Chemistry and its Applications

Transcription

1 APSC

2 Chemistry and its Applicatins This curse cmbines fundamentals f chemistry and uses these fundamentals t gain an understanding f why materials have the characteristics they d. Areas f study are: gases and their behaviur; three states f matter and their prperties; water and aqueus slutins; chemical bnding; quantum mechanics and atmic structure; slids; thermdynamic prcesses and therm chemistry; and intrductin t materials science. The gal f the curse is tw-fld: T strengthen the student s understanding f basic chemistry, imprtant fr any well-runded applied science student, and directly applicable in every field f engineering. T apply chemical principles t a number f selected material science cncepts and basic chemical engineering issues. Lecture/Tutrial Schedule 3 lectures weekly 1 tutrial weekly Evaluatin Quizzes (Weeks 4 and 11) 15% Midterm exam (Week 6) 35% Final examinatin 45% Mastering Chemistry n-line Wrk* 5% * Nte that the Mastering Chemistry n-line assignments will be due each week n Mnday mrning at 8:00 am. The first assignment will be due n Sept. 16 and there will be ne assignment due every Mnday fllwing (including Thanksgiving Mnday s d it early). T access the n-line cmpnent, yu will need an access cde. There are tw ptins t getting an access cde: 1. Printed text bk purchased new frm the bk stre: Inside the package fr the new text bk yu will find the printed answer key t all the end f chapter questins in the text. Yu will als find an access cde, included free, that will give yu access t the e- bk (fr n-line reference) and the Mastering site. 2. Lse-leaf text purchased frm the bk stre. The cde t the Mastering site is included with the cst f the bk. 3. DO NOT purchase a used bk as we have mved t a new editin here. 2

3 Academic Integrity T an engineering student, the mst imprtant event in their fur years at Queen s is receiving the irn ring. During the irn ring ceremny, engineering students graduating frm a Canadian University, recite the Obligatin f the Canadian engineer. The bligatin is a slemn expressin f intentin t adhere t the highest ideals f the engineering prfessin. The irn ring, wrn n the small finger f the wrking hand, is a reminder t the engineering graduate and is a sign t thers that yu have taken the Obligatin. Because hnesty is such an essential cmpnent in maintaining these high ethical standards, it is essential that each f yu has a clear understanding abut the amunt f cllabrative versus individual wrk that is expected f yu by yur instructr. Make sure that yu NEVER act in a way that betrays the high ideals expected f yu. Being called up n Academic Dishnesty charges, is an extremely unpleasant experience. The detailed utline f Academic Integrity Plicies f the Faculty f Engineering and Applied Science may be fund at their Web site. Special Accmmdatins If yu are a special needs student, and require specific accmmdatins when writing examinatins r quizzes r any ther type f assignment, such as requiring mre time, yu must register with the Disability Services Office lcated in the LaSalle building n the Queen s campus. Once yu receive special accmmdatins: The Exams Office will autmatically arrange accmmdatins fr yur final exam in December. Give a cpy f yur accmmdatin frm t each f yur prfessrs and TAs. These individuals will give yu the cntact infrmatin f the persn wh will arrange the required accmmdatins fr yu. Missed Evaluatins If yu are ging t miss an evaluatin f any kind because f illness, family tragedies, participatin n Queen s Intercllegiate University Teams, r fr any ther unfreseen r unpredictable event: Cntact yur Curse Crdinatr r TA immediately explaining the nature f the prblem If the reasn fr missing an evaluatin is deemed t be valid, the fllwing remedies are available: 1. A rewrite f a quiz r midterm may be arranged at a later date 2. An exemptin may be given fr the missed evaluatin meaning that all ther evaluatins will be used t determine the final mark. 3. If a final examinatin is missed, yu will be given an IN incmplete and a must cmplete by deadline. Usually the missed examinatin will be made up by writing the J-Sectin examinatin in February. 3

4 Lecture Set 1 Intrductin 4 lectures Tpics Generalized intrductin t basic cncepts needed thrughut first-year chemistry Definitins Matter and classificatin f matter Physical and chemical prperties, Intensive and extensive prperties Hmgeneus and hetergeneus prperties Physical and chemical changes Nmenclature Inrganic cmpunds Oxidatin numbers, charges Binary cmpunds Chemical frmulae Systematic naming cnventins Basic Mathematic and Measurement calculatins and data handling Dimensinal analysis, units prefixes Precisin accuracy and uncertainty The Mle, mlar mass, mlar vlume Balancing and using Chemical Equatins Balancing reactins Limiting reagent calculatins Percent yield Lecture Set 2 Gases and their behaviurs 3 lectures Tpics Overview f the Gaseus state Prperties f gases Pressure, vlume, temperature, amunt Gas Laws, Byles Law, Charles Law, Avagadr s Law, The Ideal Gas Law Mixtures f gases, Daltn s Law f partial pressures Real Gases: Van der Waals equatin, cmpressibility factr Kinetic Mlecular thery f gases. 4

5 Lecture Set 3 Thermdynamics 5 lectures Tpics Intrductin t Thermdynamics, definitins Standard state Laws f thermdynamics Zerth, first and secnd laws. Internal energy Heat and wrk Exthermic and endthermic prcesses Measurement f energy prcesses Cnstant pressure and cnstant vlume systems Reversible systems Calrimetry Isthermal and adiabatic prcesses Enthalpy Mre Kinetic mlecular Thery Thermdynamics in Chemical reactins Frmatin reactins, Standard enthalpy f frmatin Standard enthalpy change H versus U Practical applicatins f thermdynamics 5

6 Lecture Set 4 Atmic Structure and Quantum Mechanics 5 lectures Tpics Quantum Mechanics definitins Light, particles, waves Electrmagnetic spectrum Quantizatin Duality f nature Wave-like and Particle-like behaviur De Brglie equatin Atmic spectrscpy The hydrgen atm The Rydberg equatin Bhr s mdel f the atm Heisenberg uncertainty principle Wave Harmnics One-dimensinal scillatr (particle in a bx) Tw-dimensinal scillatrs (drum skin) Three-dimensinal scillatrs (spherical harmnics and atmic rbitals) Ndes and ndal surfaces Quantum numbers and selectin rules The hydrgen-like wave functins Multi-electrn atms Penetratin and shielding Aufbau Prcess Pauli exclusin principle Hund s Rule Peridic Table Overview f the table Trends: atmic radii, inizatin energy, electrn affinity Families in the table 6

7 Lecture Set 5 Mlecular structure 8 lectures Tpic Lewis Dt structures Valences and hypervalences Inic and cvalent bnding Octet rule Multiple Bnds Frmal Charges Resnance Lewis acids and Bases Radicals VSEPR thery Basic gemetries AXE classificatin Structures and shapes Valence-bnd Thery Hybridizatin sp, sp 2, sp 3, sp 3 d, sp 3 d 2. Multiple bnds and hybridizatin σ and π bnds. Mlecular rbital Thery Linear Cmbinatin f Atmic Orbitals (LCAO) Mlecular rbitals σ and π bnds σ and π anti-bnds. Diatmic mlecules Band Thery Cnductrs, semicnductrs and insulatrs Dping f semicnductrs Dides and LEDs Bnd Energies Electrnegativity and diple mments Structure f Slids Classificatin f slids Pint grups, Lattices and Unit cells Metals and inic slids Calculatin techniques 7

8 Lecture Set 6 Phase Transitins 1 lecture Tpic Phase change verview Vapur pressure Clausius Clapeyrn equatin Intermlecular frces (van der Waals frces) Lndn frces Diple-diple frces Hydrgen bnding Viscsity Surface tensin Liquid-vapur phase transitins (Biling/cndensing) One-cmpnent Phase diagrams Lecture Set 7 Slutins 3 lectures Tpic Enthalpy f slutin Liquid slutins Cmpsitin/calculatins Liquid-vapur equilibrium Daltn s Law Rault s Law Binary phase-diagrams Tie-lines Distillatin The Lever Rule Azetrpes Slid-liquid phase transitins Binary phase diagrams Eutectic pints Crystallizatin frm a melt Fractinal melting (Freeze drying) Allys, cngruent and incngruent slids Slubility Henry s Law Clligative Prperties Vapur pressure lwering Biling pint elevatin Freezing pint depressin. Osmtic pressure. 8