Nomenclature what s in a name? Read Payne 2016
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1 xx Nomenclature what s in a name? Read Payne 2016
2 xx Nomenclature Cypripedium reginae Cypripedium hirsutum what s in a name? Cypripedium spectabile showy lady s-slipper queen lady s-slipper
3 Nomenclature - Using Names Two of the goals for Systematics: 1. Identify and name species 2. Classify or place the species in groups Plantae Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Asparagales Orchidaceae Cypripedium Cypripedium acaule Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchical classification Cypripedium acaule Stemless lady slipper
4 Nomenclature - Using Names Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. First it killed the Romans, and now its killing me! (previous Botany student)
5 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names Moccasin flower Pink lady s slipper Stemless lady s slipper
6 Common Names 15 names in English 44 in French 81 in Dutch 105 in German 245 common names but only 1 Latin name Nymphaea alba L. European white waterlily
7 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names one common name = 2+ species e.g., fireweed Chamerion evening primrose family Erectites aster family
8 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names one common name = 2+ species e.g., loosestrife Lythrum loosestrife family Lysimachia primrose family
9 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names one name = 2+ species names can be confusing Sweet fern (not a fern!)
10 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names one name = 2+ species names can be confusing Pineapple (not a conifer or apple!)
11 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names one name = 2+ species names can be confusing Welcome-home-husband-nomatter-how-drunk-ye-be (also called Hen & chicks)
12 Common Names Advantages? descriptive, colorful easy to remember only names for most people Disadvantages? one species = many common names one name = 2+ species names can be confusing most plants have no common name? Buxbaum s sedge Carex buxbaumii
13 Scientific Names Necessary all species need names uniform system of naming to avoid confusion Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb.
14 Scientific Names Necessary all species need names uniform system of naming to avoid confusion facilitates information - retrieval Arabidopsis thaliana
15 Scientific Names Necessary all species need names uniform system of naming to avoid confusion facilitates information - retrieval International Code of Nomenclature for fungi, algae, and plants (ICN) adopted 2011 Melbourne
16 Scientific Names Descriptive! (at least some times) May-apple Podophyllum peltatum - umbrella foot leaf
17 Scientific Names Scientific names - why binomials? New Yorker Matthew Pace Serratula Botany 2015 foliis Ph.D. grad lanceolato oblongis serratis pendulis The species of Serratula with leaves oblong to lanceolate shaped, serrate edged, and drooping Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials describing the New York ironweed
18 Scientific Names Scientific names - why binomials? Serratula foliis lanceolato oblongis serratis pendulis The species of Serratula with leaves oblong to lanceolate shaped, serrate edged, and drooping Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials describing the New York ironweed
19 Scientific names - why binomials? Scientific Names binomial polynomial trivial name
20 Scientific names - why binomials? Scientific Names binomial polynomial Which would you rather learn? Serratula foliis lanceolato oblongis serratis pendulis or Serratula noveboracensis
21 Scientific Names The species name Species name = binomial (2 names): Serratula noveboracensis Genus name: Serratula capitalized italicized or underlined plural = genera Specific epithet or trivial name: noveboracensis not capitalized italicized or underlined Latin ending agrees in gender with genus name Serratula noveboracensis L.
22 The scientific name Scientific Names Scientific name = species name + authority: Serratula noveboracensis L. Species name: Serratula noveboracensis Serratula noveboracensis L. Authority: Linnaeus (abbreviated L. ) - the name of the person or persons who provided this binomial for this species
23 Synonyms - duplicate names Scientific Names French botanist Andre Michaux transfers New York ironweed to genus Vernonia Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Serratula tinctoria L. Serratula noveboracensis L. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Authority = Michaux (came up with this binomial) Parenthetical authority = Linnaeus (first used the specific epithet for this species)
24 Because of synonomy - proliferation of scientific names - the type method is used to track names and lessen confusion Every species name must be linked to an herbarium specimen and deposited in an herbarium Holotype: the particular specimen designated by the author, which automatically fixes the application of the name ----type: other specimens to replace holotype when lost or unknown (e.g., syntype, neotype, lectotype, paratype) Type Method
25 Type Method The Berlin Herbarium 3 rd largest herbarium in the world lost over 20,000 holotypes in May 1944 due to Allied bombing Holotype: the particular specimen designated by the author, which automatically fixes the application of the name ----type: other specimens to replace holotype when lost or unknown
26 Melody and Kelsey think they collected a new species of Cannabis Type Method
27 Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: Find binomial not already taken Specific epithets occupied in Cannabis Cannabis americana Cannabis chinensis Cannabis erratica Cannabis foetens Cannabis generalis Cannabis gigantea Cannabis indica Cannabis intersita Cannabis kafiristanica Cannabis lupulus Cannabis macrosperma Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa
28 Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: Find binomial not already taken Name after someone important? C. obamaei X X C. sytsmae Cannabis trumpii
29 Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: Find binomial not already taken Cannabis trumpii Sain & Huisman Make a type specimen & deposit in Wisconsin State Herbarium Sain & Huisman 3162 (WIS) Latin or English description of new species Publish in journal or visible paper product seen in libraries OR now electronically! = VALID species name, but not necessarily good or ACCEPTED species name!
30 Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: / Published = Accepted Specific epithets occupied in Cannabis Cannabis americana Cannabis chinensis Cannabis erratica Cannabis foetens Cannabis generalis Cannabis gigantea Cannabis indica Cannabis intersita Cannabis kafiristanica Cannabis lupulus Cannabis macrosperma Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa only accepted Cannabis trumpii?
31 Type Method The type method means that there is a type specimen for every named species Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis L. has a type specimen in the Linnean collection in London
32 Type Method The type method continues up the hierarchical system of classification! Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis L. is the first named species of the genus Solidago the Linnean type specimen for the species is also the type specimen for the genus Solidago
33 Type Method Solidago belongs to family Asteraceae, typified by the genus Aster This herbarium specimen of Aster amellus also typifies the order Asterales and the subclass Asteridae Italian aster Aster amellus L. - type specimen from Linnaeus collection in London Aster amellus - type species of the genus Aster AND family Asteraceae
34 Aster renaming... and here the story gets messy! What if Aster is not natural? then only Aster amellus and relatives remain in genus Aster Italian aster Aster amellus L. - type specimen from Linnaeus collection in London
35 Aster renaming North American asters related to other North American genera Aster novae-angliae New England aster Italian aster related to other genera in Eurasia Aster amellus - aster
36 Aster renaming Erigeron - daisy fleabane Heterotheca - golden aster Grindelia - gumweed Solidago - goldenrod Aster amellus - aster Euthamia - grassleaved goldenrod
37 Aster renaming Aster novae-angliae L. (New England aster) = Symphyotrichum novaeangliae (L.) Nesom Confusion can be an issue with ICN rules of synonymy and ranks
38 Phylocode lessens confusion? Alternative nomenclatural code enacted in Paris, 2004 Rankless, only phylogenetic lineages or clades named above species level Therefore, no genus, family & therefore no binomial necessary More on this later... Kevin DeQueiroz & Phil Cantino 2 architects of the Phylocode
39 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 1. Names based on nomenclatural types Species Genus Family etc.
40 Magnolia virginiana L. A special species from SE United States represents the type specimen for the phylum Magnoliophyta or flowering plants... as well as other groups in the hierarchy (Magnoliopsida, Magnoliidae, Magnoliales, Magnoliaceae, Magnolia) Type Method In this classification system, what species is the type for flowering plants?
41 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Family names based on type genus: Magnoliaceae for Magnolia 8 families are allowed to keep old names not based on type method: Asteraceae Poaceae Brassicaceae Apiaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Clusiaceae Arecaceae Compositae Gramineae Cruciferae Umbelliferae Leguminosae Labiatae Guttiferae Palmae
42 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 2. Only one accepted name for a taxonomic group: Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Others are synonyms: Serratula noveboracensis L. Serratula noveboracensis L. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx.
43 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 3. Names must be treated as Latin, but a lot of latitude! Allium Muilla by Sereno Watson
44 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 4. Nomenclature based on rule of priority 1st published binomial for a species in a genus is the accepted name (starting point: Species Plantarum 1753)
45 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 4. Nomenclature based on rule of priority 1st published binomial for a species in a genus is the accepted name (starting point: Species Plantarum 1753) Penstemon brachyanthus Bauhin 1688 Penstemon formosus Linnaeus 1753 Penstemon micranthus Nutt Penstemon procerus Gray 1835 Penstemon tolmiei Cronquist 1958
46 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 5. Botanical nomenclature independent from zoological nomenclature Cecropia
47 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 5. Botanical nomenclature independent from zoological nomenclature Pieris
48 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 5. Botanical nomenclature independent from zoological nomenclature Anisoptera Anisoptera
49 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 5. Botanical nomenclature independent from zoological nomenclature Anisoptera Mallotus
50 Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 5. Botanical nomenclature independent from zoological nomenclature Heliconia & Heliconius
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Page # 1. 1, , , ,000, ,000, % 2. 20% 3. 50% 4. 75% 5. ~ 99%
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