.41 (±.5).1 Exhngele mgnesium (mol kg 1 ) 1.53(±.5).21 Exhngele potssium (mol kg 1 ).6 (±.2).19 Totl nitrogen (%).15 (±.1).4.17 Orgni mtter (%) 2.6 (±.1) nd Totl ron (%) 1.2 (±.6) Aville phosphorus (mg kg 1 ) 4.16 (±.13) nd Exhngele mmonium (mg kg 1 ) 19.85(±.68) nd Aville nitrte (mg kg 1 ) 5.16(±.9) nd Note. Stndrd dt rnge reported y Prmnnthn [24]; nd = not determined. Vlues in prenthesis represent stndrd error of the men. Tle 2: Seleted hemil properties of linoptilolite zeolite. Property Present study (men ± SE) Referene ph 6.8 (±.3) 8-9 CEC (mol kg 1 ) 1.33 (±.35) 16 Totl nitrogen (%) 1.18 (±.4) 1.36 Clium (mg kg 1 ) 18,4 (±19.9) 25,6 Mgnesium (mg kg 1 ) 11,2 (±4.48) 15, Potssium (mg kg 1 ) 14,85 (±1.17) 22,6 Ammonium (mg kg 1 ) 12.6(±.43) nd Nitrte (mg kg 1 ) (±.18) nd Note. CEC = tion exhnge pity, nd = not determined. Dt were otined from Luxurious Empire Sdn. Bhd., Kulijy, Mlysi. Vlues in prenthesis represent stndrd error of the men. Zuoni et l. [35]ndspinh(Spini olere)growthon pet-sed growing medium (ontrol) [36]ndompostws not signifintly different, suggesting tht the ompost is not phytotoxi. The humi id frtions fter the omposting proess were extrted with.5 M NOH, preipitted t ph 1. with 6 M HCl, nd then purified with 1 ml distilled wter [37]. The roxyl nd phenoli ontents of the humi id extrted from the ompost were determined ording to the method desried y Stevenson [38]. 2mg of humi id wsdissolvedin4mlof.8mnohndshkenfor3 minutes t 18 rpm. The solution ws titrted ginst.1 M HCl to ph 2.5. Phenoli ontent ws determined sed on the mount of id required to titrte the solution from ph 1 to ph 8 nd it ws estimted tht 5% of the phenoli group dissoites from ph 1 to ph 8 [39]. Croxyli ontent ws lulted sed on the mount of id needed to titrte the solution from ph 8 to ph 2.5 nd the totl idity ws lulted y the summtion of roxyli nd phenoli ontent [39]. To otin the E 4 /E 6 rtio of the humi id, thesornet465nmnd665nmwsmesuredusing UV-Vis spetrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Lmd 25, USA) Tle 3: Seleted hemil properties of ompost y oomposting rie strw nd hiken mnure. Property Vlue otined (men ± SE) ph vlue 7.66 (±.7) Humi id (%) 15.2 (±.32) EC (ds m 1 ) 1.15(±.2) Totl ron (%) (±.42) Orgni mtter (%) 47.9 (±.73) Totl nitrogen (%) 1.8 (±.6) C/N rtio Ammonium (mg kg 1 ) 294(±2.84) Nitrte (mg kg 1 ) 161(±5.23) Totl phosphorus (mg kg 1 ) (±5.5) Clium (mg kg 1 ) 14,8 (±6.91) Mgnesium (mg kg 1 ) 15,35(±3.92) Potssium (mg kg 1 ) 27,72(±2.72) Iron (mg kg 1 ) 13.1(±.42) Zin (mg kg 1 ) 11.8 (±.15) Copper (mg kg 1 ) 12.4(±.21) Mngnese (mg kg 1 ) 2.1(±.5) Note. Vlues were otined from our previous study on oomposting rie strw nd hiken mnure (pper under review). Vlues in prenthesis represent stndrd error of the men. Cron to N rtio ws lulted y dividing the perentge of C y the perentge of N. on solution of 3 mg of eh humi id in 1 ml of.5 M NHCO 3.Thertioofsornet465nmnd665nmgve the E 4 /E 6 rtio [25]. The seleted hemil properties of the humi id extrted from the ompost re shown in Tle Soil Inution Experiment. A soil inution experiment ws rried out for 9 dys in the Soil Siene Lortory of Universiti Putr Mlysi, Bintulu Srwk Cmpus, Mlysi. The tretments evluted in this experiment were (i) 25 g soil (no ure) (T), (ii) 25 g soil g ure without dditives (T1),

5 The Sientifi World Journl 5 Tle 4: Seleted hemil properties of humi id extrted from ompost. Property Vlue otined (men ± SE) Tn [25] E 4 /E (±.7) 7-8 Phenoli (mol kg 1 ) 3 (±6.42) Croxyl (mol kg 1 ) 45 (±1.39) Totl idity (mol kg 1 ) 75 (±8.8) 5 7 Note. Vlues in prenthesis represent stndrd error of the men. Vlue otined from previous study [25]. (iii) 25 g soil g ure + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite (T2), (iv) 25 g soil g ure + 6 g ompost (T3), (v) 25 g soil g ure + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite + 6 g ompost (T4). The rtes of ure [4], linoptilolite zeolite [41], nd ompost were sled down from the stndrd fertilizer reommendtion for Ze mys L. ultivtion [42]. The soil, ure, linoptilolite zeolite, nd ompost used in the inution experiment were thoroughly mixed mnully. Bekers (5 ml) with tretments were seled with prfilm. The prfilm ws perforted to enle good ertion. The smples were inuted for 3 dys, 6 dys, nd 9 dys t 26 C, respetively. Eh tretment hd 3 replitions (i.e., 15 smples for 3 dys of inution, 15 smples for 6 dys of inution, nd 15 smples for 9 dys of inution). At 3dys,6dys,nd9dysofinution(DAI),thesoil smples were ir-dried nd nlyzed for ph in wter [28], totl N using the Kjeldhl method [31], wheres NH 4 + nd NO 3 ontents were determined using the method of Keeney nd Nelson [32] Soil Lehing Experiment. The soil lehing experiment omprised the sme tretments s in the inution experiment. All tretments were thoroughly mixed nd sled down tothemountof64gsoil.themixturewsthenfilledin lehing tues nd lehed with distilled wter fter whih the lehtes were olleted t three-dy intervl sed on fiveyer rinfll dt otined from the Srwk Meteorologil Deprtment, Mlysi [43]. Afterwrds, the lehtes were nlyzed for NH 4 + nd NO 3 using the method of Keeney nd Nelson [32] wheres the ph of the lehtes ws determined using digitl ph meter (Seven Esy Mettler Toledo). The volume of the distilled wter used ws sed on riny dys over 3 dys. The volume of the distilled wter used every three dys in the lehing experiment ws 36 ml. The soil smples t 3 dys of the lehing experiment were nlyzed for totl N, exhngele NH 4 +,ndvilleno 3 using the stndrd proedures s outlined previously [31, 32] Sttistil Anlysis. The soil inution experiment ws split-lok experimentl design in triplite with two ftors, nmely,timeofinution(3dys,6dys,nd9dys)nd tretments (soil lone, soil + ure, soil + ure + linoptilolite zeolite,soil+ure+ompost,ndsoil+ure+linoptilolite zeolite + ompost). The experimentl design of the soil lehing experiment ws ompletely rndomized design (CRD) with three replitions. Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) ws used to detet tretment effets wheres Tukey s test ws used to ompre tretment mens t P.5. The Sttistil AnlysisSystemversion9.2wsusedforthesttistiltests. 3. Results nd Disussion 3.1. Soil Inution Study. Dys of inution signifintly ffeted totl N, exhngele NH 4 +,ndvilleno 3 ut did not ffet soil ph t 3 DAI, 6 DAI, nd 9 DAI (Tle 5) Soil Totl Nitrogen nd ph s Affeted y Tretments nd Period of Inution. The effets of ure without dditives (T1) nd ure with dditives (T2, T3, nd T4) on totl N t 3 DAI were not signifintly different (Figure 1). However, totl NinthesoilwssignifintlyhigherinT4ompredwith T nd T1 t 6 DAI. Soil totl N ws signifintly higher in T3 nd T4 ompred with ure without dditives (T1) t 9 DAI (Figure 1). These results suggest tht mixing ure with soil resulted in greter ure minerliztion t 3 DAI nd 6 DAI, ut ure mixed with ompost (T3) nd the omintion of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (T4) were more effetive in retining N t 9 DAI. The higher totl N in T3 nd T4 s ompred with T1 t 9 DAI is onsistent with the higher orgnimtter(47.9%)oftheompostusedinthisstudy (Tle 2). This is possile euse, in omposts, N is present in the form of stle orgni N whih is slowly ut stedily relesed over time through minerliztion. Minerliztion of orgni N in omposts involves the onversion of orgni forms of N to NH 3 or NH 4 + nd NO 3 [1]. The retention of soil totl N in T4 ould lso e due to sorption of NH 4 + nd NO 3 into the linoptilolite zeolite lttie [9, 16]. This is possile euse of the high CEC (1 mol kg 1 ) of the linoptilolite zeolite used in this study. Aording to Ferguson nd Pepper [9], zeolites deresed N onentrtion in soil solution y trpping NH 4 + through tion exhnge. Besides retining lrge quntities of NH 4 +, these minerls lso interfere with the proess of nitrifition [9, 16]. Ure with linoptilolite zeolite (T2) signifintly inresed soil ph ompred with those of soil lone (T) nd ure without dditives (T1) t 3 DAI nd 9 DAI ut not t 6 DAI (Figure 2). The soil ph ws higher in T3 (ure mixed with ompost) nd T4 (ure mixed with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost) ompred with T (soil lone) nd T1 (ure lone) t 3 DAI, 6 DAI, nd 9 DAI, respetively. The higher ph in T2, T3, nd T4 ws euse soil ph inreses with ure hydrolysis. As ure hydrolyzes, NH 4 +,OH,nd CO 3 2 ionsrerelesedtoinresesoilph[44]. The ph of the ompost (7.66) my hve prtly ontriuted to the inrese in soil ph (Figure 2). Conversion of orgni N to NH 4 + forinstneisveryslowwhenphisintherngeof5 to 6 [45]. Aording to Weier nd Gillim [45], nitrifition dereseswhensoilphislow(ph5to6).thisexplinsthe lowertotlnintndt1t3,6,nd9dai(figure 1).

6 6 The Sientifi World Journl Tle 5: Signifint levels from nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) to determine the effets of tretments nd time on totl N, soil exhngele mmonium, nd ville nitrte. Soure of vrition Degree of freedom Men squre + Totl N NH 4 NO 3 Time Replition 2.2 ns ns ns Error (time replition) 4.1 ns ns 57.4 ns Tretment Time tretment Error Note. indites signifine tp.5. ns indites no signifine. Totl N (%) d d T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T Dys of inution Figure 1: Effets of tretments (T, T1, T2, T3, nd T4) nd periods (3, 6, nd 9 dys) of inution on soil totl N. Note.T:25gsoil (no ure); T1: 25 g soil g ure (no dditives); T2: 25 g soil g ure + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite; T3: 25 g soil g ure + 6 g ompost;t4:25gsoil+7.4gure+6gompost+6glinoptilolite zeolite. Mens with the sme letter re not signifintly different y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Letters without prime represent 3 DAI, single prime supersript represents 6 DAI, nd doule prime supersript represents 9 DAI. Soil ph T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T Dys of inution Figure 2: Effets of tretments (T, T1, T2, T3, nd T4) nd periods (3, 6, nd 9 dys) of inution on soil ph. Note. T:25gsoil (no ure); T1: 25 g soil g ure (no dditives); T2: 25 g soil + 7.4gure+6glinoptilolitezeolite;T3:25gsoil+7.4gure+6g ompost;t4:25gsoil+7.4gure+6gompost+6glinoptilolite zeolite. Mens with the sme letter re not signifintly different y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Letters without prime represent 3 DAI, single prime supersript represents 6 DAI, nd doule prime supersript represents 9 DAI Effets of Tretments nd Period of Inution on Soil Exhngele Ammonium nd Aville Nitrte in Soil Inution Experiment. Soil exhngele NH + 4 ws signifintly higher in the ure with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost tretments (T2, T3, nd T4) thn in ure without dditives (T1) nd soil lone (T) t 3 DAI, 6 DAI, nd 9 DAI,respetively (Figure 3). The higher onentrtions of soil exhngele NH + 4 in T2, T3, nd T4 were prtly due to inrese in the ph of the soil (Figure 2) s minerliztion of orgni N to NH + 4 is enhned y the higher ph [46]. This oservtion ould e one of the resons why the soil totl N of T2, T3, nd T4 deresed with inresing period of inution (Figure1). It is lso possile tht some of the NH + 4 relesed during ure hydrolysis were dsored onto the exhnge surfes of linoptilolite zeolite (T2 nd T4) nd humi sustnes of ompost (T3 nd T4). The retention of soil exhngele NH + 4 ould e ttriuted to the high CEC of the linoptilolite zeolite. Aording to Kithome et l. [47], NH + 4 retined y linoptilolite zeolite is generlly relesed slowly euse of the CEC of this zeolite nd nitrifition in the soil. Retrdtion of nitrifition in this study my hve ourred due to linoptilolite zeolite, s the smll moleulr size of the open-ringed struture of linoptilolite zeolite ( m) physilly protets NH 4 + ginst miroil nitrifition [9]. The sorption of soil exhngele NH 4 + in ure with ompost tretments (T3 nd T4) ws possile euse of the humi id ontent (15.2%) of the ompost used in this study. The roxyl, phenol, nd totl idity of the humi id of the ompost used in this study were 45 mol kg 1,3mol kg 1,nd 75 mol kg 1,respetively(Tle 4). All the mixtures (T2, T3, nd T4) signifintly inresed soil ville NO 3 t 3 DAI, 6 DAI, nd 9 DAI ompred with ure without dditives (T1) s demonstrted in Figure 4. The ompost redued lehing of NO 3 from the soil euse of its C/N rtio (15.17) (Tle 2). As reported y Kristensen et l. [48], inorportion of N rih ompost, (low C/N rtio omposts) led to rpid minerliztion with ssoited inrese in soil minerl N. At C/N rtio of 15 or less, minerliztion ours, wheres ove C/N rtio of 15, N is immoilized [48]. In relted study in whih iosolidsyrd wste ompost ws used to hinder NO 3 lehing, Xi et l. [49] reported tht the onentrtions of NO 3 -N in their first lehtes were high ut they deresed in the susequent

7 The Sientifi World Journl 7 Exhngele NH 4 + (ppm) d T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T Dys of inution Figure 3: Effets of tretments (T, T1, T2, T3, nd T4) nd periods (3, 6, nd 9 dys) of inution on soil exhngele mmonium. Note. T: 25 g soil (no ure); T1: 25 g soil g ure (no dditives); T2: 25 g soil g ure + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite; T3: 25gsoil+7.4gure+6gompost;T4:25gsoil+7.4gure+6g ompost + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite. Mens with the sme letter re not signifintly different y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Letters without prime represent 3 DAI, single prime supersript represents 6 DAI, nd doule prime supersript represents 9 DAI. Aville NO 3 (ppm) d d T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T Dys of inution Figure 4: Effets of tretments (T, T1, T2, T3, nd T4) nd periods (3, 6, nd 9 dys) of inution on soil ville nitrte. Note. T: 25 g soil (no ure); T1: 25 g soil g ure (no dditives); T2: 25g soil + 7.4g ure + 6g linoptilolite zeolite; T3: 25g soil g ure + 6 g ompost; T4: 25 g soil g ure + 6 g ompost + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite. Mens with the sme letter re not signifintly different y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Letters without prime represent 3 DAI, single prime supersript represents 6 DAI, nd doule prime supersript represents 9 DAI. lehtes for ll ompost mended medi. The higher soil ville NO 3 t 3 DAI, 6 DAI, nd 9 DAI in T2 nd T4 ompred with ure lone (T1) s presented in Figure 4 ws euse of the presene of linoptilolite zeolite. This is possile euse of the linoptilolite zeolite s ion exhnge system whih enles sorption of nions suh s NO 3 nd phosphtes [1]. The signifint inrese in the soil ville NO 3 t 3 DAI, 6 DAI, nd 9 DAI in T4 Figure 4 ws lso prtly euse of the inrese in soil ph (due to ph of the ompost). It is widely epted tht high ph hs signifint effet on vilility of NO 3 s it influenes nitrifition nd denitrifition. Loss of NO 3 to N 2 OndNOemissions inrese under low soil ph [45] Lehing of Ammonium nd Nitrte t Three-Dy Intervl. The three-dy intervl losses of NH 4 + nd NO 3 from soil in the lehing experiment for 3 dys re presented in Figures 5() nd 5(). As summrized in Figures 5() nd 5(),llof the mixtures (T2, T3, nd T4) signifintly redued lehing of NH 4 + nd NO 3 from soil ompred with soil lone (T) nd ure lone (T1). Tretments 2 nd 4 (mixtures of ure nd linoptilolite zeolite) redued NH 4 + lehing euse the linoptilolite zeolite hs high ffinity for NH 4 + (dsorption of NH 4 + in the minerl ltties of linoptilolite zeolite) wheres NO 3 wssoredintothehnnelsofthelinoptilolite zeolite. Hung nd Petrovi [5] found tht pplition of linoptilolite zeolite to sndy soil redued NH 4 + nd NO 3 onentrtions in lehte nd inresed moisture retention in the soil due to inresed soil surfe re nd CEC. Thus, pplying linoptilolite zeolite to soils my redue lehing of NH 4 + nd NO 3. The signifint redution in lehing of NH 4 + nd NO 3 int2ndt4reportedinthisstudy (Figures 5() nd 5()) ws omprle with those reported y Zwingmnn et l. [51] wherey in olumn experiment, linoptilolite zeolite ws used to redue N lehing losses in sndysoil. ForT3ndT4,lehingofNH 4 + nd NO 3 ws redued (Figures 5()nd 5()) euse of the ffinity of the funtionl groupssuhsroxylndphenoliintheompostfor NH 4 + nd NO 3. An evidene of this is the high ontents of these funtionl groups of the humi id (Tle 4). The striking effets of ure mended with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (T2, T3, nd T4) on lehing of NH 4 + nd NO 3 ompred with ure lone (T1) re lerly demonstrted in Figures 6() nd 6() wherey the ontriution of T (soil lone) ws deduted from those of T1, T2, T3, nd T4 over the 3 dys of lehing experiment (i.e., lehing losses of NH 4 + nd NO 3 from T1, T2, T3, nd T4 only) Cumultive Losses of Ammonium nd Nitrte for Thirty Dys of Soil Lehing. Another evidene to support the effetiveness of T2, T3, nd T4 in ontrolling NH 4 + nd NO 3 lehing loss ompred with T1 is presented in Figure 7. All the tretments with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (T2, T3, nd T4) signifintly deresed NH 4 + nd NO 3 lehing losses ompred with ure without dditives (T1). Tretments 3 nd 4 signifintly minimized NH 4 + nd NO 3 lehing losses prtly euse the ompost served s soure of orgni mtter for N stiliztion in the soil. This is euse N is stored in soils in orgni form; thus the quntity nd nture of orgni mtter nd its deomposition in the soil hve effet on the long-term vilility of N. The linoptilolite zeolite in T2 nd T4 ws le to retin NH 4 + euse of the speifi seletivity of the linoptilolite zeolite for NH 4 + [9]. This is one of the resons why linoptilolite zeolite is widely used s sorent gent to pture N, fter whih the ptured N is storedndrelesedslowlyforplntuse[47] Retention of Soil Exhngele Ammonium nd Aville NitrtetThirtyDysofLehingExperiment.At the end of the lehing experiment (3 dys of lehing), ure with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (T2, T3, nd T4) showed signifint onentrtions of soil exhngele NH 4 + nd

8 8 The Sientifi World Journl Ammonium (ppm) Dys of lehing Nitrte (ppm) Dys of lehing T T1 T2 T3 T4 T T1 T2 T3 T4 () () Figure 5: Ammonium nd nitrte lehed t three-dy intervl over 3 dys of lehing experiment. Note. T: 64 g soil (no ure); T1: 64 g soil+7.4gure(nodditives);t2:64gsoil+7.4gure+6glinoptilolitezeolite;t3:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost;t4:64gsoil + 7.4g ure g ompost + 6g linoptilolite zeolite. Note. Br represents stndrd error of the men. Ammonium (ppm) Dys of lehing Nitrte (ppm) Dys of lehing T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4 () () Figure 6: Ammonium nd nitrte lehed t three-dy intervl over 3 dys of lehing for T1, T2, T3, nd T4 effets only. Note. T1: 64 g soil +7.4gure(nodditives);T2:64gsoil+7.4gure+6glinoptilolitezeolite;T3:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost;T4:64gsoil+ 7.4g ure g ompost + 6g linoptilolite zeolite. Note. Br represents stndrd error of the men. ville NO 3 ompred to ure without dditives (T1) (Figure 8). Soil exhngele NH + 4 nd ville NO 3 were lower in ure without dditives (T1) t the end of lehing study euse they were lehed s disussed previously (Figure 7). The vilility of NH + 4 nd NO 3 in the soil with linoptilolite zeolite is possile euse the hnnels in linoptilolite zeolite effetively sored NH + 4 nd NO 3 nd relesed them slowly. The high ffinity of the linoptilolite zeolite for NH + 4 in prtiulr is due to the smll size of hnnels tht protet NH + 4 from exessive nitrifition [9]. In relted study, linoptilolite zeolite ws used to improve soil retention of NH + 4. The use of linoptilolite zeolite lso minimized the onversion of NH + 4 to NO 3 [16]. The ompost in T3 nd T4 improved retention of soil exhngele NH + 4 nd ville NO 3 ompred with ure without dditives (T1) prtly due to the ility of the ompost to inrese wter holding pity of soils. Due to this, lehing of NH + 4 nd NO 3 is redued. This is possile euselehinglossesofnourwhensoilshvemore inoming wter thn the soil n hold. It ws lso reported tht the slow relese nture of ompost-n renders lehing of NO 3 -N [52]. As reported y numerous reserhers [53, 54], pplition of ompost to soils improved soil physil properties y inresing wter holding pity nd porosity Soil Totl Nitrogen fter the Lehing Experiment. The soil totl N fter the lehing experiment without sutrting theontriutionoftfromt1,t2,t3,ndt4isshownin Figure 9() nd fter sutrting the ontriution of T is presented in Figure 9(). The higher onentrtions of soil totl N in T2, T3, nd T4 (ure with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost) thn in T1 suggest tht oth linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost ensured slow relese of ure-n. For T1 (ure lone), retention of totl N ws lower ompred with ure with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (T2, T3, nd T4) euse N ws lost due to lehing of NH 4 + nd NO 3 s disussed previously in Figures 5, 6, 7,nd The ph of Lehte over 3 Dys of Lehing. The ph of lehte over 3 dys of lehing is summrized in Figure 1. The lower ph in T1 (ure lone) ompred with the tretments with linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost (T2, T3, nd T4) oserved in this study explins the loss of N s disussed previously. The ph of lehte in T1 ws lower from

9 The Sientifi World Journl Ammonium (ppm) Nitrte (ppm) T T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments T T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments 35 () 1 () Ammonium (ppm) Nitrte (ppm) T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments () Figure 7: Cumultive mounts of mmonium nd nitrte lehed over 3 dys of lehing experiment (, ). Cumultive mounts of mmonium nd nitrte lehed (fter sutrting the ontriution of T) over 3 dys of lehing experiment (, d). Note. T: 64 g soil (noure);t1:64gsoil+7.4gure(nodditives);t2:64gsoil+7.4gure+6glinoptilolitezeolite;t3:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54g ompost; T4: 64 g soil g ure g ompost + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite. Mens with different letters indite signifint differene etween tretments y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Br represents stndrd error of the men. (d) Ammonium (ppm) Nitrte (ppm) d T T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments T T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments () () Figure 8: Retention of soil exhngele mmonium nd ville nitrte fter 3 dys of lehing experiment. Note.T:64gsoil(noure); T1:64gsoil+7.4gure(nodditives);T2:64gsoil+7.4gure+6glinoptilolitezeolite;T3:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost; T4: 64 g soil g ure g ompost + 6 g linoptilolite zeolite. Mens with different letters indite signifint differene etween tretments y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Br represents stndrd error of the men.

10 1 The Sientifi World Journl Totl nitrogen (%) Totl nitrogen (%) T T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments T1 T2 T3 T4 Tretments () () Figure 9: () Totl nitrogen retined in soil t 3 dys of lehing nd () totl nitrogen retined in soil fter 3 dys of lehing (fter sutrting the ontriution of T). Note. T: 64 g soil (no ure); T1: 64 g soil g ure (no dditives); T2: 64 g soil g ure + 6 g linoptilolitezeolite;t3:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost;t4:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost+6glinoptilolitezeolite.mens with different letters indite signifint differene etween tretments y Tukey s test t P.5. Note. Br represents stndrd error of the men. ph in lehte T T1 T2 Tretments T3 T4 Figure 1: ph in lehte t three-dy intervl over 3 dys of lehing experiment. Note. T: 64 g soil (no ure); T1: 64 g soil g ure (no dditives); T2: 64 g soil g ure + 6 g linoptilolitezeolite;t3:64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost;t4: 64gsoil+7.4gure+1.54gompost+6glinoptilolitezeolite. Note. Br represents stndrd error of the men. ompost use. Only few experiments hve led to ph derese fter ompost pplition [52]. 4. Conlusion Ure mended with linoptilolite zeolite or ompost, or omintion of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost, redued nitrogen (lehing of mmonium nd nitrte) loss y retining mmonium nd nitrte in soil. The findings in this present study suggest tht ure n e properly mnged if it is mended with linoptilolite zeolite or ompost or omintion of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost. Field pplition of our findings is eing evluted in our ongoing field experiment. Conflit of Interests The uthors delre tht there is no onflit of interests regrding the pulition of this pper. Aknowledgments the third dy of the lehing experiment nd styed ove ph 6for15,18,21,nd24dysfterwhihthepHwselow 6 towrds the end of lehing experiment. The formtion of dissolved NH 3 ould e the reson for lower lehte ph in T1. This is euse H + relesed from NH 4 + lowered ph of the lehte. The ility of T2 nd T4 to mintin the ph of the lehtes ws euse of the uffering pity of linoptilolite zeolite nd ompost. In relted study, Prsd nd Foster [52] stted tht idifition proesses n e lned y mintining or enhning ph through regulr The uthors would like to knowledge the finnil support (Fundmentl Reserh Grnt Sheme) from the Ministry of Edution, Mlysi, nd Universiti Putr Mlysi for the ollortive reserh. Referenes [1]Z.L.He,D.V.Clvert,A.K.Alv,Y.C.Li,ndD.J.Bnks, Clinoptilolite zeolite nd ellulose mendments to redue mmoni voltiliztion in lreous sndy soil, Plnt nd Soil,vol.247,no.2,pp ,22.

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13 Journl of Journl of Wste Mngement Hindwi Pulishing Corportion The Sientifi World Journl Interntionl Journl of Eology Environmentl nd Puli Helth Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Sientifi Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Journl of Eosystems Interntionl Journl of Oenogrphy Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Sumit your mnusripts t Journl of Interntionl Journl of Mrine Biology Atmospheri Sienes Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Interntionl Journl of Journl of Biodiversity Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Geologil Reserh Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Journl of Computtionl Environmentl Sienes Journl of Erthqukes Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Interntionl Journl of Forestry Reserh Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Geophysis Interntionl Journl of Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Applied & Environmentl Soil Siene Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Journl of Climtology Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Advnes in Environmentl Chemistry Advnes in Meteorology Hindwi Pulishing Corportion Hindwi Pulishing Corportion