Trees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing

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1 BASIC TREE BIOLOGY

2 Trees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing

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5 Roots: absorb water and minerals store energy support and anchor produce hormones

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9 Trees: respond to: injury, pathogens, & environmental change alter root-shoot ratios in response to change life-processes controlled by hormones can starve

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11 What trees need: sunlight water, minerals CO2 O2 space favorable temperature

12 Adaptability: not all created equal u arid conditions u shade u temperate u fire, pests u tropical u sub-tropical u riparian u swamps u salinity u ph

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14 Huntington Library, Pasadena

15 Leaves: photosynthetic organs of vascular plants thin and flat or needle-like shape, size varies trap energy allow for gas exchange control water loss transport sugar

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19 Energy allocation: maintenance (respiration) growth (primary and secondary) reproduction defense reserves

20 Foliage density

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23 Stomates

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25 Roots need: water, minerals oxygen good soil structure physical space adequate soil volume

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38 Organic matter: improves soil structure source of nutrients improves water-holding capacity. improves nutrient-holding capacity. is a food source for soil-organisms

39 Health depends on: availability of water, minerals, O2, energy availability soil characteristics volume of soil cultural practices climate

40 Environmental factors: exposure to sunlight topography competition water & mineral availability horticultural care temperature soil conditions wind, humidity

41 When energy is low: growth slows resistance to serious pests decreases trees begin to decline and dieback death: starvation or secondary pests

42 Natural defenses: physical: e.g., hairs, spines, thick cuticle, indigestible substances: cellulose, lignin toxins (allelochemicals): tannins, phenols, terpenes, resins, essential oils, alkaloids, cyanogenic compounds low nitrogen content

43 Growth: Primary: from apical or lateral buds, root tips (apical meristems). Secondary: from cambial or lateral meristems

44 Growth:

45 Shoot anatomy

46 Buds: unexpanded shoot with leaves and flowers or flowers alone. apical or lateral (dormant) epicormic (latent) adventitious (not pre-existing)

47 Terminal bud Lateral bud

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51 Latent buds

52 Adventitious bud

53 Growth regulators: u bud break, flowering u leaf flush/shoot elongation u root growth u radial growth u fruit ripening u energy storage u leaf shedding u dormancy u combinations/ concentrations

54 Trees adopt the best strategy for given conditions: root/shoot balance Auxins (terminal buds) stimulate root growth Cytokinins produced by the root tips stimulate shoot growth

55 Auxins: suppress lateral (current year) & epicormic buds stimulate both root and shoot growth accumulate on the shaded side, causing elongation & bending toward the sun (phototropism) degraded by sunlight trunk sprouting when exposed to sun pruning -- disrupts production, slows root growth

56 Auxins: u involved in reaction wood (compression or tension) u tension wood: u prevents bending, cracking or corrects lean (negative geotrophism) u adaptive growth in response to flexing

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59 Cytokinins: root and shoot elongation promote growth of lateral buds - high concentration. when roots are cut, shoot growth < shoot growth > when carbohydrates low.

60 Others: u Gibberellins: promote cell division, intermodal elongation of shoots, and induce flowering u Abscisic acid: stress hormone. It inhibits the effects of other hormones to reduce growth during times of plant stress. It helps close stomata, and leads leaf abscission u Ethylene gas: stem thickening near stress points

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62 Secondary growth:

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64 Phloem or inner bark Parenchyma (phelloderm) Phellem cork cambium

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67 Water and mineral shortage: adjust growth rate, and root/shoot ratio adopt the best strategy for the given conditions

68 Drought

69 Water deficit injury c

70 Water & mineral shortages: u growth: sensitive to shortages u photosynthesis: less sensitive growth has priority when water/minerals are plentiful. u

71 Severe stress: u depletes energy reserves u reduces growth u slows wound closure u secondary pests u reduces resistance to decay u causes dieback or mortality

72 Root : Shoot Ratio

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74 Decline with age size and complexity > growth rate < leaf area static or < mass to energy ratio > respiratory demands > root tip to shoot tip > capacity to respond to change < pest resistance <

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76 Steve Nims, New Zealand Kauri

77 Cultural practices should reflect age maintain soil moisture/fertility according to species needs develop a stable structure avoid wounding avoid root zone disturbances maintain environmental stability mitigate stresses maximize leaf-surface area

78 Why trees die: u usually multiple factors u predisposing factors: climate, soil, shade u inciting factors: drought, defoliation, soil compaction, etc. u starvation u secondary pest attack u structural failure

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85 Wound response: Compartmentalization

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87 cambium

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93 Branch attachment:

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97 Branch collars

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