Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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1 Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero

2 Big Ideas Physical laws and environment constrain size and shape. Energy from food sustains form and function. Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior.

3 All animals face a similar set of problems (how to nourish themselves, obtain oxygen, get rid of waste, etc.) Form and function are closely correlated. Natural selection will favor individuals with the best traits.

4 Physical Laws and the Environment Physical laws and the need to exchange materials with the environment place limits on the range of animal forms. Ex: shape of fast-swimming fish and aquatic animals

5 More complex body plans Organisms with more complex body plans have highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials.

6 Levels of Organization Tissues groups of cells with a common structure and function

7 Levels of Organization Epithelial covers the outside of body lines organs and cavities

8

9 Levels of Organization Connective binds and supports other tissues major types: loose connective, adipose (fat), fibrous connective, cartilage, bone and blood

10

11 Levels of Organization Muscle 3 types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Nervous

12

13 Different tissues are organized into organs.

14 Organs and Organ Systems Organs make up organ systems.

15

16 Bioenergetics All organisms require energy for growth, repair, physiological processes, regulation, and reproduction. Bioenergetics the flow of energy through an animal Energy ultimately limits the animal s behavior, growth, and reproduction.

17 Energy Sources and Allocation Food is used to: make ATP, which powers cellular work biosynthesize (grow, repair, store fat, produce gametes)

18 Quantifying Energy Use Metabolic rate amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

19 Endotherms vs. Ectotherms Birds and mammals are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism typically have higher metabolic rates Amphibians and reptiles gain their heat mostly from external sources have lower metabolic rates

20 Size and Metabolic Rate Metabolic rate per gram is inversely related to body size among similar animals. Why?

21 Activity and Metabolic Rate The basal metabolic rate (BMR) metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest Maximum possible metabolic rate is inversely related to the duration of the activity.

22

23 Homeostatic Control What is homeostasis? Interstitial fluid the internal environment of vertebrates can be very different from the external environment 3 functional components: a receptor (detects levels), a control center (creates set point, assess), and an effector (create changes to set system back to set point)

24 NEGATIVE feedback buildup of the end product shuts the system off POSITIVE feedback buildup of the end product amplifies the change

25 Thermoregulation Thermoregulation process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

26 Thermoregulation in Animals 40 River otter (endotherm) Body temperature ( C) Largemouth bass (ectotherm) Ambient (environmental) temperature ( C)

27 Endothermy more energetically expensive than ectothermy but buffers animals internal temperatures against external fluctuations enables the animals to maintain a high level of aerobic metabolism

28 Modes of Heat Exchange Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes Figure 40.13

29 Modes of Heat Exchange Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes. Many endotherms and ectotherms can alter blood flow. Vasodilation blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss Figure Vasoconstriction blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

30 Behavioral Responses

31 Torpor and Hibernation Torpor short-termed hibernation Hibernation longtermed Estivation summer topor Daily torpor

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