E cology: Interaction Unit Notes N ame: ( DO NOT LOSE) 1

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1 E cology: Interaction Unit Notes N ame: ( DO NOT LOSE) 1

2 2 1 I ndividual 2 P opulation 3 C ommunity 4 B iome 5 B iosphere I ndividual: Organism with unique DNA and cells Population: Groups similar individuals who tend to mate with each o ther in a limited geographic area. Ecosystem: The relationships populations with each other and their e nvironment. C ommunity: The relationships between groups populations. Biome: A regional ecosystem characterized by distinct types v egetation, animals. Determined by temperatu re and rainfall. Biosphere: The part o rganisms exist. the earth and its atmosphere in which living

3 3 B iosphere consists E cosphere The surface the earth and all the e cosystems. L ithosphere: Below the surface, in the crust and mantle. H ydrosphere: All waters not in atmosphere and lithosphere. A tmosphere: The area gases that surround the planet.

4 4 H abitat: A place an organism lives. T he needs an organism are A ir. W ater. F ood. S helter. S pace. E cological Niche: The place or function a given organism within its e cosystem. L imiting Factor: A factor that causes a population to decrease in size. D ensity Independent Factors (Nonliving) S unlight W ater

5 T emperature D ensity Dependent Factors (Living) D isease P arasites Predator s C ompetition 5 Carrying Capacity: The amount food that an area land will y ield. Therefore, the number people that an area land will s upport. Competition: The interaction between organisms or species, in which t he fitness one is lowered b y the presence another. F our types competition Interspecific competition: Over resources between diffe re nt species. Intraspecific competition: The sa m e species compete for resources. Interference competition: fighting / di s rupting. Exploitative: Sharing re s ources. T heory C ompetitive Exclusion: One thrives, the other goes extinct. N o two species with the same job can coexist. Competitive Exclusion Theory: All organisms exist in competition f or available resources. T hose that create a competitive advantage will flourish at the expense the less competitive. No two organisms can have the same niche. One lives, the other d ies. M ost animal interactions C ompeting for the same food supply. E ating (predation). A void being eaten (avoiding predation).

6 Food Web: A c omplex network a nd feeding interactions. P redator: P rey: m any interconnected food chains An organism that lives by preying on other organisms. An animal hunted for food. Habitat: The area or environment c ommunity normally lives. G regarious: where an organism or Tending to form a group with others ecological the same species. 6 T ypical Predator and Prey population graph. C amouflage: An adaptation that allows the animal i ts environment to avoid being detected. to blend in with A rea Mini Focus: Population sampling. Abundance: Measurement the amount c over, density, biomass, frequency. a species. Can be % R elative abundance: 100%. The amount each species. Must sum to 1 or D iversity: The variety, or number kinds species. C ounting the number different species.

7 B ack to Animal Interactions 7 Mimicry: The resemblance t o natural objects. an animal species to another species or Batesian mimicry: Looking like another species that is dangerous or m ay taste bad. There is a mimic, and the model. Mullerian mimicry: Several unrelated species share warning colors t hat warn predators that these colors are dangerous o r toxic. Symbiosis: s pecies. A long term relationship between two or more different T hree types symbiosis P arasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed. M utualism: Both organisms benefit. T ypes mutualisms T rophic mutualism Both help feed each other. U sually nutrient related. C leaning symbiosis One species gets food and s helter, t he other has parasites removed. Defensive mutualisms: One species protects the o ther and gets some benefits for its help. Dispersive mutualisms: One species receives food in exchange for moving the pollen or seeds its p artner. C ommensalism: One organism benefits and the other d oesn t benefit, or suffer harm. New Area s ymbiosis. Focus: Plant and Animal Interactions. Still a part Coevolution - When two or more species influence each other' s e volution.

8 8 A nimals Strategies to eat plants A nimals have special teeth and mouth parts to eat plants. T hey use microbe farms (leaf cutter ants) Four chambered stomachs (many herbivores) Uses bacteria t o break down plant matter. P lant defense mechanisms G row in a place difficult to be eaten. Repair quickly and let them eat non- e ssential parts you. Mechanical Defenses - T horns and serrated edges, and sap. Chemical Defenses such as toxins: Plants become poisonous ( nicotine, mustard, caffeine). B e extremely hard to digest. Y ou have protective insects, birds, or mammals that attack p redators. Y ou feed your friends a bit (mutualism). N ew Area Focus: Exotic Species E xotic species A species that have been introduced to an ecosystem that are not endemic to the area. (non- n ative) Endemic: ( native) Has lived in the area for a considerable amount time. Human activities e xotic species. (globalization) have greatly increased the spread N egative impacts invasive exotic species. I ncreased predation. I ncreased competition. S pread disease. H abitat destruction. C ause the extinction a native species. D amage the economy.

9 D amage to human health. 9 Biological control: The purposeful introduction natural enemies by s cientists and environment managers as a means to weaken and s uppress invasive exotic species. D rawing Eurasian Milfoil. P UT THESE NOTES IN YOUR BINDER! D O NOT LOSE THEM! C opyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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