IMPROVED HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES AGAINST LEAF WILTING, ROOT ROT AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE INMANGO (Mangiferaindica L.)

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1 Geneti iversity in hestnuts of Kshmir vlley Pk. J. Agri. Si., Vol. 50(3), ; 2013 ISSN (Print) , ISSN (Online) IMPROVED HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES AGAINST LEAF WILTING, ROOT ROT AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE INMANGO (Mngiferini L.) Muhmm Nfees 1,*, See Ahm 2, Rheel Anwr 2, Ishtiq Ahm 1, Mryym 2 n R.R. Hussnin 3 1 University College of Agriulture n Environmentl Sienes, The Islmi University of Bhwlpur-63100, Pkistn; 2 Institute of Hortiulturl Sienes, University of Agriulture, Fisl-38040, Pkistn; 3 Pkistn Siene Fountion, Constitution Avenue G-5/2, Islm, Pkistn Corresponing uthor s e.mil: nfeeses@gmil.om Poor plnt helth onition ue to vrious known ioti n ioti stresses; eoming isster in eh mngo growing ountry of the worl inluing Pkistn. On the sis of previous reserhes on the ientifition of pthogen n severl ioti ftors; Soil renhing n folir spry of vrious onentrtions of Topsin M (TMIC), Aliette (ATP) n Riomil Gol (ACE) in omintion with CuSO 4 (Copper sulphte) ws one on mngo plnts of v. S.B. (Smr Bhist) Chuns showing wilting of leves n shoots. Folir pplition of miro-nutrients (Fe, B n Zn) (Iron, Boron n Zin) ws lso prtie to improve generl helth of experimentl plnts Month-wise emergene of flushes ws signifintly higher in ll trete plnts ompre with ontrol. Perentge of wilte leves n root rot in plnts, whih reeive renhing n folir tretments, ws signifintly reue ( 50%) ompre with untrete plnts. Nitrogen, phosphorus n potssium (N, P n K) levels in leves were signifintly improve in trete plnts ompre with ontrol. Sigmoi reltionship ws oserve etween fungiies n opper sulphte onentrtions n uptke of N, P n K in trete plnts. Applition of 250g ATP fungiie y folir spry plus 125g y soil renh, eh long with 50g CuSO 4 prove to e the est ginst lef wilting n it improve the N n P level in leves. While, pplition of 250g TMIC y folir spry n 125g y soil renh, eh with 50g CuSO 4, ws foun to e the est to reue the spre of root rot in experimentl plnts. Preliminry spry of TMIC long with Copper sulphte is effetive to improve plnt helth of mngo v. S.B. Chouns. Keywors: Soil renhing, fungiie spry, opper sulphte, wilting, root rot, mngo INTRODUCTION Mngo (Mngifer ini L.) is n importnt fruit rop in tropil n su-tropil limtes of the worl with n nnul proution of more thn 26 million metri tons on n re of pproximtely 3.44 million hetre (FAO, 2011). It remine the prt of religion n ulturl heritge in Ino- Pkistn, n eing ultivte in this region of worl for the lst four thousn yers (Cnolle, 1984) or even six thousn yers (Hills, 1952). It is fmous s the king of fruits for its exellent tste n goo nutritive qulities (Purseglove, 1972) in Ino-Pk. Per hetre proution of mngo in Pkistn is quite low (10.54 tons) (Anonymous, 2011) thn tul potentil of ultivrs. This is euse of ertin iseses whih iretly lower the proution (Purseley, 1993) whih ws improve up to 28% through proteting rop ginst iseses (Rwl, 1998; Hung et l., 2012). Sine the lte nineties, mngo eline or iek isese hs eome one of the most severe prolems in orhr mngement of the Sinh provine (Khnz et l., 2004; Khnz et l., 2004). Mlformtion of infloresene, nthrnose n mngo eline (slow n quik) iseses re well known in Pkistn (Nfees et l., 2010; Anwr et l., 2011; Akhtr et l., 2002; Kzmi et l., 2005). In most ses, the isese hs een hrterize y the exution of gum, wilting, iek, vsulr rowning n eth of the whole tree (Nrsimhuu n Rey, 1992; Khnz et l., 2004). Among these, quik eline is more estrutive (Sil et l., 2002) n is the omintion of severl iseses referre s eline isorers (Mhmoo n Gill, 2002). Their hrteristi symptoms re rying of twigs/rnhes from top to ownwr with srthy pperne (Prksh n Singh, 1976; Rg et l., 1971), gummosis, rk splitting (Rios-Cstno n Reuther, 1968), stem leeing (Mlik et l., 2004). In severe onition, rnhes strt rying one fter other in sequene, resulting in eth of the whole plnt (Khnz et l., 2004). Only pest ontrol work on mngo hs een one so fr (Khn, 1996) n sul orgnisms re ientifie y pthologists while isese mngement through fungiies pplition on fruit ering plnts is still missing. This is the reson tht prolem ggrvtes over the yers n even progressive growers hve to uproot highly proutive mngo plnts whih versely ffet the mngo inustry of the ountry (Anonymous, 2011). Keeping in view the ove finnil runh on mngo inustry through eline synrome, experiments were plnne to etermine the most effetive fungiie mong Topsin-M, Aliette n Riomil Gol with their reommene ose in omintion with CuSO 4 n est metho of pplition to minimize the spre of mngo

2 Nfees Ahm, Anwr, Ahm, Mryym &. Hussnin lef wilting, root rot n to improve plnt helth y inresing the intensity of new flushes n nutrient uptke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment ws plnne on elining mngo plnts v. S.B. Chuns of 12 yer ol, eing grown in ommeril orhr of uniform su-tropil gro-limti onitions ( N E) uring Ative ingreients in Topsin-M, Aliette n Riomil Gol is Thiophnte methyl (imethyl [1-2-phenylene) -is (iminoronotheyl) (TMCI), Aluminiumtris (O-ethyl phosphnte (ATP) n Ai methyl ester (ACE), respetively. T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 7 Desription Wter spry only (Control) 400g TMCI n 100g CuSO 4 y soil renhing n 250g TMCI n 100g CuSO 4 y folir spry 250g TMCI n 50g CuSO 4 y soil renhing n 125g TMCI n 50g CuSO 4 y folir spry 400g ATP n 100g CuSO 4 y soil renhing n 250g ATP n 100g CuSO 4 y folir spry 250g ATP n 50g CuSO 4 y soil renhing n 125g ATP n 50g CuSO 4 y folir spry 400g ACE n 100g CuSO 4 y soil renhing n 250g ACE n 100g CuSO 4 y folir spry 250g ACE n 50g CuSO 4 y soil renhing n 125g ACE n 50g CuSO 4 y folir spry For oth soil renhing n folir spry, hemils were issolve in 100 L of wter. Soil renhing n folir spry prties were rrie out in April n My respetively uring eh yer. All ry shoots long with 4 inh helthy shoots were remove from experimentl plnts inluing ontrol uring April y using utolve sterilize shrp xe n pruning sissors to minimize further spre of isese. Mironutrient mixture of (FeSO 4 400g +Boreux 200g n ZnSO 4 100g) per 20 L of wter ws sprye on ll experimentl plnts inluing ontrol uring the month of My fter neutrlizing the solution with limestone. Plnts were lso supplie with 3kg NPK (17:17:17), syntheti fertilizer of Engro Chemils, uner the plnt nopy of ll experimentl plnts inluing ontrol to improve plnt helth. Ten terminls of 1.5 to 2 m thikness were rnomly selete on eh plnt from shouler height y moving roun the plnt to reor month wise emergene of flushes. Perentge of wilte leves ws reore fter nine months of its emergene. Numer of rotten roots, ws reore y igging one squre feet hole t six ifferent ples uner the plnt nopy. N, P n K levels in 5-7 month ol leves (Chh et l., 1986) were nlyze y using the metho esrie y (Chpmn n Prker, 1961). Experiment ws onute in rnomize omplete lok esign (RCBD), with seven tretments n three replitions onsiering whole plnt s inepenent experimentl unit. Dt ws nlyze with softwre (MSTAT-C, 1989). The lest signifint ifferenes etween tretments were evlute t α=0.05. Reovery of elining mngo plnts ws ssesse on the sis of helthy shoot emergene, perentge of wilte leves, numer of rotten roots n improvement in lef N, P n K sttus in trete n ontrol plnts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effet of fungiies n CuSO 4 soil renhing n folir spry on vegettive growth: There ws signifint ifferene etween trete n ontrol plnts for April to July flushes, however, LSD vlue (1.08) for T 2 to T 7 showe nonsignifint ifferenes for the emergene of April n July flushes (Fig. 1). Signifintly higher My flushes reore in response to low ose of Riomil Gol (T 7 ) followe y its high ose (T 6 ) n lest My flushes were reore in T 2. Signifintly higher June flushes were reore for high ose of Aliette (T 4 ) whih ws t pr with high n low ose of Topsin-M (T 2 n T 3 ). Results in this experiment showe tht there ws no ifferene etween type n ose of fungiie n opper sulphte pplition for the emergene of April n July flushes. This might e ue to reson tht we trete experimentl plnts in April so less time for the emergene of flushes in this month. Signifint ifferene for My n June flushes ws ue to the reson tht perentge of root rot ws reue n effiieny of nutrient uptke ws improve. Signifintly less emergene of flushes in ontrol plnts prove tht eline synrome oul e minimize with timely pplition of proper fungiie in orhr s it ws erlier reporte y (Ahme et l., 1995) who evlute vrious fungiies ginst iek n nopy volume in mngo t their reommene oses n reporte tht three folir sprys of eh of Topsin-M n Benlte t the rte of 1.5 g l -1 n 0.5 g l -1, respetively, were effetive in inresing lef shoot re. Our results lso support the finings of Nrsimhnuu n Rey (1992) who showe tht mximum isese ontrol with more helthy flushes ws hieve y pplying 1% Boreux mixture followe y 0.8% Boreux mixture n renzim uring tive growth (spring) seson. Effets of soil renhing n spry of fungiies n CuSO 4 on lef wilting n root rot: Signifint ifferene ws reore etween trete n ontrol plnts for wilting leves (Fig. 2). Highly signifint wilte leves (65.44%) (from tip n mrgins) were reore in ontrol (T 1 ) plnts followe y low ose of Topsin-M (T 3 ) n high ose of Riomil Gol (T 6 ), respetively. The lowest perentge of wilte leves ws reore in plnts reeive tretment (T 5 ) n (T 7 ) n (T 4 ) for wilte leves. 394

3 No of rotten roots No. of flushes Nfees Ahm, Anwr, Ahm, Mryym &. Hussnin f e April flush My flush June flush July flush 0.00 Figure 1. Effet of soil Tretments renhing n folir spry on month wise emergene of flushes. Mens with ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t p<0.05. Experimentl plnts showe signifint ifferene in the reution of root rot s result of soil renhing n folir spry of ifferent onentrtions of selete fungiies n CuSO 4. Signifintly higher numer rotten roots (22.11) ws reore in ontrol plnts whih ws followe y n in plnts whih reeive low ose of Aliette (T 5 ) n high ose of Riomil Gol (T 6 ), respetively. Low ose of Topsin-M (T 3 ) ws est with signifintly less numer of rotten roots (19.22) whih ws sttistilly sme with high ose of Topsin M (T 2 ), high ose of Aliette (T 4 ) n low ose of Riomil Gol (T 7 ), respetively. Our results lso revel tht wilte/ry leves were signifintly reue in trete plnts ompre with ontrol. The highest perentge of wilte leves ws reore in ontrol (T 1 ) n lest perentge ws ounte in plnts renhe n sprye with lower oses of Alliete (T 5 ) n Riomil Gol (T 7 ). These fining re in line with the results of Ahme et l. (1995) who reporte tht spry of ifferent fungiies helpe in reution of rying n nthrnose in mngo. The results lso orrelte with the finings of (Nrsmnuu n Rey, 1992) tht the rte of lef wilting n e reue y using pste of opper se Boreux mixture or Crenzime s fungiies were opper se in our experiments. Results re in line with the fining of Weinert et l. (1997) who stte tht lossom light n lef rying oul e well ontrolle with 0.025% Benomyl spry. Root rot ws effetively ontrolle in plnts renhe n sprye with ifferent oses of Topsin-M, Aliette n Riomil Gol ompre with untrete plnts. There ws mximum spre of root rot in ontrol plnts while plnts trete with Topsin- M ontine minimum numer of rotten roots. Intensity of root rot ws signifintly reue with ontinue soil renhing n sprying of fungiies s one in three yer of this stuy. These finings were supporte y severl erlier reports (Pegg et l., 1987; Guest et l., 1995; Whiley et l., 1995) whih suggests tht trunk injetion, soil renhing n folir spry of ifferent fungiies oul ontrol Phytophthor root rot in voos n other fruit plnts. Risk ftors in soil renhing must lso e tken into ount s Kiser n Whiley (1998) reporte tht pplition of fungiie (Phosphonte) through soil renhing ws uneonomil n moreover, renhing my inrese the risk for evelopment of pthogen resistne, thus, we use est methos hving miniml sie effet on plnt helth. Wilte leves (%) Figure 2. Effet of soil renhing Tretments n spry of fungiies n opper sulphte on lef wilting in mngo. Mens with ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t p<0.05. Rotten roots Figure 3. Effet of soil renhing Tretmentn spry of fungiies n opper sulphte on root rot. Mens with ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t p<

4 % ge Nfees Ahm, Anwr, Ahm, Mryym &. Hussnin Effet of soil renhing n spry of fungiies n CuSO 4 on NP n K level in leves: Nitrogen, phosphorus n potssium onentrtion ws estimte in mture n helthy leves of trete n ontrol plnts. The results re presente in Figure 4. Highly signifint effet of soil renhing n folir spry of fungiies n CuSO 4 ws reore for nitrogen (N) uptke in leves ompre with ontrol. Sttistilly highest N (1.33%) ws reore in leves of plnts reeiving low ose of Aliette (T 5 ) followe y high n low ose of Riomil Gol (T 6 n T 7 ) with 1.27% n 1.26% N, respetively. Sttistilly signifint effet of soil renhing n spry prties ws lso reore on phosphorus (P) level in leves of trete plnts ompre with ontrol whih showe the lowest level of P (0.13%) in leves. The highly signifint level of P (0.17%) ws reore in plnts trete with fungiies n CuSO 4 with low ose of Aliette (T5) whih ws sttistilly similr with low ose of Topsin-M (T 3 ), high ose of Aliette (T 4 ) n high ose of Riomil Gol (T 6 ). Signifint effet of tretments ws reore for K uptke in leves with highest vlue (0.53%) in leves of plnts reeiving low ose of Riomil Gol (T 7 ) followe y high ose of Aliette (T 4 ), (0.52%). In our reserh N, P n K level in leves of trete plnts ws signifintly higher ompre with ontrol. This prove tht renhing n folir spry of fungiies n opper sulphte ws effetive ginst mngo eline y improving plnt helth. Our results re in orne with the finings of Mhmoo et l. (2002) who reore tht two sprys of 1g l -1 effetively reue mngo eline n improve plnt nutrient level in leves. Similr results were reporte y Li et l. (1995) y working on iek of Jpnese priot. The results support to the finings of Werner (1993) who stte tht pplition of ploutrzol improve the level of severl nutrient ontents of the leves with inrese N, C, Mn, Zn. Our results prove tht omintion of soil renhing n folir spry of fungiies plus opper sulphte improve plnt helth y reuing lef wilting, root rot n inrese the intensity of new flushes n nutrient uptke. This ws supporte y Rwl (1998) who oserve tht iek of mngo oul e ontrolle y the spry of 0.1% Crenzim, 0.1% Methyl ethiophnte or 0.2% Chlorothlonil t fortnightly intervls. Lonsle n Kotze (1993) lso onfirme our finings tht these ro-spetrum systemi fungiies (Topsin M, Aliette n Riomil Gol) were enefiil for the ontrol of mngo ie-k isese. The results in this experiment were lso in line with the work of Prksh n Roof (1989) tht effetively ontrolle mngo eline y pruning the ffete portions n sprying with 5:5:50 Boreux mixture. Similrly Khnz et l. (2005) stte tht proper snittion, irrigtion n fertiliztion with t lest three fortnightly sprys of opper se fungiies Crenzim oul ontrol mngo eline uner fiel onitions. Finings from this experiment my ply signifint role in mngement of mngo eline where poor orhr mngement prties suh s improper irrigtion, interropping, root injuries y eep ploughing n presene of infeste plnts hve een reporte to e preisposing ftors of eline mly (See et l., 2007) f e e Figure 4. Effet of soil renhing n spry of fungiies on NP & K uptke in Mngo. Mens with ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t p<0.05. Conlusion: Poor plnt helth is leing s mjor ftor in reuing proution n using huge eonomi losses to mngo inustry of the ountry. On the sis of reserh worke y pthologists on mngo eline, soil renhing n folir spry of opper-se systemi fungiie oul e helpful to reue spre of lef wilting, root rot n improve plnt helth in mngo if these prties re strte t erly stge of eline intensity. Our finings suggest tht soil renhing of 250g of ny fungiie (Aliette, Topsin M or Riomil Gol) n 50g of CuSO 4 long with folir pplition of 125g of the respetive fungiies with 50g of CuSO 4 ws the est to improve plnt helth inluing lef wilting, root rot n improving lef nutrient sttus in mngo v. S.B. Chouns. REFERENCES Ahme, I., A., Mhmoo, K. Mjee n A. Sleem Evlution of vrious Fungiies ginst ie-k isese use y Diplointlensisin mngo. Pk. J. Phytopthol. 7: Akhtr, K.P. n S. Alm Assessment keys for some importnt iseses of mngo. Pk. J. Biol. Si. 5: Anonymous FAO proution yer ook. Foo n Agriulture Orgniztion of the Unite Ntions, Rome. N % P % K % 396

5 Nfees Ahm, Anwr, Ahm, Mryym &. Hussnin Anonymous Pkistn Sttistil Yer Book. Feerl Bureu of Sttistil Yer Book. Sttistil Division, Govt. of Pkistn. Anwr, R., S. Ahm, I.A. Rjwn, A.S. Khn, N. Memon n M. Nfees Phenologil growth ptterns n florl mlformtion of mngo (Mngiferini L.) tree uner sutropil limte. Pk. J. Agri. Si. 48: Cnolle, D.E Origin of ultivte plnts, hp. II. K. Pul pulisher ompny Lonon. Chpmn, H.D. n F. Prker Determintion of NPK metho of nlysis for soil, plnt n wters. Pvt. Div. Agri. Univ. Cliforni, USA. pp Chh, K.L. n R.N. Pl Mngifer ini. In: A.H. Hlevy (e.), CRC Hnook of flowering. CRC Press In., Flori, pp FAO FAO Stt. Foo n Agriulturl Orgniztion of the Unite Ntion. Aville online with uptes t Guest, D.I., K.G. Pegg n A.W. Whiley Control of Phytophthoriseses of tree rops using trunk-injete phosphontes. Hort. Rev. 17: Hills, A.F Eonomis Botny.MGrw Hill, New York. Hung, S., G. Zhu, L. Qin, X. Zhou, F. Hung, Q. Li, W. Yn, H. Hung, Z. Cen, G. Fu n C. Hu Enhnement of effiy in ontrolling posthrvest eys n extening shelf life of mngoes y omine pre- n post-hrvest hemil pplitions. Int. J. Agri. Biol. 14: Kiser, C. n A.W. Whiley Effets of phosphonte soil renhing on voo (PersemerinMill.) root phosphonte onentrtion. Tlking Avoos 9:15. Kzmi, M.R., F.S. Fteh, K. Mjee, A.M. Kshkhely, I.Hussin, I. Ahm n A. Jeen Iniene n etiology of mngo suen eth phenomenon in Pkistn. Pk. J. Phytopthol. 17: Khn, I.A., M.A. Kn, M. Asif, M.J. Jskni, K. Du, N.H. Lr, M.R. Kzmi, n L.A. Khn Ntionl oorinte reserh projet on mngo: First nnul report. Deptt. Of Horti., Uni. of Agri. Fisl, Pkistn. p.240. Khnz, M.A., A.M. Lohi n S. Shhz Mngo iek n gummosis in Sinh, Pkistn use y Lsioiploitheorome. Plnt Helth Progress oi: /php dg. Khnz, M.A., A.M. Lohi n S. Shhz Pthogeniity of Lsioiploitheoromen Fusriumsolni on mngo. Pk. J. Bot. 36: Khnz, M.A., A.M. Lohi n S. Shhz Deline n gummosis iseses of mngo in Sinh use y Lsioiploitheorome.Plnt Helth Progress: /PHP DG. Khnz, M.A., M. Lohi n S. Shhz Chemil ontrol of lsioiploitheorome, the usl gent of mngo Deline in Sinh. Pk. J. Bot. 37: Li, H.Y., R.B. Co n Y.T. Mu In vitro inhiition of Botryospheriothiee n Lsioiploitheorome, n hemil ontrol of gummosis iseses of Jpnese priot n peh plnts in Zhejing provine, Chin. Crop Prot. 14: Lonsle, J.H. n J.M. Kotze Chemil ontrol of mngo lossom isese n the effet on fruit set n yiel. Plnt Dis. 77: Mhmoo, A. n M.A. Gill Quik eline of mngo n in vitro response of fungiies ginst the isese. Int. J. Agri. Biol. 4 : Mhmoo, A., A. Sleem n K.M. Akhtr Mngo eline in Pkistn n its mngement. Pk. J. Phytopthol.14: Mlik, M.T., A.A. Dsti n S.M. Khn Some mngele preisposing ftors of ollr/stem rot of mngo. Pk. J. Phytoipthol. 16: MSTAT MSTAT user guie: A miroomputer progrm for the esign mngement n nlysis of gronomi reserh experiments. Mihign Stte Univ. Est Lnsing, USA. Nfees, M., R. Anwr, M. Jmeel, M.N. Aslm, S. Ahm, F.Z. Akhtr n N. Memon Flushing pttern of mngo (Mngiferini L.) ultivrs in response to pruning of pniles n its effet on rry over effet of florl mlformtion. Pk. J. Agri. Si. 47: Nrsimhnuu, Y. n P.S.N. Rey A note on gummosis of mngo. Inin Phytopthol.45: Prksh, O. n M.A. Roof Diek isese of mngo (MngiferiniL.), its istriution, iniene, use n mngement. Phytopthologi Brsiliensis 14: Prksh, O. n U.N. Singh New isese of mngo. Pro. of Fruit Reserh Workshop, Hyer, Ini My. pp Pegg, K.G., A.W. Whiley, P.W. Lngon n J.B. Srnh Comprison of phosetyl-al, phosphorous i n metlxyl for the long-term ontrol of Phytophthor root rot of voo. Aust. J. Experi. Agri. 27: Purseglove, J.W Mngoes West of Ini.At Horti. 24: Purseley, D Disese of fruit orps.deptt.of Primry Inustries, Brisne, Queensln, Austrli. Rg, M.M., K.A. Set n N.A. Dwoo Botryiploitheorome Pt. The use of fruit rote n iek of mngo in A.R.E. Agriulturl Reserh Review, Ciro 49: Rwl, R.D Mngement of fungl iseses in tropil fruits. In: R.K. Aror n V.R. Ro (es.), Tropil. Fruits in Asi: Diversity, Mintenne, Conservtion n Use. Pro. of the IPGRI- 397

6 Nfees Ahm, Anwr, Ahm, Mryym &. Hussnin ICARUTFANET regionl trining ourse on the onservtion n use of germplsm of tropil fruits in Asi hel t Inin Institute of Hortiulturl Reserh, 18-3J My 1997, Bnglore, Ini. Rios-Cstno, D. n W. Reuther Brk rking of mngo trunk. Pro. of Tropil Reserh. J. Amer.So. Hort. Si. 11: See, S., N. Hussin n R. Attique Etiology n mngement of suen eth phenomenon in mngo. Seon Annul Report.Deptt.ofEntomolo. Uni.College of Agri. BhuinZkriy Uni., Multn.pp Sil, A.K Mngo: fruit for the worl mrket. Business of Finne Review, the News.10 th April, 2002, Lhore, Pkistn. Weinert, M.P. A. Drenth, S.H. Soo, J.A.G. Irwin n K.G. Pegg Different phosphorous i sensitivity levels in Phytophthorinnmomi isoltes from trete n untrete voo trees. In: Pro. of Austrlsin Plnt Pthology Soiety, 11 Biennil Conferene. p.35. Werner, H Influene of ploutrzol on growth n lef nutrient ontent of mngo (v. Blno). At Hort. 341:225. Whiley, A.W., P.A. Hrgreves, K.G. Pegg, V.J. Doogn, L.J. Rule, J.B. Srnh n P.W. Lngon Chnging sink strengths influene trnslotion of phosphonte in voo (PersemerinMill.) trees. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 46: