Botanical Nomenclature

Transcription

1 Botanical Nomenclature International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) until 2010 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants from Naming Plants Phrase name: a plant name with all descriptors Tournefort (1700): A single name for a genus, followed by a phrase name for species Linnaeus did: followed Tournefort for a short time [1735], then modified by shortening a phrase name one word for a genus (nomen differentium), and the second descriptor for specific epithet (nomen trivium) In 1751, described a simply set of nomenclatural rules In 1753, use those rules in Species Plantarum 2 1

2 Naming Plants Jussieu (1789) added Familia category There were nomina superflua and homonyms due to many reasons In 1864, IBC was held in Paris Alphonse DeCandolle was commissioned to formulate a set of [nomenclatural] rules In 1867, IBC again was held in Paris Rules were accepted Laws of Botanical Nomenclature 3 Naming Plants Laws of Botanical Nomenclature stated nomenclature started when a binomial name was started Problem: when to start? Flora Lapponica Species Plantarum Otto Kuntze (1891) added more confusion Adopted 1735, but later adopted 1737 Committee of 30 at Genoa Congress No Solution! 4 2

3 Naming Plants The Botanical Club of AAAS adopted 1753 as starting date In 1893 Lord Britton proposed 1735, 1753, or set up new date. No decision In 1900 Paris Congress Can t do, wait until 1905 at Vienna In 1904, the Botanical Club of AAAS set the American Code of Botanical Nomenclature, adopting 1753 as starting date and type method 5 Naming Plants In 1910 adopting Latin description, nomina conservanda, multiple starting dates WWI In 1930 Cambridge Congress, truly international Adopted type methods In 1935 English as the first language of the Code WWII 6 3

4 Naming Plants In 1950 Stockholm Congress established the IAPT supported by International Union of Biological Societies, UNESCO 7 The XVIII International Botanical Congress The sessions of the Nomenclature Section was held at the University of Melbourne, from July

5 ICN the Melbourne Code The Yellow Code a yellow cover The Code is consisting of 3 Divisions I. Principles II. Rules and Recommendations III. Provision for the governance of the Code Principles: 6 Rules: 9 chapters, 62 articles with exemplars and notes 10 Principle I ICN Principles The nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature. This Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as algae, fungi, or plants, whether or not these groups were originally so treated. Principle II The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types. Principle III The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication. 11 5

6 Principle IV ICN Principles Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the Rules, except in specified cases. Principle V Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation. Principle VI The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited. 12 Principal Ranks Ending Kingdom Subkingdom -bionta Division -phyta Subdivision -phytina Class -opsida Subclass -idea Order -ales Suborder -ineae Family -aceae Subfamily -oideae Tribe -eae Subtribe -inae Genus Subgenus Section Series Species subspecies (variety) forma Example Plantae Embryobionta Tracheophyta Spermatophytina Angiospermopsida Dicotyledonidae Rosales Rosineae Rosaceae Rosoideae Roseae Rosa Rosa Caninae canina lutetiana lasiostylis 13 6

7 Types Nomenclatural type: type specimen used for naming a taxon A type of name of a species and lower ranks type specimen (maybe illustration) A type of name of a genus or a rank between genus and species type species A type of name of a family or a rank between family and genus type genus 14 HOLOTYPE More terms for types a single type used or designated by the original author as nomenclatural type The one herbarium specimen or an illustration On or After 1 Jan 1958 ISOTYPE Any duplicate of the holotype; it is always a specimen SYNTYPE any specimen cited in protologue by the original author when there is no holotype One of two or more specimens designated as types, e.g. specimen studied/examined by original author PARATYPE any specimen cited in protologue by the original author but not the holotype, an isotype, nor one of the syntype 15 7

8 More terms for types LECTOTYPE a specimen or an illustration chosen when the holotype is not indicated at the time of publication, or it is missing, or it is belong to other taxon Must be chosen over neotype NEOTYPE a specimen or an illustration chosen when all type is missing EPITYPE Interpretative type Used to demonstrate character(s) not found or ambiguous in the holotype Must specifiy holotype/lectotype/neotype when designate epitype a lecto-, neo-, or epi-typification is only effective (i.e. has priority) on or after 1 January 2001, if the typification statement includes the phrase designated here (hic designatus) or an equivalent. 16 When no holotype, do this: Establishing LECTOTYPE by 1. Select among ISOTYPE 2. Select among SYNTYPE / ISOSYNTYPE 3. Select among PARATYPE 4. Select among uncited specimen, cited and uncited illustrations from original materials Establishing NEOTYPE when 1. No lectotype 2. Remaining original materials differed from types 17 8

9 To summarize if an author indicates one specimen as the type, it is the holotype. He may have indicated a duplicate, which is the isotype. If he indicated more than one specimen as type, these are syntypes. Additional specimens indicated by the author, but from a different sample or locality, are paratypes. If a new type needs to be chosen, one takes the isotype, or if that doesn't exist the syntype, or otherwise a paratype. Such a new type is called the lectotype. If none of the original material exists, one chooses a neotype. 18 Names of Taxa Uninomials for principal rank above species Combination for Name of principal rank + name of lesser rank, e.g. Gossypium Linn. subgenus Sturtia Linn. Name of species rank, e.g. Gossypium arboreum Linn. Name of intraspecific ranks, e.g. Zea mays L. subsp. parviglumis Iltis & J.F.Doebley 19 9

10 Names of Taxa Author citation the names of authors placed after the names of the taxon, e.g. Gossypium Linn. Gosypium hirsutum Linn. Zea mays L. subsp. mexicana (Schrad.) Iltis Writing the name of the taxon Supraspecific names spell with an initial capital letter Specific and lower epithets spell with a lowercase letter Generic and lower names [or generic, specific and lower epithet] are italicized. 20 Names (cont.) Common name : a name used by people in one geographic region Correct name : a validly published, legitimate name accepted as a name of a taxon according to a particular author or authors Synonym : legitimate name(s) that refer to the same taxon but is lower priority of publication Cienfuegosia digitata Cav. Fugosia digitata (Cav.) Persoon Hibiscus cavanillesii Kuntze Basionym : a name whose specific epithet is used for new combination Cienfuegosia welshii (T. Andersson) Garcke Hibiscus welshii T. Andersson basionym 21 10

11 Names (cont.) Autonym : a name of infraspecific rank generating automatically when creating subspecies Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner subsp. amarella Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner subsp. hibernica N. Pritchard Tautonym : a name whose genus and specific epithet are the same, Linaria linaria Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum Homonym : a name that refers to two or more different taxa Festuca incrassata Linn. Festuca incrassata Salzm. ex Lois 22 Authorship Two or more authors use & or et to connect two names Gossypium longicalyx Hutchinson & Lee Cited only the first author and use & al. or et al. to refer to more than two In case the name was not validly published, but the author use that name use ex to connects the former and the latter authors Allmania nodiflora R.Br. ex Hook.f

12 The principle of priority The earliest published name is the correct name Fagraea ceilanica Thunb., 1782 Fagraea obovata Wall., 1824 Starting date: 1 May 1753 Must choose the name or the epithet available at the rank Apply only at rank of family and below Conserved names 24 Nomina Conservanda Palmae (Arecaceae; type, Areca L.) Gramineae (Poaceae; type, Poa L.) Cruciferae (Brassicaceae; type, Brassica L.) Leguminosae (Fabaceae; type, Faba Mill. [= Vicia L.]) Guttiferae (Clusiaceae; type, Clusia L.) Umbelliferae (Apiaceae; type, Apium L.) Labiatae (Lamiaceae; type, Lamium L.) Compositae (Asteraceae; type, Aster L.) Papilionaceae (Fabaceae; type, Faba Mill.) When the Papilionaceae is regarded as a family distinct from the remainder of the Leguminosae, the name Papilionaceae is conserved against Leguminosae

13 Retention, choice of rejection of names & epithet When transfer from one taxon to another the original epithet must be used and the author of epithet will put in ( ) Saponiria sect. Vaccaria DC. Glysophila new name: Glysophila sect. Vacciria (DC.) Godr. Melochia cordata Burn.f. Sida new name: Sida cordata (Burn.f.) Borssum Waalkes Ecbollium linneanum var. laetevirens Clarke E. viride new name: Ecbollium viride var. laetevirens (Clarke) Raizada 26 Retention, choice of rejection of names & epithet When a taxon is divided into 2 or more taxa, the legitimate epithet with the type must be retained Ludwigia was divided into 2 genera: The part including type species of Ludwigia must be retained, and bear the name Ludwigia The rest is given the name of Fessendorapa (Haines) Bennet. Heliotropium indicum Linn. was divided into 2 species The original epithet went with the part which included the type specimen, and bear the name of Heliotropium indicum Linn. The rest got the name Heliotropium keralense Manilal & Sivarajan Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner was divided into 2 subspecies Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner subsp. amarella Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner subsp. hibernica N. Pritchard 27 13

14 Retention, choice of rejection of names & epithet When 2 or more taxa at the same rank are united The oldest legitimate name, or earliest legitimate epithet, must be retained Derris Lour., 1790 merged with Pongamia, 1803 Derris Lour. Sida rhombifolia Linn, 1753 merged with Sida rhomboidea Roxb. ex Flem, 1810 Sida rhombifolia Linn Autonym has priority over names of the same date that establishes it Heracleum sibiricum Linn divided into: H. sibiricum subsp. lecokii (Gordon & Gren.) Nyman, 1879 H. sibiricum subsp. siribicum 1879 Later, H. sibiricum Linn. merged with H. sphondylium Linn., 1753, as subspecies H. sphondylium subsp. sibiricum (Linn.) Simonkai, Effective publication of names (Art ) date limit on or after 1 January 1953 Publication is effected only by distribution of printed matter (through sale, exchange, or gift) to the general public or at least to botanical institutions with libraries accessible to botanists generally. It is not effected by communication of new names at a public meeting, by the placing of names in collections or gardens open to the public, by the issue of microfilm made from manuscripts, typescripts or other unpublished material, or solely by distribution electronically or through any electronic medium

15 Effective publication of names (Art ) date limit on or after 1 January 1953 However, as of 1 Jan 2012: Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication 30 Valid publication of names (Art.32-45) date limit on or after 1 January 1953 In order to be validly published, a name of a taxon (autonyms excepted) must: (a) be effectively published on or after the starting-point date of the respective group; (b) be composed only of letters of the Latin alphabet; (c) have a form which complies with the provisions of naming a taxon according its rank, e.g. rank indicated & type assigned; (d) be accompanied by a Latin or English description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis, and (e) comply with the special provisions on the priority of publication on a respective rank

16 Legitimate name Legitimate names = names that are validly published in accordance with the rule of ICN Illegitimate names = any validly published names that are in violation with some aspects of ICN Superfluous names : names applied to one taxon but include the type specimen of another taxon Homonyms : the same name applied to different type specimens Tautonym : the generic name and its specific epithet are the same 32 Example of superfluous name Cyperus guatemalensis Gandoger, 1920 Cyperus tucumanensis Boeckeler, 1886 Türckheim 128 Lorentz & Hieronymus

17 Publication of New Species: Effectively published Effective publication Publication of New Species: Validly published Latin Name w/ author citation Status indicated Type designated Latin description 17

18 Publication of New Species: Effective publication 36 Publication of New Species: Valid publication Latin Name w/ author citation Status indicated Latin description Type designated 37 18