Classification. Sorting It All Out. section 1. Chapter 9

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1 Classification Chapter 9 Sorting It All Out section 1 1

2 Why Classify? Classification Is the division of organisms into groups or classes based on common characteristics For thousands of years, humans have classified living organisms based on usefulness Some biologists classify living and extinct organisms Scientists classify organisms to help make sense and order of the living things in the world Biologists use a system to classify living things groups according to characteristics shared 2

3 Classifying things makes it easier to answer questions about: How many known species are there? What are the defining characteristics? What are the relationships between the species? How Do Scientists Classify Organism? Before 1600's, scientists divided organisms into 2 groups plants animal As more organisms were discovered, they didn't fit into these categories In the 1700's, a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus founded modern taxonomy 3

4 Taxonomy is the science of describing, classifying and naming living things Linnaeus tried to classify living things based on their shape and structure described a 7 level system of classification still used today Classification Today Taxonomists use the 8 level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics Scientists also use these characteristics to also hypothesize how closely organisms are related 4

5 Branching Diagrams In branching diagrams, several characteristics are listed along a line Characteristics are shared by the animals to the right of it platypus retractable claws ability to purr give birth to live young hair and mammary glands 5

6 6

7 Levels of Classification Every living thing is classified into one of 6 kingdoms Domains largest, most general group Kingdoms domains are sorted in kingdoms All living things in a kingdom are sorted into Phyla ( phylum) members in one phylum are alike and different from the other phylums Phylum are sorted into classes Classes are separated into orders Orders are separated into families Families are broken into genera (genus) Genus is broken into species A species is a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring ex. house cat (pg. 225) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti 7

8 Scientific Names By classifying organisms, biologists are able to give organisms scientific names A scientific name is always the same regardless of what the common name may be Before Linnaeus, names were 12 words long and were often different among scientists 8

9 Two Part Names Linnaeus simplified the naming of living things by giving each species a two part scientific name First part is the genus Second part is the species example; Asian elephant Elephas maximus No other species has both genus and species Naming rules help scientists communicate clearly about living things All scientific names : genus names begin with a capital letter species names are lowercase both words are underlined or italicized usually in Latin or Greek may contain information about the organism ex Tyrannosaurus rex "Tyrannosaurus" two Greek words meaning tyrant lizard "rex" in Latin means king 9

10 Dichotomous Key Taxonomists have developed special guides to help scientists identify organisms dichotomous key is an identification aid that uses sequential pairs of descriptive statements there are only 2 alternative responses person trying to identify chooses the correct one it either identifies the organism or leads to another statement by working through the statements, an organism can be identified 10

11 A Growing System People are still discovering and classifying new organisms some will fit into existing catergories sometimes new evidence doesn't fit and a new category is made example: Symbion pandora found on lobster's lips didn't fit an known group scientists made a new phylum 11

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