MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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1 AP Exam Chapters 30, 31, 32 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful? A) flowers B) spores C) seeds D) sperm that lack flagella E) endosperm 1) 2) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods? A) genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) sexual selection D) pesticide and herbicide application E) natural selection 2) 3) Which of these statements is true of the pine life cycle? 3) A) The pine tree is a gametophyte. B) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. C) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. D) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. E) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. 4) How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus? 4) A) 16 B) 4 C) 8 D) 24 E) 32 5) Similar to cacti and euphorbs, conifers often have leaves that are modified into a needle-like shape an adaptation to arid environments. Yet, the taiga bioprovince of the northern hemisphere and the slopes of mountain ranges receive plenty of annual precipitation and have dense conifer forests. In what way are such environments able to account for the presence of trees whose leaves are adapted to arid conditions? A) UV radiation is intense at such latitudes. B) The soil there drains poorly. C) Albedo (the fraction of light reflected from a surface) off the arctic ice cap desiccates unprotected leaves. D) Water around the roots or on the soil surface is often frozen, and therefore unavailable. E) Acid deposition is intense at such latitudes. 5) 1

2 6) Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants? 6) A) increasing reliance on water to bring sperm and egg together B) reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle C) elimination of sperm cells or sperm nuclei D) decrease in the size of the leaf E) replacement of roots by rhizoids 7) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? 7) A) stigma B) ovary C) ovule D) anthers E) carpel The following questions refer to the description below. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. 8) On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what should be true? A) Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the neurotoxins. B) Flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (i.e., without getting chewed). C) The flying foxes are attracted to cycad fruit, and eat the enclosed seeds only by accident. D) The flying foxes assist the beetles as important pollinating agents of the cycads. 8) For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A D) that most directly produces them. 9) pollen tube 9) A) male gametophyte B) male sporophyte C) female sporophyte D) female gametophyte 10) Which of these statements is false? 10) A) A female pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. B) A flower is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. C) A male pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. D) A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. 11) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the cells below, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium 2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4. cells of a gametophyte A) 3, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 2, 1, 4 C) 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 3, 1, 2, 4 11) 2

3 12) Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because 12) A) having no stomata, they lose less water. B) diploid plants experience fewer mutations than do haploid plants. C) they all disperse by means of seeds. D) their gametophytes are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue. E) eggs and sperm need not be produced. In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. 13) How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? 13) A) 8 B) 4 C) 32 D) 24 E) 16 For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A D) that most directly produces them. 14) integument of pine seed 14) A) female sporophyte B) female gametophyte C) male gametophyte D) male sporophyte 15) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 C) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 15) 16) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? A) sporopollenin B) lignin present in cell walls C) pollen D) megaphylls E) use of air currents as a dispersal agent 16) 3

4 The following questions refer to the description below. Match the animal features with the appropriate angiosperm analog. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. 17) The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition 17) A) fruit B) integuments C) pollen tube and sperm nuclei D) carpels E) endosperm For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A D) that most directly produces them. 18) fruit 18) A) male sporophyte B) female sporophyte C) female gametophyte D) male gametophyte 19) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore A) B) C) D) E) ) 20) A botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except A) observing which plants are the most used food plants. B) collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis. C) observing which plants animals do not eat. D) observing which plants sick animals seek out. E) asking local people which plants they use as medicine. 20) 21) Fungal cells can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Many fungi can also prepare to reproduce sexually by undergoing A) cytokinesis followed by karyokinesis. B) sporogenesis followed by gametogenesis. C) plasmolysis followed by karyotyping. D) plasmogamy followed by karyogamy. E) binary fission followed by cytokinesis. 21) 4

5 22) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached) molecules of beta-glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) A and C only E) A, B and C 22) Please refer to the following information to answer the following questions. Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. 23) Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis? A) autopolyploidy B) nondisjunction C) double fertilization D) S phase E) crossing-over 23) 24) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are 24) A) usually underground. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) composed of hyphae. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C 25) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes? 25) A) They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified. B) They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens. C) They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. D) They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved. E) They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae. 26) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as 26) A) antigens. B) hallucinogens. C) antibiotics. D) antibodies. E) aflatoxins. 5

6 27) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) more pores. B) less cytoplasm. C) less chitin. D) fewer nuclei. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming. 27) 28) Mushrooms with gills have meiotically produced spores located in or on 28) A) asci. B) conidiophores. C) basidia. D) zygosporangia. E) soredia. SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 31.1 below depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Figure ) What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium? 29) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 30) Members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae: 30) A) Zygomycota B) Basidiomycota C) Chytridiomycota D) Ascomycota E) Glomeromycota 6

7 31) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition B) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal C) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls 31) 32) What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium? 32) A) anchoring B) protection C) asexual reproduction D) absorbing nutrients E) sexual reproduction 33) Members of this phylum produce two kinds of haploid spores, one kind being asexually produced conidia: A) Glomeromycota B) Zygomycota C) Ascomycota D) Basidiomycota E) Chytridiomycota 33) 34) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) tight junctions that form in cross walls between cells B) pores in cross walls C) multiple chitinous layers in cross walls D) complex microtubular cytoskeletons E) two nuclei 34) 35) Which of the following do all fungi have in common? 35) A) meiosis in basidia B) sexual life cycle C) absorption of nutrients D) symbioses with algae E) coenocytic hyphae 36) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? A) Their spores are produced by mitosis. B) They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes. C) They do not form heterokaryons. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct. 36) 7

8 37) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue. C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. E) fungicide isn't also harmful to insect pests. 37) 38) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally then, in terms of the gene products they can make, the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi are essentially A) diploid. B) alloploid. C) completely homozygous. D) haploid. E) completely hemizygous. 38) 39) Which of the following terms is correctly associated with fungi in general? 39) A) sporophytes B) ingestive nutrition C) polyphyletic D) make only sexually produced spores E) ecologically important 40) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) protists B) animals C) plants D) prokaryotes E) mutualistic fungi 40) 8

9 The following eight questions refer to Figure 32.2A (morphological) and Figure 32.2B (molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom. Figure 32.2A: Morphological Phylogeny 9

10 Figure 32.2B: Molecular Phylogeny 41) Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny? A) true coelom and pseudocoelom B) radial and bilateral C) molting and lack of molting D) metazoan and eumetazoan E) protostome and deuterostome 41) 10

11 42) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) metamorphosis C) coelom formation D) cleavage E) gastrulation 42) 43) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? A) metamorphosis B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) fertilization 43) 44) Which of the following organisms are deuterostomes? 44) A) molluscs B) annelids C) echinoderms D) chordates E) both C and D 45) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a 45) A) unicellular chytrid. B) flagellated protist. C) plant. D) multicellular fungus. E) unicellular yeast. 46) During metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a sedentary (or sometimes sessile) existence as adults. What differentiates echinoderm adults, but not their larvae? Adults should A) be diploblastic. B) lack mesodermally derived tissues. C) have radial symmetry, or something close to it. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C 46) 47) Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes? 47) A) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth B) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus D) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth 11

12 48) What kind of data should probably have the greatest impact on animal taxonomy in the coming decades? A) fossil evidence B) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes C) comparative morphology of living species D) similarities in metabolic pathways E) the number and size of chromosomes within nuclei 48) 49) Phylogenetic trees are best described as 49) A) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships. B) the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa. C) the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce. D) theories of evolution. E) true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships. 50) Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity? 50) A) Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury. B) The fluid within the cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. C) Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C 51) The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during 51) A) coelom formation. B) the eight-cell stage of the embryo. C) cleavage. D) gastrulation. E) fertilization. 52) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 2, 4 B) 1, 3 C) 3, 5 D) 3, 4, 5 E) 5 52) 53) The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter, more radical, kind of metamorphosis? A) the evolution of meiosis B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) natural selection of sexually immature forms of insects D) B and C only E) A, B, and C 53) 12

13 54) A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) genes involved in eye-lens synthesis C) beta-catenin genes D) genes that cause radial body symmetry E) collagen genes 54) 55) Which of these is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in Figures and of your textbook? A) the monophyly of the bilaterians B) the monophyly of the animal kingdom C) that chordates are deuterostomes D) the relationship of segmented taxa relative to nonsegmented taxa E) that sponges are basal animals 55) 56) Among the characteristics unique to animals is 56) A) sexual reproduction. B) multicellularity. C) flagellated sperm. D) heterotrophic nutrition. E) gastrulation. Figure 32.1 Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions. 57) Which two groups are most clearly represented in the Ediacaran fauna? 57) A) II and V B) II and IV C) IV and V D) I and III E) I and II 13

14 58) Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely 58) A) have rapid escape behavior. B) move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all. C) be good swimmers. D) be able to fly. E) have many fins. 59) What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny? A) Animals in both groups are segmented. B) The fossil record has revealed a common ancestor to these two phyla. C) Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes. D) Animals in both groups undergo ecdysis. E) They both have radial, determinate cleavage, and their embryonic development is similar. 59) 60) Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their digestive systems, have bodies that A) are incapable of muscular contraction. B) lack mesodermally derived tissues. C) lack true tissues. D) lack the ability to metabolize food. E) are solid with tissue. 60) 14