Evolution 8 th Grade Science Mr. Banks
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1 Evolution 8 th Grade Science Mr. Banks
2 Evolution is a scientific theory Lets discuss for a moment what a scientific theory is.
3 Hypothesis vs theory vs law Hypothesis - a proposed explanation for a natural occurrence based on observations. Can be disproven via experimentation Can never be proven right, more evidence can be gathered to support the hypothesis, but it can never be definitively proven The term is usually used to describe an explanation that does not have much supporting evidence yet.
4 Hypothesis vs theory vs law Theory - a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported repeatedly by different experiments or evidence. Accepted as a good explanation of a phenomenon. A theory is valid as long as significant evidence has not been accumulated to dispute it. Like a hypothesis, it can never be proven right
5 Hypothesis vs theory vs law Law a description of repeated experimental observations without an explanation of how they occur. The observed phenomenon always occurs without exception under the expected conditions. Can be disproven with evidence that contradicts the law. Yet again, it can never be proven right.
6 The earth is roughly 4.6 Billion years old. Primitive life is believed to have formed 3.85 Billion years ago. The earth is old, and a lot has changed over time. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
7 The earth is roughly 4.6 Billion years old. Primitive life is believed to have formed 3.85 Billion years ago. The earth is old, and a lot has changed over time. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
8 The earth is roughly 4.6 Billion years old. Primitive life is believed to have formed 3.85 Billion years ago. The Earth is old, and a lot has changed over time. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
9 Deep Time The concept that the earth is incredibly, inconceivably old.
10 Evolution: Evolution is a change in the gene pool of a population of organisms over time. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
11 For most of modern history until the early 1800 s, most biological thinking was essentialism. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
12 For most of modern history until the early 1800 s, most biological thinking was essentialism. This is the idea that every species has characteristics that are unalterable or cannot change. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
13 Peppered moths evolutionary adaptation Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
14 Peppered moths evolutionary adaptation Same species A change in genes within the species due to their environment Man made cause of evolution Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
15 Geneticists have the ability to actually alter a species by changing genes.
16 Geneticists have the ability to actually alter a species by changing genes.
17 Geneticist have the ability to actually alter a species by changing genes. This is a picture of a beak in a genetically altered chicken that grew teeth. (this is an extreme example)
18 Geneticist have the ability to actually alter a species by changing genes. I have altered the genes of bacteria many times to make certain proteins that I wanted to create. I have also used selective breeding to create strains of mice that have traits I m interested in studying.
19 A gene is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring.
20 A gene is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring. When genes change over time in a population of organisms it is called Evolution
21 A gene is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring. When genes change over time in a population of organisms it is called
22 A gene is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring. When genes change over time in a population of organisms it is called Evolution
23 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the hypothesis of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
24 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the hypothesis of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
25 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the hypothesis of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. How do you think a giraffe got a long neck? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
26 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
27 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
28 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
29 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
30 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of transmutation of species, which turned out to have some flaws. Nonetheless was the first real theory of evolution. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
31 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published their views of evolutionary theory in 1859, these views are mostly what form our current ideas on evolution.
32 Natural Selection The gradual process by which traits become more or less common due to their effect on the reproductive success of an organism in its environment.
33 Survival of the fittest the individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce.
34 Survival of the fittest the individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce. Meaning that the best individuals will reproduce more and spread their successful traits.
35 Survival of the fittest the individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce. Meaning that the best individuals will reproduce more and spread their successful traits. This is one of the major components of evolutionary theory.
36 Survival of the fittest the individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce. Meaning that the best individuals will reproduce more and spread their successful traits. This is one of the major components of evolutionary theory.
37 The fossil record records changes in plants and animals over millions of years. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
38 The fossil record records changes in plants and animals over millions of years. From simple to more complicated. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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40 Principle of superposition. The rock layers on the bottom are older and will contain older specimens. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
41 Principle of superposition. The rock layers on the bottom are older and will contain older specimens. More primitive species on the bottom. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
42 Principle of superposition. The rock layers on the bottom are older and will contain older specimens. More primitive species on the bottom. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
43 Principle of superposition. The rock layers on the bottom are older and will contain older specimens. More primitive species on the bottom. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
44 Principle of superposition. The rock layers on the bottom are older and will contain older specimens. More primitive species on the bottom. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
45 Picture of fossilized cyanobacteria. 3.5 billion years ago. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
46 Many fossils are primitive sea creatures of the Cambrian period. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
47 You then find your more complicated marine shelled fossils. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
48 Earliest fishes: Still millions and millions of years ago. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
49 Radioactive isotope and carbon dating is an accurate method of determining age. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
50 Radioactive isotope and carbon dating is an accurate method of determining age. Dating to millions / billions of years ago. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
51 Radioactive isotope and carbon dating is an accurate method of determining age. Dating to millions / billions of years ago. May be off by 30,000 years. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
52 Radioactive isotope and carbon dating is an accurate method of determining age. Dating to millions / billions of years ago. May be off by 30,000 years. But when your talking millions that is very close. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
53 Early amphibians. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
54 Early Reptiles. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
55 Early Birds. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
56 Early mammals Mesozoic, still the time of the dinosaurs. 85 million years ago. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
57 Earliest Primate fossil: 47 million years ago. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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70 Extiction events
71 Why would a modern whale have vestigial leg bones? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
72 Why would a modern whale have vestigial leg bones? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
73 Millions of Years Ago Present
74 Millions of Years Ago Present
75 Millions of Years Ago Present
76 Millions of Years Ago Present
77 Millions of Years Ago Present
78 Millions of Years Ago Present
79 Millions of Years Ago Present
80 Millions of Years Ago Present
81 Millions of Years Ago Present
82 Answer: It use to be a species with legs before moving to the water. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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84 Rodhocetus
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90 Picture of fossil and recreation of a very early amphibian, the tiktaalik. Note location of where the fossil was found. Amphibians don t inhabit this colder area (Evidence of continental drift). Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
91 Picture of fossil and recreation of a very early amphibian, the tiktaalik. Note location of where the fossil was found. Amphibians don t inhabit this colder area (Evidence of continental drift). Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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98 The Coelacanth.
99 The Coelacanth. Believed to have gone extinct with dinosaurs.
100 The Coelacanth. Believed to have gone extinct with dinosaurs. Rediscovered (living) in 1938 off the coast of South Africa.
101 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals.
102 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
103 These different salamander species are closely related and live within a close geographic border of one another. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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109 We have found thousands of fossils of all different species. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
110 How many neck bones (vertebrae) does a giraffe and human have?
111 How many neck bones (vertebrae) does a giraffe and human have?
112 How many neck bones (vertebrae) does a giraffe and human have?
113 How many neck bones (vertebrae) does a giraffe and human have?
114 How many neck bones (vertebrae) does a giraffe and human have?
115 Chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
116 Chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
117 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Each student must pick one, or teacher will assign. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
118 They all have Some have Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
119 They all have Some have Eyes, Nose, Ears, Mouth Warmbloodedness Heart, Lungs, Organs Eat Food, Move Tetrapods (four limbs) Walrus has lost limbs. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
120 They all have Eyes, Nose, Ears, Mouth Warmbloodedness Heart, Lungs, Organs Eat Food, Move Tetrapods (four limbs) Walrus has lost limbs. Some have Teeth, Fur, Hoofs, Smell Glands Eggs Live Birth Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
121 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
122 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
123 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
124 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
125 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
126 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
127 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
128 How are these life forms similar in their structure and composition? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
129 Modern day animals share similar characteristics. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
130 Modern day animals share similar characteristics. Here, the arm bones of the earliest amphibian are similar in modern species. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
131 Modern day animals share similar characteristics. Here, the arm bones of the earliest amphibian are similar in modern species. Size and shape changes over time. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
132 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
133 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
134 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
135 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
136 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
137 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
138 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud.
139 The lobe-finned fish are thought to be the start of the terrestrial (land) animals. Picture of lung fish moving across the mud. What we call arms were once legs. We are tetrapods.
140 One theory suggests that land animals developed when smaller bodies of water periodically dried up.
141 One theory suggests that land animals developed when smaller bodies of water periodically dried up. Being able to crawl from one pool to the next aided in survival.
142 One theory suggests that land animals developed when smaller bodies of water periodically dried up. Being able to crawl from one pool to the next aided in survival. This ability was passed on from one generation to the next.
143 Another theory
144 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
145 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
146 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
147 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
148 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
149 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
150 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
151 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
152 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
153 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
154 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
155 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
156 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
157 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
158 Which picture below is a tetrapod?
159 What type of snake is this? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
160 What type of snake is this? Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
161 Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
162 This is not a snake, it s a skink. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
163 This is not a snake, it s a skink. An example of intermediate species between lizards and snakes. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
164 Many Pythons (snakes) have spurs (toenails) from when they use to have legs. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
165 Many Pythons (snakes) have spurs (toenails) from when they use to have legs. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
166 Many Pythons (snakes) have spurs (toenails) from when they use to have legs. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
167 This is a human tailbone. This is an example of a vestigial structure. Picture on right is human embryo. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
168 The geographic distribution of related species. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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172 Alfred Russel Wallace reasoned that the Indonesian archipelago can be divided into two distinct parts. One in which animals are closely related to those of Australia. And one in which the species are largely of Asian origin.
173 Alfred Russel Wallace reasoned that the Indonesian archipelago can be divided into two distinct parts. One in which animals are closely related to those of Australia. And one in which the species are largely of Asian origin.
174 Alfred Russel Wallace reasoned that the Indonesian archipelago can be divided into two distinct parts. One in which animals are closely related to those of Australia. And one in which the species are largely of Asian origin.
175 Alfred Russel Wallace reasoned that the Indonesian archipelago can be divided into two distinct parts. One in which animals are closely related to those of Australia. And one in which the species are largely of Asian origin.
176 What is so unique about this salamander?
177 What is so unique about this salamander?
178 Many species have entered caves where they have changed form. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
179 Many species have entered caves where they have changed form. If you live in complete darkness, than you don t need eyes and rely on other senses such smell, and touch. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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181 This is a cave angel fish. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
182 This is a cave angel fish. It has special hooks so that if can hold on to rocks in cave waterfalls. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
183 This is a cave angel fish. It has special hooks so that if can hold on to rocks in cave waterfalls. It also doesn t have eyes and has lost the colored pigment in its skin. Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved.
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