Natural Science PRIMARY. Richmond

Transcription

1 Richmond Natural Science Natural Science 6 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz. WRITER Belén Garrido PRIMARY MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle PROJECT EDITOR Geona Edwards EDITOR Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio PROOFREADING Jane Drummond James Price ILLUSTRATIONS Alademosca il lustració Digitalartis José Santos Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

2 CONTENTS Unit Natural Science syllabus Topics 1 Nutrition I People and health Nutrients How nutrition works 6 2 Nutrition II People and health The circulatory system Pulmonary circulation 16 3 Reproduction 26 People and health Sexual characteristics The reproductive system TERM REVISION 4 Living things 38 Living things Cells Tissues 5 The classification of living things 48 Living things How to classify living things The five kingdoms 6 Fungi and other kingdoms 58 Living things Fungi Protists TERM REVISION 7 Matter and energy 68 Matter and energy Types of mixtures Separation of mixtures 8 Electricity and magnetism Matter and energy Electrical charges Electric current 80 TERM REVISION Cooperative project: An electrical matching game 2 two

3 Topics Know how to The digestive system Digestion and health The respiratory system Respiration and health React in an emergency situation Systemic circulation Circulation and health The excretory system Excretion and health Perform an experiment and interpret data Sex cells Fertilization Pregnancy and birth A healthy pregnancy Read a scientific text and draw a diagram Organs Systems Organisms Animal and plant tissues Observe and draw cells The animal kingdom The plant kingdom Comparison of animals and plants Use a key to identify plants Bacteria Viruses Comparison of protists and bacteria Describe a mushroom Physical changes Changes of state Chemical changes Forms of energy Separate a mixture Conductors and insulators Power plants Electric circuits Magnetism Build an electric circuit three 3

4 6 Fungi and other kingdoms 6.1 The wonder of mushrooms Wild mushrooms are living things that grow on forest floors, tree trunks and even on top of each other. They need moisture, cool temperatures and some light. Wild mushrooms are seasonal and can be found in autumn and spring. There are many different types of wild mushrooms, but they can look very similar. This makes them very hard to identify. Wild mushrooms are often spectacular. Some are edible and delicious, but others are poisonous. In addition, some wild mushrooms have healing capabilities. These mushrooms can help fight against bacteria, inflammation and even cancer. They are known as medicinal mushrooms. Read and understand KNOW HOW TO Where can you find wild mushrooms? Why can you find wild mushrooms in autumn and spring? Why are mushrooms difficult to identify? What are medicinal mushrooms? Have you ever been mushrooming? Where did you go? Look at the mushrooms on page 59. Which species do you think is edible? Which do you think is poisonous? SPEAKING. Do you think mushrooms are plants or animals? Describe different fungi and how people use them. Identify the main characteristics of protists and monerans. FINAL TASK Describe a mushroom. 58 fifty-eight

5 Coprinus micaeus Amanita muscaria WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? The five kingdoms Living things are classified into five kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, protists and monerans. Living things from the same kingdom share similar characteristics. 1 Which kingdoms include unicellular living things? 2 Which kingdoms include living things that can make their own food? 3 Write two characteristics of each kingdom. fifty-nine 59

6 The Fungi kingdom 6.2 Fungi are different living things from plants and animals. Like plants, they cannot move about and many of them grow in soil. Like animals, fungi cannot make their own food. Fungi can feed on other organisms or their remains. Therefore, they can be found not only on the ground, but also on pieces of wood or on decomposing food. Types of fungi Fungi are classified into two groups: Unicellular fungi, like yeasts. Multicellular fungi, like mushrooms and moulds. 1 A B C Some fungi produce mushrooms. A mushroom is only the visible part of a fungus. The main part of these fungi grows beneath the soil, and can be several kilometres long! In autumn and spring, the fungi grow above ground as mushrooms so they can reproduce. The main parts of a mushroom are the cap, the gills, the ring and the stem. 2 1 Different types of fungi. A. Yeast seen through a microscope. B. White mushroom. C. Bread mould. cap WORK WITH THE PICTURE Have you ever seen mushrooms growing in the wild? Describe them. gills stem ring I saw some mushrooms last spring. They were growing near a tree Have you ever seen bread that looked like the bread in the photograph? Explain. Look at the diagram. Describe each part of the mushroom. 2 Parts of a mushroom. 60 sixty

7 6 6.3 Fungi and people Many fungi are beneficial to people, but others can be harmful. Beneficial fungi Some fungi can produce edible mushrooms. Some medicines, like penicillin, are produced by fungi. Blue cheese is made from mould; bread is made from yeast. Harmful fungi Some fungi can produce poisonous mushrooms, which can be deadly. Athlete s foot is an infection caused by a fungus. Black mould is very toxic and can cause respiratory problems. ACTIVITIES 1 WRITING. Write sentences describing how fungi are similar to plants, and how they are similar to animals. 2 Look at the photograph and answer the questions. 6.4 Which living thing can you see? Which kingdom does it belong to? Is this living thing unicellular or multicellular? 3 Read, think and answer the questions. How are yeasts and moulds similar? How are they different? Is a mushroom a complete fungus or only part of a fungus? Explain. Why is it so important to identify mushrooms correctly? sixty-one 61

8 The Protista kingdom 6.5 Protists include two very different types of organisms: algae and protozoa. Algae Algae are aquatic living things that can be unicellular or multicellular. They can make their own food. Some multicellular marine algae can grow to a very large size. 1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE Compare protozoa and algae. Protozoa are always unicellular. Algae can be unicellular, but... Which of these living things can only be seen through a microscope? A B 1 Examples of algae. A. Diatoms: unicellular algae. B. Kelp: multicellular algae. Algae are very nutritious, so they are used as food in many countries. They are also used as fertilizer and to produce cosmetics. 2 A B C 2 Uses of algae. A. Sushi. B. Fertilizer. C. Beauty mask. Protozoa Protozoa are unicellular living things that live in aquatic environments. They feed on other organisms. Some protozoa can cause diseases, like malaria. 3 A B 3 Examples of protozoa. A. Amoeba. B. Paramecium. 62 sixty-two

9 The Monera kingdom Monerans are unicellular living things. This kingdom includes bacteria, the most abundant of all living things. Bacteria Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living things, and can only be seen through a microscope. 4 Most bacteria feed on other organisms, but some bacteria make their own food. Bacteria can be found everywhere in the world. They can live in all kinds of environments: in water, soil, air or inside other living things. Some bacteria are helpful, like the ones used to make yoghurt, but others are harmful, like the ones that cause cholera. 4 Bacteria on the head of a pin seen through an electron microscope. LEARN MORE Viruses Viruses are not included in any of the five kingdoms because they are not considered living things. A virus is not a cell. It is a microscopic body that can only reproduce inside living things. Viruses may cause illnesses. The flu virus. ACTIVITIES 1 Copy and complete the sentences with algae, protozoa and bacteria. a. and only live in aquatic environments. 6.7 b. can be multicellular. c. and can make their own food. d. and can be harmful. 2 Read, think and answer the questions. How are animals and protozoa similar? How are they different? How are plants and algae similar? How are they different? Why are bacteria the most abundant of all living things? Why are viruses not considered living things? 3 ICT. Search the Internet for more examples of helpful and harmful bacteria, and make a list. sixty-three 63

10 KNOW HOW TO Describe a mushroom Describing a mushroom is different from describing a plant or an animal. Different things have to be observed in each case. You are going to describe a mushroom. Observe and describe the cap and stem. 1 How wide is the cap of your mushroom? How is it attached to the stem? How long and wide is the stem? 2 Describe the cap of the mushroom using one of these words: square round flat 3 Can you identify any other parts of the mushroom? Observe and describe the gills. 4 Remove the stem and observe the gills under the cap. Notice their colour and describe how they are arranged, using these expressions: they are close to/far apart from each other they are the same/a different size they are/aren t attached to the stem Show that you can do it. 5 Make an index card with your description of the mushroom. Include a drawing or photograph. 6 Observe the photographs of the poplar mushroom and make an index card as in Activity sixty-four

11 FINAL ACTIVITIES 6 1 SUMMARY. Copy and complete the text in your notebook, using these words. 4 Look at the photos. Which living things are involved in producing these foods? 6.8 food - unicellular - protozoa - environments - beneficial - monerans - harmful - multicellular - aquatic - algae - remains - bacteria Fungi can be unicellular or. They feed on other living things or their, and they cannot move about. Some fungi are and others are harmful. Protists include and. Algae are aquatic living things that can be unicellular or multicellular. They make their own. All protozoa are organisms that live in environments. They feed on other living things. are unicellular living things. They include, and can live in all kinds of. Some bacteria can make their own food. They can be beneficial or. 2 Look at the photographs. Identify the living things and say which kingdom they belong to. 5 GROUP WORK. Find out about edible mushrooms that grow in your area and prepare a poster. Include their name, description, growing conditions and photographs. 6 CRITICAL THINKING. Algae and some bacteria can make their own food. Which specialized organelles can be found in their cells? Explain your answer. Show your skills 3 Draw a Venn diagram in your notebook and include similarities and differences between fungi, protists and monerans. Choose and carry out one of the following activities. A. Make a plasticine model of a mushroom and label its parts. B. Search the Internet for information about beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract. Prepare a presentation for the class. C. Write a story about a new virus. Describe its effects, where it lives and how it is transmitted. Finally, draw a picture of your virus as seen through a microscope. sixty-five 65

12 TEST YOURSELF Check your vocabulary algae unicellular or multicellular aquatic living things which make their own food. angiosperms plants that produce flowers and fruits containing seeds. backbone a column of ring-like bones which all vertebrates have. bacteria the smallest and simplest living things. They are unicellular. cells the basic units of life. cell wall the rigid covering around the membrane of plant cells. cytoplasm a jelly-like material between the nucleus and the membrane of a cell. chloroplasts specialized organelles in plants. They absorb sunlight. ferns non-flowering plants with large leaves called fronds. fungi unicellular or multicellular living things which cannot move about or make their own food. gymnosperms plants that produce seeds grouped together in cones. invertebrates animals with no backbone, such as sponges and worms. membrane the covering around a cell. multicellular multicellular living things are made up of many cells. mushroom the visible part of some fungi. nucleus the part of a cell that controls its function. organ a group of tissues that join together to perform a common function. organism a living thing. Cells, tissues, organs and systems work together to form an organism. protists protozoa and algae. They can be unicellular or multicellular. protozoa unicellular aquatic living things which feed on other organisms. system a group of organs that join together to perform a common function. tissue a group of cells that join together to perform a common function. unicellular unicellular living things are made up of a single cell. vertebrae the ring-like bones that make up the backbone. vertebrates animals with a backbone, such as mammals and birds. 1 Improve your vocabulary by adding these words: Types of animal and plant tissues. The groups of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Types of fungi and the parts of a mushroom. 2 Identify the picture to the right. Copy it and label its four main parts. 66 sixty-six

13 SECOND TERM Check your progress Copy and write the correct answers in your notebook. 1 The part of a cell that controls its function is the a. cytoplasm. b. nucleus. c. membrane. 2 Organs in multicellular living things are made up of a. tissues that work independently. b. systems that perform the same function. c. tissues that work together. 3 The plant tissue that performs photosynthesis is a. dermal tissue. b. ground tissue. c. vascular tissue. 4 Amphibians are a. oviparous vertebrates. b. viviparous invertebrates. c. viviparous vertebrates. 5 Arthropods are a. a type of fungus. b. invertebrates with an external skeleton and jointed legs. c. invertebrates with long, soft bodies. 6 The spores of ferns are found in a. capsules. b. sori. c. cones. 7 Seed plants include a. gymnosperms and angiosperms. b. molluscs and echinoderms. c. mosses and ferns. 8 Yeasts are a. fungi with mushrooms. b. the visible part of fungi. c. unicellular fungi. 9 Protozoa are... a. unicellular. b. multicellular. c. unicellular and multicellular. 10 The smallest and simplest living things are... a. viruses. b. bacteria. c. fungi. Check your answers Correct the wrong answers. Write in your notebook which lessons you need to practise more. Think like a mycologist Imagine you are a mycologist: a mushroom expert. You are going to lead a group of people on an excursion to find and pick mushrooms in the countryside. Give them a talk before you go out. Start with a general explanation of mushrooms. Draw some pictures to help. Talk to the group about picking and eating wild mushrooms. Do they need to follow any rules? sixty-seven 67