Question #01. Feedback on Each Answer Choice. Solution. Ecology Problem Drill 20: Mutualism and Coevolution

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1 Ecology Problem Drill 20: Mutualism and Coevolution Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The concept of mutualism focuses on which of the following: Question #01 (A) Interaction between two competing species (B) Omnivory and herbivory (C) Indirect competition between two species living together (D) Mutual benefit between two species living together Mutualism is the mutual interaction of two species that benefits both species. Interaction between two species by itself is not sufficient for mutualism to take place. Therefore this answer is incorrect. Omnivory and herbivory involves one organism consuming another. Therefore this answer is incorrect. Foraging strategy refers to the manner in which predators seek their prey, not to a mutually beneficial interaction between two species. Therefore this answer is incorrect. D. Correct! Mutualism is the mutual interaction of two species that benefits both species. Therefore this answer is correct. By definition mutualism is the mutual interaction of two species that benefits both species. Therefore answer D is the correct answer.

2 Question No. 2 of 10 Question 2. When plants release chemicals that are toxic to other plants this is an example of: Question #02 (A) Biological control (B) Allelopathy (C) Mechanical defenses (D) Resource partitioning Biological control is a method of controlling pests of agricultural importance by using natural predators instead of pesticides, not a means to discourage growth of neighboring plants. Therefore answer A is incorrect. B. Correct! Allelopathy is the production of chemicals by plants that suppress the growth of neighboring plants. Therefore answer B is correct. Mechanical defenses include spines, hairs and thorns that discourage herbivores from grazing on plant tissues, not toxic chemicals produced by plants to suppress neighboring plants. Therefore answer C is incorrect. Resource partitioning refers to the subdivision of a niche that minimizes competition between similar species. This does not relate to chemicals produced by plants to suppress the growth of neighboring plants. Therefore answer D is incorrect. By definition allelopathy are chemicals produced by plants that suppress the growth of neighboring plants. Therefore answer B is correct.

3 Question No. 3 of 10 Question 3. The practice whereby one animal species uses another animal for transportation only is termed. Question #03 (A) Metabiosis (B) Niche (C) Convergence (D) Phoresy Metabiosis is the use of something derived by one species to benefit another species. Therefore answer A is incorrect. Niche refers to how a species supports itself in its environment, not to the practice of hitching a ride by one species from another. Therefore answer B is incorrect. A carnivorous species feeds on prey for food. It does not refer to transport of one animal species by another. Therefore answer C is incorrect. D. Correct! By definition phoresy occurs when one animal species uses another animal for transportation only. Therefore answer D is correct. The definition of phoresy is the transport of one animal species by another. Therefore answer D is correct.

4 Question No. 4 of 10 Question 4. Which of the following are forms of commensalism: Question #04 (A) Amensalism (B) Neutralism (C) Inquilism (D) Metabiosis (E) All of the above Although amensalism is a form of commensalism, the other answers also are examples of commensalism in nature. Therefore answer A is incorrect. Although neutralism is a form of commensalism, the other answers also are examples of commensalism in nature. Therefore answer B is incorrect. Although inquilism is a form of commensalism, the other answers also are examples of commensalism in nature. Therefore answer C is incorrect. Although metabiosis is a form of commensalism, the other answers also are examples of commensalism in nature. Therefore answer D is incorrect. E. Correct! Amensalism, neutralism, inquilism, and metabiosis are all forms of commensalism in nature. Therefore answer E is correct. Amensalism, neutralism, inquilism, and metabiosis are all forms of commensalism in nature. Therefore answer E is correct.

5 Question No. 5 of 10 Question 5. Which term refers to parasites that feed of their host s body tissues without killing their host: Question #05 (A) Biotrophs (B) Necrotrophs (C) Epiphytes (D) All of the above A. Correct! A biotroph is a parasite that feeds on its host without killing it. Therefore answer A is correct. A necrotroph is a parasite that feeds on its host and eventually kills it. Therefore answer B is incorrect. An epiphyte is an organism that grows on another organism. Therefore answer C is incorrect. Since only the answer A is correct then this answer must be incorrect. A biotroph is a parasite that feeds on its host without killing it. Therefore answer A is correct.

6 Question No. 6 of 10 Question 6. is a subdivision of resources that minimizes competition between similar species. Question #06 (A) Renewable resource (B) Diffuse competition (C) Resource partitioning (D) Carrying capacity Resource partitioning is a subdivision of resources that minimizes competition between similar species, not resources that can be renewed. Hence answer A is incorrect. Resource partitioning is a subdivision of resources that minimizes competition between similar species, not the simultaneous evolution of species living in the same environment. Hence answer B is incorrect. C. Correct! Resource partitioning is a subdivision of resources that minimizes competition between similar species. Hence answer C is correct. Carrying capacity is the numbers of individuals an environment can support, not a subdivision of resources that minimizes competition between similar species. Therefore answer D is incorrect. Resource partitioning refers a subdivision of resources that minimizes competition between similar species Hence answer C is correct.

7 Question No. 7 of 10 Question 7. Epiparasites refer to the following: Question #07 (A) Parasites that live on the surface of other organisms. (B) Parasites that feed upon other parasites. (C) Parasites that live within the body of other organisms. (D) All of the above.. (A). Incorrect! Epiparasites are parasites that feed upon other parasites. Therefore answer A is incorrect. B. Correct! Epiparasites are parasites that feed upon other parasites. Therefore answer B is correct. Epiparasites are parasites that feed upon other parasites. Therefore answer C is incorrect. Since only answer B is correct, answer D must be incorrect. By definition epiparasites are parasites that feed upon other parasites. Of the four answers given only answer B is correct.

8 Question No. 8 of 10 Question 8. is the interdependent evolution of species that interact with each other over time. Question #08 (A) Predators (B) Character displacement (C) Parasitoidism (D) Co-Evolution Predators are animals that hunt and kill other animals for food, not the interdependent evolution of species that interact with each other. Therefore answer A is incorrect. Character displacement is the divergence of competing populations over time, not the interdependent evolution of species that interact with each other. Therefore answer B is incorrect. Parasitoidism is the indirect exploitation of one species of another, such as laying eggs that will later kill the host organism. Therefore answer C is incorrect. D. Correct! Co-Evolution is the not the interdependent evolution of species that interact with each other over time. Therefore answer E is correct. By definition co-evolution is the interdependent evolution of species that interact with each other over time. Therefore only answer E is correct. Question No. 9 of 10

9 Question 9. is the divergence of competing populations over time. Question #09 (A) Competitive exclusion (B) Apex predator (C) Character displacement (D) All Of The Above (E) None of the Above Competitive exclusion is exclusion of one competing species by another, not the divergence of competing populations over time. Therefore answer A is incorrect. An apex predator is an organism that is not a prey to any other predator species. Therefore answer B is incorrect. C. Correct! Character displacement is the divergence of competing populations over time. Therefore answer C is correct. Since answer C is correct then answer D must be incorrect. Character displacement is the divergence of competing populations over time. Only answer C fits this definition so it must be correct.

10 Question No. 10 of 10 Question 10. refers to an organism that lives within the tissues or cells of another organism. Question #10 (A) Endosymbiosis (B) Virulence (C) Parasitoidism (D) Mullerian mimicry A. Correct! Endosymbiosis refers to an organism that lives within the tissues or cells of another organism. Therefore answer A is correct. Virulence is the ability of a pathogen to overcome an organism s defenses, not to an organism that lives within the tissues or cells of another organism. Therefore answer B is incorrect. Parasitoidism occurs when a parasite attacks a host indirectly by laying eggs on it, not to an organism that lives within the tissues or cells of another organism. Therefore answer C is incorrect. Mullerian mimicry occurs when both the model organism and its mimic are unpalatable, not to an organism that lives within the tissues or cells of another organism. Therefore answer D is incorrect. Endosymbiosis refers to an organism that lives within the tissues or cells of another organism. Only answer A fits this definition so it must be correct.