Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Honors Chemistry. Honors Chemistry Exam 3 Review

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1 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry BOND POLARITY Hnrs Chemistry Exam 3 Review Identify whether a bnd is plar r nnplar based ff difference in electrnegativity btwn 2 atms (electrnegativity values will be given t yu) LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE Draw a Lewis Dt Structure based ff mlecular frmula; trying t fulfill Octet Rule, 8 e each MOLECULAR GEOMETRY Be able t determine the fllwing mlecular gemetries based f Lewis Dt Structure: Linear (2 bnds, 0 lne pairs) Triganl Planar (3 bnds, 0 LP) Tetrahedral (4 bnds, 0 LP) Triganl Pyramidal (3 bnds, 1 LP) Bent (2 bnds, 2 LP) MOLECULAR POLARITY If difference in electrnegativity fr the atms in a bnd: >0.4 bnd = plar. <0.4 bnd = nnplar Determine if a mlecule is plar based ff its mlecular gemetry Plar mlecule: cntains plar bnds; separatin f (+) and (-) charge, a diple Nnplar mlecule: nnplar bnds r symmetrical arrangement f plar bnds 1. Draw a Lewis structure 2. Identify each bnd as either plar r nnplar. N plar bnds, the mlecule = nnplar. 3. If there is nly ne central atm, examine the electrn grups arund it. N LPs n the central atm and all bnds t the central atm are same, mlecule = nnplar If central atm has 1+ plar bnd and grups bnded t the central atm are nt all identical, the mlecule = plar. Mve n t Step Draw a gemetric sketch f the mlecule. 5. Determine the symmetry f the mlecule using the fllwing steps. Describe the plar bnds with arrws pinting tward the mre electrnegative element. Length f arrw shws relative plarities f the different bnds. (greater difference in electrnegativity = plar bnd= lnger arrw.) Decide whether the arrangement f arrws is symmetrical r asymmetrical Arrangement symmetrical and arrws are f equal length, the mlecule is nnplar. Arrws f different lengths, and d NOT balance each ther, mlecule is plar. If the arrangement is asymmetrical, the mlecule is plar Page 1 f 7

2 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry Determine mst prminent intermlecular frce acting n the mlecule Dispersin (nnplar) Attractin between instantaneus diples in a mlecule Plarizability: hw readily atms can frm these instantaneus diples. Increases with atmic size If smething is easier t plarize, it has a higher BP Factrs affecting Dispersin Mre electrns = mre dispersin frce Dispersin frces increase with increasing mlecular weight Shape f mlecules with similar masses (mre cmpact, less dispersin frce) Diple-diple (plar) Plar mlecules have a mre psitive and a mre negative end a diple (tw ples, δ+ and δ ) Diples created by differences in electrnegativity The ppsitely charged ends attract each ther Fr mlecules similar size, mre plar the mlecule= higher its BP Hydrgen bnding (plar NH, OH, HF) The diple diple interactins experienced when H is bnded t N, O, r F are unusually strng diple f ne mlecule can align with the diple frm anther mlecule = attractive interactin (hydrgen bnding) Strength f the bnd increases as the electrnegativity f the grup bund t hydrgen is increased Inic (metal + nnmetal) Inic frces: interactins between charged atms r mlecules Attractive frces btwnn ppsitely charged ins described by Culmb s Law; frce increases with charge and decreases as distance btwn ins is increased. Highly plarized (charged) nature f inic mlecules reflected in their high MPs PHASE CHANGE Phase changes Melting: slid liquid Freezing: liquid slid Evapratin: liquid gas Cndensatin: gas liquid Sublimatin: slid gas Depsitin: gas slid Read a phase diagram Triple pint: represents the nly pint in the phase diagram in which all three states are in equilibrium Page 2 f 7

3 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry Critical pint: highest temperature and pressure at which a gas and a liquid can cexist at equilibrium SOLIDS Determine which cmpund has a higher melting/biling pint based ff intermlecular frces acting n mlecules BPs and MPs = measure f strength f attractive frces btwn atms r mlecules Larger mlecules usually have higher BPs and MPs, NOT b/c f their higher mlecular weights but b/c they usually have greater surface areas with which t frm mre IMFs Mre plarized bnd = atm s charge greater greater IMFs higher BPs Inic bnds > H bnding > Van der Waals diple-diple interactins > Van der Waals dispersin frces Highly plarized (charged) nature f inic mlecules is reflected in their high MPs Amrphus slids: have irregular r curved surfaces, d nt give well-reslved x-ray diffractin patterns, and melt ver a wide range f temperatures. Crystalline slids: have well-defined edges and faces, diffract x-rays, and tend t have sharp melting pints Identify the different slids Inic slids VERY high MP s ( C⁰), slids at rm temperature Very Hard In-in Culmbic frces are the strngest f all attractive frces Strng attractin between the 2 ins due t the Culmbic frce Electrstatic attractin hlds the tw ins tgether = very stable Huge, 3D netwrks f ins f ppsite charge held tgether by inic bnds Hard, brittle, sluble in water Mlecular slids Cvalent bnding within the mlecule yet weak frces between the mlecule As size f mlecule increases, Lndn Dispersin Frces increase b/c the larger the mlecule the mre electrns, the mre plarizable its electrn clud. If it is plarizable, temprary diples can frm= melting pint and biling pint increase b/c mlecules becme mre attracted t ne anther Crystallizes, Lw MP Atmic slids Cvalent bnds Insluble in H2O Crystallizes, Brittle DON T cnduct electricity r heat High MP Ex) Diamnd, Graphite, Silica Page 3 f 7

4 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry Metallic slids Metals: high thermal and electrical cnductivity, malleability, and ductility High melting pints Bnding in metals is strng and nn-directinal Difficult t separate atms, easy t mve them if they stay in cntact with each ther Mlecular Slids Metallic slids Inic Slids Atmic Netwrk Slids Lw MP High MP High MP High MP Crystallizes NOT Crystalline Crystallizes Crystallizes Insluble in H2O Sluble in H2O Insluble in H2O Ductile, Malleable Cnducts electricity Hard Brittle Desn t cnduct electricity/ heat, brittle Differences btwn Inic, Cvalent, Metallic bnds Inic Bnds: metal and a nn-metal; metal is xidized and lses an electrn= catin; nn-metal is reduced and gains an electrn = anin Smaller in = greater frce = higher MP Greater charge = greater frce = higher MP Cvalent Bnds: 2 nnmetals Metallic Bnds: Sea f Electrns Mdel Metals d NOT hld electrns tightly (lw electrnegativity), electrns mve freely = cnductr Electricity is able t be cnducted in metals because electrns mve freely and are nt held tightly, they are delcalized Band Mdel Electrns mve freely in the cnductin band, the gal is fr electrns t g frm valence electrn band t cnductin band Insulatr: huge band gap = takes a lt f energy t get electrns t the cnductin band Semi-cnductr: band gap is shrter, but still needs energy in the system t excite electrns t the cnductin band Cnductr: electrns free t g frm valence electrns band t cnductin band; CAN mve current Diamnd Atmic netwrk Densely packed Carbn atms, rigid, adds t hardness f the substance Insulatr because the electrns are lcalized (NOT free t mve) sp3= 1 s rbital mixing with 3 p rbitals, fr a ttal f 4 bnds Graphite Trignl Planar: 3 atms arund central atm; sp2 = 2 p rbitals with 1 s (ttal f 3 bnds) Page 4 f 7

5 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry Electrns are free t mve acrss the plane = delcalized electrns = cnductr Sheets f graphite are lsely held tgether and slide back and frth, this cntributes t the slipperiness f the substance LIQUIDS Surface Tensin: energy required t increase the surface area f a liquid by a unit amunt Water has a high surface tensin due t its hydrgen bnds Mlecules in the interir are attracted equally in all directins, mlecules n surface experience a net inward frce Net frce pulls surface mlecules twards interir = reducing the surface area and making the mlecules at the surface pack clser tgether Viscsity: resistance f a liquid t flw; related t the ease with which mlecules can mve past each ther Increases with strnger intermlecular frces and decreases with higher temperature SI unit fr viscsity is kg/m-s Chesin: Intermlecular frces that bind similar mlecules t ne anther Adhesin: Intermlecular frces that bind a substance t a surface Calculate cncentratin / mlarity f a slutin Cncentratin: (ml / L) = M Calculate cncentratin f vlume f a diluted slutin Dilutin: M1V1 = M2V2 GASES Kinetic Thery f Gases: A gas cnsists f small particles that Mve randmly with high velcities. N attractive (r repulsive) frces tward each ther. Small vlume cmpared t the vlume f the cntainers they ccupy. In cnstant mtin. Kinetic energies increase with an increase in temperature. Byle s Law: Pressure f a gas is inversely related t its vlume when temperature (T) and amunt f gas (n) are cnstant. P1V1 = P2V2 Charles Law: Kelvin temperature f a gas is directly related t the vlume f the gas, P and n are cnstant As temperature f a gas increases, the mlecules mve faster and its vlume increases t maintain cnstant P. Page 5 f 7

6 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry Gay-Lussac s Law Pressure exerted by a gas is directly related t the Kelvin temperature. V and n are cnstant Avgadr s Law Vlume f a gas is directly related t the number f mles (n) f gas. T and P are cnstant Cmbined Gas Law n is cnstant Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) Standard temperature (T) = 0 C r 273 K Standard pressure (P) = 1 atm (760 mmhg) Mlar Vlume f gas at STP: [22.1L / 1 ml] and [ 1 ml / 22.4L] Ideal Gas Law PV = nrt R = L atm / mle K R = 62.4 L mmhg / mle K Byle s Law P1V1 = P2V2 Charles Law Gay-Lussac s Law Avgadr s Law Cmbined Gas Law Ideal Gas Law PV = nrt Page 6 f 7

7 Trimester 2 Exam 3 Study Guide Hnrs Chemistry Diamnd Graphite Band Mdel Surces: In-class ntes metry/plar_or_nnplar.html ular_plarity.htm Page 7 f /01/hw-intermlecular-frces-affect-bilingpints/

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