Introduction interspecific interactions

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1 Introduction There are different interspecific interactions, relationships between the species of a community (what s the definition of a community again?). While you re at it, what s the definition of interspecific?

2 Here s some intraspecific stuff before we get back to the interspecific stuff ideos/ / 1:45. ties together a few things, like Gene editing with CRISPR

3 1. Populations may be linked by competition, predation, mutualism and commensalism. Possible interspecific interactions are introduced in Table 53.1, and are symbolized by the positive or negative affect of the interaction on the individual populations.

4 Competition. Interspecific competition for resources can occur when resources are in short supply. There is potential for competition between any two species that need the same limited resource. The competitive exclusion principle: two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.

5 The ecological niche is the sum total of an organism s use of abiotic/biotic resources in the environment. The competitive exclusion principle can be restated to say that two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical. This is the this town s not big enough for the both of us principle. What are some possible outcomes of this competition?

6 Classic experiments confirm this principle. Fig. 53.2

7 Resource partitioning is the differentiation of niches that enables two similar species to coexist in a community. Watch here new stuff! Fig Fig. 53.2

8 Character displacement is the tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species. Hereditary changes evolve that bring about resource partitioning. Fig. 53.4

9 2.D.1.b. Explain how an organism activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors by describing the activities below: 1.Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 2.Predator prey relationships 3.Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, ph

10 Predation. All these fit into the predator category. A predator eats prey. Herbivory, in which animals eat plants. In parasitism, predators live on/in a host and depend on the host for nutrition. Predator adaptations: many important feeding adaptations of predators are both obvious and familiar. Claws, teeth, fangs, poison, heat-sensing organs, speed, and agility.

11 3.E.1.a. Organisms exchange information with each other in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior. Explain how each situation below relates to this statement. 1.Fight or flight response 2.Predator warnings 3.Protection of young 4.Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory 5.Avoidance responses

12 3.E.1.a. Organisms exchange information with each other in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior. Explain how each situation below relates to this statement. 1.Fight or flight response 2.Predator warnings 3.Protection of young 4.Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory 5.Avoidance responses

13 Plant defenses against herbivores include chemical compounds that are toxic. IN AP SYLLABUS And look at this connection with communication TED talk 17 min. Or do a Wood Wide Web make-a-graph? Behavioral defenses include fleeing, hiding, self-defense, noises, and mobbing, flocks, herds, etc. Camouflage includes cryptic coloration, deceptive markings. Fig. 53.5

14 Justify scientific claims, using evidence, to describe how timing and coordination of behavioral events in organisms are regulated by several mechanisms. Create a representation that describes how organisms exchange information in response to internal changes and external cues, and which can result in changes in behavior. Bird songs.

15 Mechanical defenses include spines. Chemical defenses include odors and toxins Aposematic coloration is indicated by warning colors, and is sometimes associated with other defenses (toxins). Group gains by possible sacrifice of individuals. Fig. 53.6

16 Mimicry is when organisms resemble other species. Batesian mimicry is where a harmless species mimics a harmful one. Fig. 53.7

17 Müllerian mimicry is where two or more unpalatable species resemble each other, like this bee and its wasp mimic. Even plants can mimic. Fig. 53.8

18 Mutualism is where two species benefit from their interaction. Commensalism is where one species benefits from the interaction, but other is not affected. An example would be barnacles that attach to a whale. How about this one? Fig. 53.9

19

20 Here s a really neat look at termites! eu 7 minutes. Well worth it!! And a shorter, 1 min., example in puffer fish

21 Amensalism: is an interaction in which one organism is harmed, while the other is neither affected nor benefited. An example is when one species exudes a chemical compound as part of its normal metabolism that is detrimental to another organism. The bread mold penicillium is a common example; penicillium secrete penicillin, a chemical that kills bacteria. A second example is alleopathy such as when black walnut tree (Juglans nigra), secretes a chemical that harms or kills some species of neighboring plants.

22 Coevolution and interspecific interactions. Coevolution refers to reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species. When one species evolves, it exerts selective pressure on the other to evolve to continue the interaction. For example, adaptations for speed in both cheetahs and antelopes. Flowers and their pollinators are classic examples.

23 2. Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics The trophic structure of a community is determined by the feeding relationships between organisms. The transfer of food energy from its source in photosynthetic organisms through herbivores and carnivores is called the food chain. These concepts were first revealed by the work of Charles Elton, the father of Ecology.

24 Charles Elton first pointed out that the length of a food chain is usually four or five links, called trophic levels. He also recognized that food chains are not isolated units but are hooked together into food webs. Fig

25 2.D.1.c. Using one of the examples below, explain how the stability of populations, communities and ecosystems is affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. 1. Water and nutrient availability 2. Availability of nesting materials and sites 3. Food chains and food webs 4. Species diversity 5. Population density 6. Algal blooms

26 Food webs. Which one(s) are the producers? Which one(s) are ONLY primary consumers? What transforms food chains into food webs? A given species may weave into the web at more than one trophic level. Fig

27 4.C.4.a.Explain why natural and artificial ecosystems with fewer component parts and with little diversity among the parts are often less resilient to changes in the environment. 4.C.4.b.Describe why keystone species, producers, and essential abiotic and biotic factors contribute to maintaining the diversity of an ecosystem.

28 3. Dominant species and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure. Bottom up, Top down regulation Dominant species are those in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass (the sum weight of all individuals in a population). If we remove a dominant species from a community, it can change the entire community structure from the bottom up. These are often producers.

29 4.B.3.c.Using the following examples, explain how species-specific and environmental catastrophes, geological events, the sudden influx/ depletion of abiotic resources or increased human activities affect species distribution and abundance. 1.Loss of keystone species 2.Kudzu 3.Dutch elm disease

30 Keystone species exert an important regulating effect on other species in a community. Top down. Fig

31 The Pisaster experiments done by Robert Paine in Washington and elsewhere Demonstrated that some species that were not dominant in terms of biomass or numbers exert a high amount of control on the community they are a part of. Often at the top of the food chain, can you see how these keystone species are part of a feedback system much like we have seen with blood sugar and lactose and other chemicals, just on a larger scale? Here s his story. 20 min. Regulatory systems evolve naturally to result in the homeostatic balances you see in nature.

32 If they are removed, community structure is greatly affected. See this classic story of wolves in Yellowstone. Fig

33 3. Ecological succession is the sequence of community changes after a disturbance Ecological succession is the transition in species composition over ecological time. Primary succession begins in a lifeless area where soil has not yet formed.

34 Mosses and lichens colonize first and cause the development of soil. Pioneer communities. An example would be after a glacier has retreated.

35 Fig

36 Secondary succession occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some event, but the soil is left intact. Like after a fire. Grasses grow first, then trees and other organisms. Climax communities.

37

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