UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES (PMB/WVL) EXAMINATIONS: NOVEMBER 2009

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UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES (PMB/WVL) EXAMINATIONS: NOVEMBER 2009 SUBJECT, COURSE & CODE BIOL199 and BIOL099 FOUNDATION BIOLOGY THEORY DURATION 3 HOURS

1 UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES (PMB/WVL) EXAMINATIONS: NOVEMBER 2009 SUBJECT, COURSE & CODE BIOL199 and BIOL099 FOUNDATION BIOLOGY THEORY DURATION 3 HOURS TOTAL MARKS 150 INTERNAL EXAMINERS EXTERNAL EXAMINER K. Brown, B. Keke, P. Seaman, S. Shaik, J. White Ms. C. Still CANDIDATES ARE REQUESTED, IN THEIR OWN INTERESTS, TO WRITE LEGIBLY THIS PAPER COMPRISES FIFTEEN (15) PAGES. ENSURE YOU HAVE ALL PAGES ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN YOUR ANSWER BOOKS Section A: Multiple Choice Questions Answer the following questions in your answer book by writing the letter of your choice. Please note that negative marking will be used in this section. 1. Which of the following nutrients follow an atmospheric cycle? A. Hydrogen and nitrogen. B. Phosphorus and carbon dioxide. C. Oxygen and hydrogen. D. Carbon dioxide and oxygen. E. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen. (2) 2. Choose the correct statement about this diagram. A. The template strand is trna. B. UAC is the start codon. C. The second amino acid will have the codon GUG. D. The next trna will have the anticodon CAC. E. This trna with the first amino acid is now in the A site of the ribosome. (2)

2 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 2 3. The evolutionary trend from the algae to the gymnosperms shows: A. increased dependence on water. B. increased dispersal of female gametes. C. increased dominance of the sporophyte generation. D. co-evolution of flowers with insects. E. production of fruit to protect the embryo. (2) 4. Pollen and seeds originally evolved in response to: A. an increase in animal pollinators. B. flower evolution. C. pollen and seed predators. D. moist environments. E. dry terrestrial environments. (2) 5. This diagram shows a nucleus of a cell. Choose the correct statement about this cell. A. This cell has just completed the S - phase of the cell cycle because the chromosomes are found in pairs. B. This cell is diploid because the chromosomes are found in homologous pairs. C. The chromosomes are not identical, so this organism reproduces asexually. D. This cell is about to enter meiosis II. E. This cell is haploid because the chromosomes are single-stranded. (2) 6. The evolution of large, multicellular life forms would not have been possible without: A. the evolution of photosynthesis. B. the evolution of aerobic respiration. C. the evolution of eukaryotes. D. tissue differentiation. E. all of the above. (2) 7. The heart and kidneys are A. surrounded by a layer of epithelial tissue which lines the surface of all organs. B. enclosed by a tough, fibrous capsule of areolar tissue for protection. C. supplied by blood which flows in blood vessels lined with adipose tissue. D. surrounded by a layer of hyaline cartilage which provides flexibility and support. E. surrounded by a layer of adipose tissue which acts as a shock absorber. (2)

3 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 3 8. Cells that have a cell wall: A. are all eukaryotic. B. are all prokaryotic. C. are found only in Plantae. D. are found only in Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. E. are found in all kingdoms except Animalia. (2) 9. Meristematic tissue in plants is: A. differentiated tissue formed by the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue. B. found in regions where the cells undergo meiosis for growth. C. found in the cambium and allows the plant to grow in width. D. loosely packed so substances can move freely between cells. E. made of cells strengthened with lignin for support. (2) 10. Which of the following statements is true? A. Homologous pairs of chromosomes contain genetically identical information. B. Genetic information is exchanged during crossing-over in mitosis. C. Meiosis occurs when genetically different gametes fuse to form a zygote. D. Meiosis produces non-identical cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. E. Mitosis and meiosis are essential for normal growth in multicellular organisms. (2) TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 20 MARKS

foodproducing organelle flexible discs 5µm 5µm B 1 C 1 cells in fluid-filled lacunae 5µm living cells with

4 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 4 Section B: Short Answer Questions Answer all of these questions Question 1 Study Figure 1 below and answer the questions that follow: A 1 foodproducing organelle flexible discs 5µm 5µm B 1 C 1 cells in fluid-filled lacunae 5µm living cells with no nuclei 15µm cambium D 1 living cells with nuclei chitinous cell wall 25µm E F 1 waterregulating organelle Figure 1

5 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page Match the sentences below to the corresponding diagrams in Figure 1. Write the letter and give the name of the cells/tissue. a. Cells found in a watery extra-cellular matrix. (1) b. A tissue that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber. (1) c. Cells from a kingdom whose members secrete digestive enzymes onto organic matter before absorbing it. (1) d. A tissue with cells that have lignified cell walls. (1) 1.2 Two of the diagrams in Figure 1 show unicellular organisms. a. Give the letters of these two diagrams and name the kingdom they each belong to. (2) b. Are these organisms prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give a reason for your answer. (2) c. Describe and explain two features of organism A that demonstrate two characteristics of life shared by all organisms, (2) d. These organisms reproduce asexually. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this type of reproduction. (2) e. Give two fully explained reasons why these organisms are so small. (4) 1.3 Refer to the cells in the tissue D. Name and explain how these cells are well suited to perform their functions. (2) 18 marks

6 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 6 Question 2 Study Figure 2 below and answer the questions that follow. 5 end end Figure What process is occurring in Figure 2? (1) 2.2 Give the number of the: a. leading strand (1) b. lagging strand (1) 2.3 Name the enzyme working at point 1. Describe the role of this enzyme. (2) 2.4 Name the enzyme working at point 2. Describe the role of this enzyme. (2)

COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 7 2.5 Consider the template for strand 3. a. If this template was used during protein synthesis, give the sequence of the first 6 bases joined together during transcription.

7 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page Consider the template for strand 3. a. If this template was used during protein synthesis, give the sequence of the first 6 bases joined together during transcription. (1) b. What amino acid sequence would be produced from these first 6 bases during translation? Use the genetic code provided at the end of this question. (2) 2.6 Explain briefly how translation is initiated. (2) The genetic code 12 marks

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL EXAMINATIONS NOVEMBER 2009

Theory Question 3 Study Figure 3 which shows a variety of

The era/period in which these organisms lived is given.

Stromatolites D (Archean/Proterozoic Era) 2600-2400 MYA C

8 UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL EXAMINATIONS NOVEMBER 2009 Page 8 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Question 3 Study Figure 3 which shows a variety of fossils found in South Africa. The era/period in which these organisms lived is given. Be sure to read the information in each question carefully before you answer. A B Massospondylus egg and embryo (Jurassic Period) 200MYA Stromatolites D (Archean/Proterozoic Era) MYA C Trilobite: Phylum Arthropoda (Devonian Period) 400MYA Starfish (Devonian Period) 400MYA Figure 3 Seed fern (Triassic Period) MYA E

9 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page Refer to the stromatolite fossils in A. Stromatolites are rock-like structures which formed around ancient colonies of cyanobacteria: autotrophic Eubacteria that lived in shallow waters. These cyanobacteria contained chlorophyll and extracted CO 2 from their surroundings. The removal of CO 2 caused calcium carbonate to precipitate out of the water and to stick onto the slimy bacterial layer. Very slowly, layer upon layer of calcium carbonate was added, eventually forming the rock-like stromatolites. Stromatolite fossils are common and formed across most of the continent MYA. Extant cyanobacteria and their associated stromatolites are no different to their Archean ancestors, although they now occur only in a few isolated areas. Cyanobacteria are the preferred food of many grazing marine animals, and so their growth is restricted to regions where there are few such animals e.g. the very saline Shark Bay in Australia. a. Name one example of a grazing marine animal that you found at Isipingo Beach. (1) b. What trophic level does this animal occupy? (1) c. What was the ecological role of the ancient cyanobacteria? Give a brief description and explain why it is a vital role in any ecosystem. (3) d. The metabolism of these ancient cyanobacteria influenced the course of evolution of every organism on the planet from that point forward. Give a detailed explanation of their importance for the evolution of life on Earth. (7) e. Would an electron micrograph of a cyanobacterium show chloroplasts? Give a reason for your answer. (1) f. Use the information in the text to give a clear explanation of why there are stromatolite fossils from the Proterozoic Era but so few stromatolites forming today. (2) 3.2 Refer to fossil B. This is a fossil of a dinosaur species which grew to 4m in length. Reptiles like these dominated the Earth during the Jurassic. Use the information shown in the Figure to describe and explain two features that made dinosaurs such successful animals on land. (4)

10 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page Refer to fossils C and D. These two organisms were common marine invertebrates during the Devonian Period, 400 MYA a. These fossils were both discovered inland at Stellenbosch and Paarl in the Cape winelands. What conclusion can you draw? (1) b. Fossils identical to these were found in identical rock strata in South America. What conclusion can you draw? (1) c. Organisms C and D belong to different phyla. Give two diagnostic features that these organisms would have shared AND one diagnostic feature that would have separated them. (2) 3.4 Refer to fossil E. These organisms were a strange mixture with fern-like fronds and protected seeds. Although they flourished during the Triassic, they eventually became extinct. Fossil E was found in the same rock stratum as a large diversity of cycads, club-mosses and horsetail fossils. a. List two features that all these plants shared which allowed them to diversify and radiate on land. (2) b. Which of the plants in this rock stratum are likely to share the most recent common ancestor? Give a reason for your answer. (2) c. Is it possible that the seed ferns are the ancestors of any extant plant species? Explain your answer fully by referring to the processes of natural selection, adaptation and evolution. (5) 3.5 Insect fossils start becoming more common in younger rock strata of about 100 MY old. Explain fully why there should have been such an increase in insect biodiversity in this period? (3) 35 marks

COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 11 Question 4 Study Figure 4 and answer the questions that follow. Figure 4 Pyramid of biomass a.

11 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 11 Question 4 Study Figure 4 and answer the questions that follow. Figure 4 Pyramid of biomass a. Write the equation that explains why producers are the foundation of this pyramid. (1) b. Explain why there is a difference in biomass from one trophic level to the next. (6) c. Name the group of microscopic consumers that are not shown in the diagram and which feed on organic material from every trophic level. Explain their role in an ecosystem and why they are so important on Earth. (5) 12 marks

12 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 12 Question 5 Study Figure 5 and answer the questions that follow: flattened body tentacles with nematocysts A B C paired fins hard exoskeleton (thin at the joints) D E Figure An animal group, represented by A, marked the evolution of three major features. Name these features as observed in the diagram. (3)

13 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page Organism A is acoelomate. What exactly does this mean? (1) 5.3 Give the letter of the organism in Figure 5 that you would consider the most primitive. Give two reasons for your answer. (3) 5.4 Fully describe the body feature that organisms A and B share. (2) 5.5 In what two ways is animal D more advanced than A? Why are these traits considered advanced? (4) 5.6 Explain how the evolution of animals C and E favoured the development of traits for adaptation to life on land. (3) 5.7 Another lineage of bony fish related to the one in C contributed to the move to a terrestrial environment. What feature did these fish have that enabled the colonization of land? Explain.(2) 18 marks TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 95 MARKS

14 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 14 Section C: Essay questions Answer only ONE (1) question in this section. You should write at least 1 ½ to 2 pages for your essay. OPTION 1 Prokaryotic organisms dominated the planet for the first 1.5 billion years of life of Earth. However, once eukaryotic organisms evolved, the course of evolution took a dramatic new course. Discuss this statement. Be sure to include the following: A description of how eukaryotic organisms may have evolved An explanation of how eukaryotes are different to prokaryotes and their role in the development of multicellularity A description of how multicellular organisms may have evolved from colonial protists An explanation of how multicellularity has influenced the evolution and diversity of life. Use examples of any three different tissues to illustrate your answer: briefly explain how these tissues aid survival and have influenced evolution. Marks Introduction Have you used this section to provide a relevant background and introduce the topic i.e. have you described life on Earth for the first 1.5 billion years and provided some clues as to how and why it was going to change? Content (Body) 1. Have you described how eukaryotic organisms evolved? 6 2. Have you explained how prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ and why eukaryotes were important for evolution of multicellularity? 5 3. Have you described how multicellular organisms evolved from colonial protists? 5 4. Have you explained how multicellularity has influenced the evolution and diversity of life? Have you also given examples of 3 different tissues to illustrate your answer? 11 Conclusion Have you summarized your main points? 2 General 1. Have you structured the essay correctly and is the content arranged logically? 1 2. Are the sentences well written? (short and concise) 1 3. Is the content relevant to the topic? 1 Total 35 3

15 COURSE & CODE: BIOL099 and 199 Foundation Biology Theory Page 15 OPTION 2 Populations that reproduce sexually have a lot of genetic variability and so there is a good chance that some individuals will survive when environmental conditions change. Discuss this statement by: Explaining the role of genetic variation in natural selection and adaptation Describing and explaining the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction Describing two main events that occur during meiosis that result in genetic variation Marks Introduction 3 Have you given a relevant background and introduced the topic? Content (Body) 1. Have you explained the role of genetic variation in natural selection and 9 adaptation? 2. Have you described and explained the role of meiosis in sexual 8 reproduction? 3. Have you described two events that result in genetic variation during 10 meiosis? Conclusion 2 Have you summarized your main points? General 1. Have you structured the essay correctly and is the content arranged 1 logically? 2. Are the sentences well written? (short and concise) 1 3. Is the content relevant to the topic? 1 Total 35 TOTAL OF SECTION C: 35 MARKS

22 1 Introduction to Plants Slide 2 of 33

22 1 Introduction to Plants Slide 2 of 33 2 of 33 What Is a Plant? What is a plant? 3 of 33 What Is a Plant? What Is a Plant? Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. Plants develop from multicellular embryos