Effects of Climate Change on Grasslands in the BC Interior. Lauch Fraser Natural Resource Sciences and Biological Sciences
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1 Effects of Climate Change on Grasslands in the BC Interior Lauch Fraser Natural Resource Sciences and Biological Sciences
2 Outline 1. Climate Change 2. Plant Functional Groups 3. Field experiment 4. Stomatal density 5. Plant invasives
3 1. Climate Change Frequency of heat waves Areas of drought Frequency of heavy precipitations events Winter temperatures (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007)
4 2. Plant Functional Groups What factors limit the amount of living and dead plant biomass in an area?
5 2. Plant Functional Groups Two external factors limit the amount of living and dead biomass in any habitat: 1.STRESS 2.DISTURBANCE
6 STRESS The phenomena which restrict photosynthetic production such as shortages of light, water, mineral nutrients, or suboptimal temperatures.
7 DISTURBANCE The partial or total destruction of biomass and arises from the herbivores, pathogens, humans (trampling, mowing, and ploughing), and from phenomena such as wind-damage, frosting, droughting, soil erosion, and fire.
8 Intensity of Disturbance Intensity of Stress Low D Low S Low D High S High D Low S High D High S
9 Intensity of Disturbance Intensity of Stress Competitors Stresstolerators Ruderals No viable strategy
10 Competitors - Flood plains - Marsh - Valley bottoms - Old fields Ruderals - Sea-shore - Tilled land - Heavily grazed land - Desert Stress-tolerators - Arctic and alpine habitats - Arid habitats - Shaded habitats - Nutrient deficient habitats
11 During evolution of plants, establishment phase of the life-cycle has experienced, in different habitats, three fundamentally different forms of natural selection. C (competitor) S (stress-tolerator) R (ruderal)
12 Intensity of Disturbance Intensity of Stress Competitors Stresstolerators Ruderals No viable strategy
13 Distrubance (%) C CS CR CSR Competition (%) S SR R Stress (%)
14 3. Field Experiment Elevation Rough Fescue Stipas BB Wheatgrass Sage brush Soil moisture
15 Upper Grassland TREATMENTS - 2 temperature (control and open-top chamber) - 3 precipitation (control, added, removed) Lower Grassland
16 Effect of Temperature on Plant Biomass UPPER GRASSLAND Biomass g/0.25m^ Upper Grasslands control CONTROL Temperature treatment otc OTC Biomass g/0.25m^ LOWER GRASSLAND Low er Grasslands control CONTROL Temperature treatment otc OTC
17 Effect of Water on Plant Biomass Biomass g/0.25m^ Upper Grasslands CONTROL UPPER GRASSLAND control rs w ater RAIN Water SHADE treatment WATER ADD LOWER GRASSLAND Biomass g/0.25m^ Low er Grasslands control rs w ater CONTROL RAIN w ater SHADE treatment WATER ADD
18 Preliminary Conclusions after two growing seasons Temperature does not affect total above-ground plant biomass. Water addition causes an increase in above-ground plant biomass.
19 MORE QUESTIONS? - Does plant composition change? - What effect does grazing have? - Are there below-ground effects to the climate manipulations? - What are the long-term effects of climate manipulation?
20 4. Stomatal Density Is stomatal density affected by temperature and precipitation?
21 Three stomata on the abaxial surface of the leaf at 400 times magnification
22 Effect of water treatment on stomatal count of Bluebunch Wheatgrass leaves increased H2O decreased H2O control H2O Stomatal count BB 1 BB 2 BB 3 BB 4 Site
23 Effect of temperature treatment on stomatal count of Bluebunch Wheatgrass leaves increased temp control temp Stomatal count BB 1 BB 2 BB 3 BB 4 Site
24 5. Plant invasives How will climate change affect the distribution and competitive performance of Centaurea maculosa and Linaria vulgaris in south interior grasslands?
25 Exotic invasives are a serious threat to biodiversity, forage, and livestock health in BC grasslands and rangelands. Global climate change may further exacerbate the dominance and spread of plant invasives.
26 Soil Moisture High Low Spotted Knapweed 105 Mile 111 Mile Yellow Toadflax Tatton Pete Kitchen = clipped plot = unclipped plot = Infestation Patch
27 Fraser Grad Students Cameron Carlyle UBC PhD Marc Jones UBC-O PhD Brian Patrick Kent State U PhD Amber Greenall TRU MSc Eleanor Bassett TRU MSc Lisa DeSandoli UBC MSc Angi Knopp UBC MSc Larry Feinstein U Akron MSc
28 Research Opportunities for Students NSERC USRA FSP grants 1. Climate change experiments 2. Effects of cattle on wetlands 3. Trophic interactions in grasslands 4. Agroforestry
29 Acknowledements Field Experiment: Cameron Carlyle (PhD Student) Amber Greenall Montana Burgess Eleanor Bassett Stomatal Density: Amber Greenall (MSc Student) Cameron Carlyle Cindy Ross-Friedman Plant Invasives: Amber Greenall (MSc Student) NSERC FSP NSERC FSP NSERC FSP
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