Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis
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1 C A T E R 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis BJECTIVE After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Define metabolism. 2. Describe the basic steps in glycolysis and indicate the major products and AT production. 3. Describe the Krebs citric acid cycle and its major products and AT production. 4. Describe the electron transport system and how AT is produced. 5. Compare glycolysis with anaerobic production of AT in muscle cells and fermentation. 6. Explain how other food compounds besides glucose are used as energy sources. 7. ame the discoverers of the anatomy of the DA molecule. 8. Know the basic structure of the DA molecule. 9. ame the nitrogen base pairs and how they pair up in the DA molecule. 10. Define the stages of the cell cycle. 11. Explain the significance of mitosis in the survival of the cell and growth in the human body. 12. Understand the significance of meiosis as a reduction of the genetic material and for the formation of the sex cells. AME: DATE:
2 52 ection 2 Chapter Exercises ACTIVITIE A. Completion Fill in the blank spaces with the correct term. 1. To maintain structure and function, must occur in cells. 2. The total chemical change occurring inside a cell is called. 3. builds and requires energy. 4. breaks down and releases energy. 5. These processes are called. 6. The process using C 2, 2, light, and chlorophyll to produce food is called. 7. Anaerobic glucose decomposition in yeast is called. 8. is the process for adding a phosphate to glucose during glycolysis. 9. is the result of cleaving fructose diphosphate. 10. Glycolytic breakdown of one glucose molecule provides two molecules. 11. The transition from C 3 pyruvic acid to C 2 acetyl-coa has a first transitional conversion of. 12. The Krebs citric acid cycle produces five acids in transition; they are,,,, and. 13. When yeast breaks down glucose, the resultant products are,, and. 14. During fermentation, the enzyme decarboxylase breaks down and. 15. Anaerobic breakdown of glucose in muscle cells produces. 16. Fatty acids and glycerol are products of digestion. 17. Digestion breaks down protein into. 18. Meiosis occurs only in the. 19. A(n) is a sequence of organic nitrogen base pairs that codes for a polypeptide or a protein. 20. Two purines in DA are and. 21. Two pyrimidines in DA are and. 22. The four letters in the alphabet of life are,,, and. 23. The cell cycle s three stages are,, and. 24. trands of DA duplicate themselves during the. 25. The four stages of mitosis are,,, and. 26. A(n) cell is an exact duplicate of a parent cell resulting from mitosis. 27. are a group of microtubules between cell poles. 28. Chromosomes first form a ring during. 29. The shortest and most dynamic phase is. 30. Actual cell division into two daughter cells is accomplished by a(n). 31. During, a nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes. 32. The male gamete is the and the female gamete is the. 33. Mitosis has one cell division; meiosis has.
3 Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis There are daughter cells produced during meiosis and each contains chromosomes. 35. Meiosis resembles mitosis during its second stage; however, there is no duplication of. 36. In telophase I, each pole has a cluster of chromosomes. 37. Crossing-over occurs only in. 38. The two hydrogen atoms that come off each of the two GALs go to the system. B. Matching Match the term on the right with the definition on the left. 39. sex cells a. crossing-over 40. citric acid cycle b. G defective cells spread c. spermatogenesis 42. two chromatids, one centromere d. diploid 43. cells divide continuously e. gametes 44. disruption of DA code copying f. telophase II 45. occurs in testes g. adenine 46. occurs in ovaries h. Rosalind Franklin 47. result in 4 haploid daughter cells i. Krebs 48. chromosomes exchange genetic material j. metaphase II 49. full number of chromosomes k. mutation 50. forms new cell wall l. oogenesis 51. final phase for cell division preparation m. AD 52. always pairs with thymine n. cancer 53. always pairs with cytosine o. AT 54. DA a winding staircase p. 2AD AT produced q. metastasize AT produced r. cell plate 57. energy from glucose s. guanine 58. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide t. glycolysis C. Key Terms Use the text to look up the following terms. Write the definition or explanation. 59. Acetaldehyde: 60. Aerobic:
4 54 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 61. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid: 62. Anaerobic respiration: 63. Cellular respiration metabolism: 64. Chiasmata: 65. Chromatid: 66. Chromatin: 67. Cleavage furrow: 68. Crossing-over: 69. Electron transfer/transport system: 70. Fermentation:
5 Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis Flavin adenine dinucleotide: 72. Gametogenesis: 73. Gerontologists: 74. Glycolysis: 75. aploid: 76. Kinetochore: 77. Lactic acid: 78. Metastasize: 79. Mutation: 80. hosphoglyceraldehyde (GAL):
6 56 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 81. hosphorylation: 82. olar bodies: 83. Quinone: 84. ynapsis: 85. Tetrad:
7 D. Labeling Exercise 86. Label the cellular respiration steps as indicated in Figure 4-1. Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis 57 A. B. C. Lactic acid. AT AD D. AD Cytoplasm E. AD 2 Electron transport system Extracellular fluid G. 2 lasma membrane F. Figure 4-1 A. B. C. D. E. F. G..
8 58 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 87. Label the mitosis phase as indicated in Figure 4-2. Centrioles ucleolus ucleus uclear membrane Cell membrane A. B. C. D. E. F. G.. I. Figure 4-2 A. F. B. G. C.. D. I. E.
9 E. Coloring Exercise Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis Using Figure 4-3, color the thymine molecule yellow, the adenine blue, the guanine green, and the cytosine orange. 5' end 5' C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 3' 3' end C 3 Adenine (A) Guanine (G) 3' end 3' 2 C 2 C Thymine (T) C 3 2 C Cytosine (C) 5' 2 C 5' end ugar-phosphate backbone of one DA strand itrogenous bases of the two DA strands connected by hydrogen bonds ugar-phosphate backbone of complementary DA strand Figure 4-3
10 60 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 89. Using Figure 4-4, color the deoxyribose red. Connect the TA, AT, GC, and CG with their respective colors (those used in Figure 4-3). = Deoxyribose, = hosphate, C = Cytosine, G = Guanine, A = Adenine, T = Thymine TA AT TA GC CG GC AT Figure 4-4 F. Critical Thinking Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 90. Why do we continue to breathe hard after exercise? 91. Why is meiosis necessary?
11 Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis Explain the difference between anabolism and catabolism. 93. Explain the plant/animal energy cycle. 94. Why is the biochemical production of energy more efficient than that of a man-made machine? 95. Why do alanine and lactic acid enter the cellular furnace at the pyruvic acid stage? 96. Why was the revelation of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick so important? 97. What is a gene? 98. Why is the genome project so important?
12 62 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 99. Is interphase really a resting phase? Explain Which of the three cellular reproduction careers interest you the most? Why? G. Crossword uzzle
13 Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis 63 Complete the crossword puzzle using the following clues. ACR DW 1. Formation of sex cells 1. Cell respiration 5. Cellular respiration 2. Visible pair of chromosomes 6. Disk of protein 3. equence of organic nitrogen chromosomes 4. Between phases 11. inched in area 7. Yeast cells feed on glucose 13. Friedreich the chemist 8. Exchange genetic material 15. Disruption of genetic code 9. Fertilized egg 16. hosphate group 12. Tumor moves 17. Bone cancer 14. eeding oxygen 18. rganelle duplication 18. From epithelial tissue 19. Reduction division 21. Dark threads 20. Cancer causing 22. airs with cytosine 24. ormal cell division 23. X-shaped structure 26. Formation of female egg 25. Break down molecule 27. Builds molecules 28. Without oxygen CATER QUIZ 1. The complete chemical process of chemical change in a cell is called a. anabolism d. glycolysis b. metabolism e. digestion c. catabolism 2. Breaking down molecules with a release of energy is a. anabolism d. glycolysis b. metabolism e. digestion c. catabolism 3. Using energy to construct molecular material is a. anabolism d. glycolysis b. metabolism e. digestion c. catabolism 4. The ultimate source of food is the result of a process called a. metabolism d. aerobics b. glycolysis e. mitosis c. photosynthesis
14 64 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 5. Which of the following is T used in photosynthesis? a. 2 d. chlorophyll b. 6C 2 e. 2 c. light 6. The first step in the process of breaking down a glucose molecule is a. digestion d. glycolysis b. aerobic e. photosynthesis c. anabolism 7. During the latter part of prolonged exercise, human muscles start to break down glucose by the process of a. anaerobic respiration d. anabolism b. aerobic respiration e. electron transport c. respiration 8. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down to a. lactic acid d. citric acid b. malic acid e. folic acid c. pyruvic acid 9. hosphoglyceric acid is formed in which step of glycolysis? a. first d. fourth b. second e. fifth c. third 10. When the phosphoglyceric acids are broken down, how many AT molecules are formed? a. 2 d. 8 b. 4 e. 10 c Aerobic glycolysis produces how many molecules of AT? a. 2 d. 8 b. 4 e. 10 c During the first part of the Krebs citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to a. acetic acid d. malic acid b. lactic acid e. succinic acid c. oxaloacetic acid
15 Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis The Krebs citric acid cycle takes place in the a. lysosome d. mitochondria b. vacuoles e. ribosomes c. nucleus 14. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is broken down into a. malic acid d. succinic acid b. pyruvic acid e. folic acid c. acetic acid 15. The electrons of which element are the primary substance carried by the electron transport system? a. hydrogen d. sulfur b. oxygen e. potassium c. phosphorus 16. The final product of fermentation is a. malic acid d. sugar b. alcohol e. bread c. yeast 17. During anaerobic production of AT in muscle, which acid is formed? a. pyruvic d. oxaloacetic b. folic e. lactic c. malic 18. Which of the following is T a carbohydrate? a. glucose d. monosaccharides b. starch e. glycerol c. glycogen 19. The actual separation of the cell into two daughter cells is called a. cytokinesis d. phosphorylation b. mitosis e. catabolism c. meiosis 20. The two purines are composed of a. folic acid and oxygen d. cytosine and adenine b. thymine and cytosine e. adenine and thymine c. adenine and guanine
16 66 ection 2 Chapter Exercises 21. The two pyrimidines are composed of a. folic acid and oxygen d. cytosine and adenine b. thymine and cytosine e. adenine and thymine c. adenine and guanine 22. Certain cells divide only if damaged; they are a. skin cells d. blood cells b. hair cells e. muscle cells c. liver cells 23. The longest phase of the cell cycle is a. prophase d. interphase b. telophase e. mitosis c. cytokinesis 24. Which of the following is T a stage of mitosis? a. interphase d. anaphase b. prophase e. telophase c. metaphase 25. Which of the following is T part of prophase? a. aster d. spindle fiber b. kinetochore e. none of the above c. centromere 26. All of the following are a part of metaphase EXCET a. aster d. spindle fiber b. kinetochore e. none of the above c. centromere 27. Which of the following is the shortest phase of mitosis? a. interphase d. anaphase b. prophase e. telophase c. metaphase 28. The final stage of mitosis is a. interphase d. anaphase b. telophase e. metaphase c. prophase
17 Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis A cell with 23 chromosomes is a. diploid d. haploid b. muscle e. gonad c. zygote 30. Which of the following cancers is considered hereditary? a. colon d. breast b. lung e. none of the above c. skin 31. The second stage of mitosis is a. metaphase d. telophase b. anaphase e. prophase c. cytokinesis 32. In the citric acid cycle, citric acid is formed from acetyl-coa reacting with which of the following? a. oxaloacetic acid d. GAL b. acetic acid e. glucose c. carbonic acid 33. Which of the following professionals establish daily balanced dietary intakes for individuals? a. cell biologists d. genetic engineers b. gerontologists e. consultants in planned parenthood c. dieticians
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