3. In order to maintain an internal state, all living things have various adaptations. Complete the table: Adaptation Definition Human example

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1 Hot, Wet and Wild Unit 1 Area of study 2, Unit 2 Area of study 1 Student Booklet Humans have adapted to colonize every continent and can exist in every climate, making us the most successful species on earth. Today we are going to investigate the structural, behavioural and physiological adaptations of various animals that aid their survival in various climates across the world. Homeostasis 1. What is homeostasis? 2. Explain the importance of homeostasis 3. In order to maintain an internal state, all living things have various adaptations. Complete the table: Adaptation Definition Human example Surface area to Volume ratio The size of an animal can impact on its ability to maintain an appropriate body temperature. Generally small animals have a large surface area to volume ratio, which means they are suited to living in a environment. Explain why? Generally large animals have a small surface area to volume ratio, which means they are suited to living in a environment. Explain why? Something to Consider: There are often exceptions to this rule. The Seal and Penguin live in the same bioclimatic region, yet due to their size, have different structural, behavioural and physiological adaptations.

2 page 2 Water Loss Water is lost from the human body in four ways. Name them below: Waste elimination (Note: There are exceptions to the data contained in the table below) Waste Ammonia Amount of energy used Amount of water used Toxicity of waste High Class of animal Urea Medium Mammal Uric Acid Low Habitat Influences An animal s environment influences its adaptations for survival. Give an example of an adaptation that an animal would require to survive in the following habitats. a. : : a a b. : : c b c. : :

3 page 3 Amphibian: 1. Explain how a frog obtains the water it needs for survival. 2. Circle the correct form of nitrogenous waste: Ammonia Urea Uric Acid Note: Exceptions apply depending on the species and their adaptations to environment 3. Using the sketch below, explain how tadpoles are able to survive and develop in an egg despite producing ammonia. [NH3] [NH3] 4. Frogs are generally nocturnal, despite being ectothermic. Explain why they have developed this behavioural adaptation.

4 page 4 Reptile: 1. Observe the room and list how Melbourne Zoo has provided for the needs of reptiles in captivity. 2. Considering all members of the animal kingdom, most animals are ectothermic. List two advantages and disadvantages of being ectothermic. Advantages Disadvantages a. a. b. b. 3. List the adaptations for thermoregulation in the appropriate sections below. Structural Physiological Behavioural 1. Circle the correct elimination of nitrogenous waste: 2. What is the advantage to developing reptile embryos in excreting uric acid?

5 page 5 Mammal: Snow Leopard 1. List the adaptations for thermoregulation in the appropriate sections below. Structural Behavioural Physiological 2. Recommend some of the practices that zoo keeping staff could employ to ensure that the Snow Leopard does not overheat during warm weather. 1. Circle the correct elimination of nitrogenous waste:

6 page 6 Mammal: Red Panda 1. Weighing between 5 and 10kg, how does the size of the red panda assist in its survival? 2. What disadvantage could the size of the Red Panda be in terms of thermoregulation? 3. Suggest some alternative adaptations other than size that may assist the Red Panda s thermoregulation? 1. Circle the correct elimination of nitrogenous waste:

7 page 7 Bird: Penguin 1. What structural adaptations does the Little Penguin have to compensate for its small size? 2. Explain how penguins can decrease their surface area to reduce heat loss. 3. With regards to thermoregulation, suggest why oil spills can have a negative effect on the survival of penguins at sea? 4. The Emperor Penguin is able to stand on packed ice for extended periods. Fill in the diagram explaining the physiological adaptation that maintains body temperature. 1. Circle the correct elimination of nitrogenous waste: 2. Explain the advantage of having a supraorbital gland

8 page 8 Mammal: Seal 1. Seals have a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. What are the advantages of this? 2. As the seal moves through the water you will be able to observe air bubbles forming on the surface of the fur. Explain this observation and suggest how it is related to thermoregulation. 3. Explain how seals use their flippers to facilitate heat loss. 1. Circle the correct elimination of nitrogenous waste: 2. How do seals obtain the water they need for survival?

9 page 9 Mammals: Bilby & Spinifex Hopping Mouse (Bilby) 1. List the adaptations for thermoregulation in the appropriate sections below. Structural Physiological Behavioural (Spinifex Hopping Mouse) 1. Circle the correct elimination of Nitrogenous waste: 2. In Australia there is often no free water available in arid areas. How do animals that live in these areas obtain water necessary for survival? 3. List the adaptations for water balance in the appropriate sections below. Structural Physiological Behavioural

10 page 10 Mammal: Squirrel Monkey / 1. In the box below sketch the animal and its adaptations for thermoregulation. Structural Behavioural Physiological 1. Circle the correct elimination of nitrogenous waste: 2. Explain the advantages of eliminating nitrogenous waste this way. Advantages: 3. How might climate change affect the survival of an animal that eliminates nitrogenous waste this way?

11 page 11 Mammal: Asian Elephant 1. Look at the elephant enclosure. What features have been included to help the elephants thermoregulate? 2. Theoretically, a large animal has a small surface to volume ratio. How does the elephant manage to increase its surface area to volume ratio? 1. Circle the correct form for the elimination of nitrogenous waste : 2. Locate some elephant faeces. From what you observe, do you think the elephant is efficient at conserving water? Explain your answer.

12 page 12 Fish: 1. How do fish adapt to changes in water temperature? 2. Explain the differences in the diagrams below 3. Explain the difference between waste elimination in Marine and Freshwater fish.