Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17(5) 2018,

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1 At Si. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17(5) 2018, e-issn ORIGINAL PAPER Aepte: POSSIBILITIES OF USING CHEMICAL AGENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF Gerer jmesonii AGAINST Phytophthor ryptoge Ann Chmielowie-Korzeniowsk 1, Mglen Ptszek 2, Piotr Brył 1, Tomsz Lip 1, Mirosłw Korzeniowski 3 1 University of Life Sienes in Lulin, Poln 2 Reserh Institute of Hortiulture, Skierniewie, Poln 3 Byer Poln ABSTRACT The ojetive of the stuy ws to evelop effetive hemil methos of protetion of Gerer jmesonii ginst Phytophthor ryptoge with onsiertion of the wy of their pplition. In lortory onitions, the tivity of 7 teste gents ws evlute se on growth of P. ryptoge on meium ontining fungiies, n size of nerosis in inoulte gerer lef les. In greenhouse tests, growth of plnts in infete sustrte ws ssesse. The stuy showe vrile suseptiility of Phytophthor ryptoge to the teste plnt protetion prouts. The est solution proteting gerer rops ginst P. ryptoge turne out to e Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 68 WG. In progrms of gerer protetion ginst Phytophtor, the gent shoul e introue y mens of wtering. Prouts suh s Arot MZ 69 WG, Infinito SC, n Milex WG n e onsiere n element of integrte protetion of gerer. Key wors: Phytophtor ryptoge, hemil gents, pplition metho INTRODUCTION Phytophthor ryptoge Pethyrige & Lfferty ws first esrie in 1919 in Ireln s the usl gent of stem se rot of tomto. Sine then, the pthogen hs een reore on more thn 150 host plnts [Olson n Benson 2013]. It is speies with ro rnge of ourrene, oth in geogrphil n limti terms. P. ryptoge is urrently onsiere one of the most ngerous pthogens of ornmentl plnts, prtiulrly those ultivte in greenhouses n foil tunnels. In Poln, the isusse speies ws first reporte in the erly 1970 s in plntings of gerer (Gerer jmesonii) [Orlikowski 1976/77]. In the following yers, the pthogen ws isolte from pot plnts, inluing inerri (Seneio ruentus), Phypoium lmerei [Orlikowski 1993], n poinsetti (Euphori pulherrim) [Orlikowski n Ptszek 2013], n from foil tunnel ultivtions of Peruvin lilly (Alstroemeri hyri) [Ptszek n Skrzypzk 2008]. Until now, P. ryptoge hs lso een reore in ontiner ornmentl plnt nurseries, in ultivtion of oth eiuous n oniferous plnts [Orlikowski n Szkut 2008, Orlikowski n Ptszek 2008, Orlikowski et l. 2012]. Fst spreing of the speies shoul e efinitely ssoite with the interntionl tre of plnt mteril tht hs een intensifying for mny yers. An eqully importnt soure of P. ryptoge is wter from nturl strems n wter oies, n pons lote in ornmentl plnt nurseries, s well s wter use for irrigtion [Orlikowski et l. 2012, Ptszek n Orlikowski 2015]. gri@pozt.onet.pl Copyright y Wywnitwo Uniwersytetu Przyronizego w Lulinie

2 In the proution of gerer, P. ryptoge is the si prolem using rotting of the shoot se [Orlikowski 1978]. The pthogen evelops in the groun where it infets the shoot se leing to its rowning n ying. Still in the 1980 s, the isese ws the use of losses rehing up to 50% [Orlikowski et l. 2012]. The evelopment of the pthogen is fvore y orgni sustrte with high ontent of pet, n its high moisture n temperture. Due to this, the isese mnifesttions our with high intensity in greenhouse ultivtions. Here, P. ryptoge spres with wter uring wtering, or through pillry sent in ontiners, n through infeste sustrte n seelings [Orlikowski n Ptszek 2007]. Phytophtorosis in greenhouse ojets spres lrey within severl weeks from plnting. In fvorle onitions, evelopment of the isese n le to omplete estrution of plntings. Therefore, mesures minimizing losses ue to the ourrene of P. ryptoge re extremely importnt. Besies mintining phytosnitry onitions in greenhouse n proution of plnts from helthy seelings, the sis of protetion shoul onsist of integrte protetion of plnts inluing seletion of pproprite plnt protetion prouts. The ojetive of the stuy ws the evelopment of effetive hemil methos of protetion of Gerer jmesonii ginst Phytophthor ryptoge with onsiertion of the wy of their pplition. MATERIAL AND METHODS The stuy evlute the effiieny of 7 hemil plnt protetion prouts, inluing fungiies use for preventive n urtive potto protetion (Pyton Consento 450 SC) n vegetle plnts (Arot MZ 69 WG, Infinito SC) n in the protetion of strwerries (Lun Senstion 500 SC) ginst fungl iseses (T. 1). Only three fungiies were registere uring tests for the protetion of ornmentl plnts, inluing: Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 67.8 WG is fungiie in the form of grnules for queous suspension with systemi n ontt moe of tion, for preventive use uring intensive plnt growth; Milex WG is fungiie with systemi moe of tion for preventive n urtive use in the protetion of ornmentl plnts (phytophthor, owny milew) n vegetle (powery milew, potto light, lternriosis); Tle 1. List of teste plnt protetion prouts No. Prout tre nme Ative sustnes n their ontent 1. Arot MZ 69 WG 2. Infinito SC 3. Lun Senstion 500 S.C. 4. Pyton Consento 450 S.C. 5. Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 67.8 WG 6. Milex WG 7. Previur Energy 840 SL imetomorf (90 g kg 1 ), mnoze (600 g kg) propmor hyrohlorie (625 g l 1 ), fluopiolie (62.5 g l 1 ) fluopyrm (250 g l 1 ), trifloxystroin (250 g l 1 ) propmor hyrohlorie (375 g l 1 ), fenmione (75 g l 1 ) metlxyl-m (38.8 g kg 1 ), mnoze (640 g kg 1 ) fosetyl-luminium (667 g kg 1 ) fenmione (44 g kg 1 ) propmor hyrohlorie (530 g l 1 ), fosetyl-luminium (310 g l 1 ) Registere for ornmentl plnt protetion/ pplition metho no no no no yes / wtering yes / sprying yes / wtering 136

3 Previur Energy 840 SL is fungiie in the form of onentrte for mking systemi queous solution for preventive n urtive use in the protetion of vegetle n ornmentl plnts (inoor uses) n in forest nurseries ginst soil fungi omplex. The experiments pplie one representtive isolte of P. ryptoge Pethyr. & Lff. Teste isolte ws selete rnomly from the pool of isoltes otine from isese Gerer jmesonii (vr. Eryk) plnts. The isolte ws ientifie on the sis of morphologil fetures, using ville monogrphs [Erwin n Rieiro 1996] n keys [Gllegly n Hong 2008]. Ientifition ws onfirme in PCR (Polymerse Chin Retion) with speies-speifi primers CRYF2/CRYR2 [Boersm et l. 2000] n Cryp1/Cryp2 [Mineri et l. 2008]. The ssessment of the effiieny of selete prouts for the protetion of gerer ginst P. ryptoge ws performe in lortory n greenhouse reserh. Assessment of the tivity of the nlyze prouts in lortory onitions In in vitro onitions, the effet of the forementione prouts on liner growth of P. ryptoge ws nlyze. The reserh pplie 7-y ultures of the speies growing on Potto Dextrose Agr (PDA) t temperture of 25 C in the rk. The nlyze hemil gents were e to flsks with sterilize PDA oole to 50 C, so tht the onentrtion of the tive sustne mounte to 1, 10, n 100 ppm, respetively. The ontrol onsiste of gr with no ition of the fungiie. Agr with the prout ws mixe, n then trnsferre to Petri ishes with imeter of 90 mm, 25 ml eh. The Petri ishes were ple in lminr flow inet for 24 hours until omplete soliifition of the sustrte. Next, gr iss with imeter of 5 mm overgrown y P. ryptoge hyphe were ple in the mile of eh Petri ish. On the ottom sie of Petri ishes, two perpeniulr lines were rwn, rosse t the right ngle in the enter of the inoulum. The Petri ishes were ple in n inutor, n inute t 25 C. Oservtions of the growth of the thllus were performe fter four n eight ys of inution. The imeter of olonies ws mesure long the rwn lines. For eh omintion, the experiment ws onute in four repetitions, one Petri ish eh. The experiment ws onute twie t twoweek intervl. The seon stge of the lortory reserh involve the ssessment of the effetiveness of teste prouts in limiting the oloniztion of gerer leves inoulte with P. ryptoge, in orne with the methoology esrie y Orlikowski n Szkut [2002]. The inoultion involve the pplition of 7-y ultures of P. ryptoge growing on V8 vegetle juie gr t temperture of 25 C. Solutions of the teste plnt protetion prouts t onentrtions of 0.1%, 0.15%, n 0.2% were prepre in glss ekers. Young gerer leves were soke in the nlyze solutions for two minutes, n then ple in trys (with imensions of m) line with moist, sterile, syntheti mt overe with plsti mesh so tht they o not ome in iret ontt with the moist sustrte. Gerer lef les were inoulte with stuie pthogen in three ples through punture y mens of isseting neele. The trys were overe with thin foil, n inute on lortory tles t temperture of C. Eh time, the tests inlue non-infeste ontrol, in whih orgns of plnts were inoulte with len gr iss, n n infete ontrol, where frgments of plnts were soke in only istille wter, n then infete with P. ryptoge hyphe. The tests were reviewe every y, n epening on the rte of ey evelopment, reings of the nerosis size were performe. The mesure of the effets of the nlyze prouts on the pthogen ws the imeter of neroti spots on leves. The experimentl esign ws ompletely rnomize with 4 replitions n 5 lef les eh. The experiments were onute twie in two-week intervl. Assessment of the tivity of the nlyze prouts in greenhouse onitions The pthogen inoulum ws prepre with the pplition of metho esrie y Orlikowski [1999] on ot meium (OM). In the entrl prt of 90 mm Petri ishes, n gr is overgrown with P. ryptoge 137

4 Dimeter of olony (mm) ws ple. The Petri ishes were inute for 10 ys in 25 C. Then, the sustrte ws homogenize with n ition of istille wter (150 ml per 1 Petri ish). The resulting uniform suspension ws mixe with pet sustrte in the following proportion: ontent of 1 Petri ish per 1 liter of pet sustrte. The sustrte ws ple in gs n inute in greenhouse for 14 ys. Then, roote gerer uttings (with 5 6 leves) were plnte in 1 liter pots fille with infete pet sustrte, n ple on sills in the greenhouse. Next, the plnts were trete with teste plnt protetion prouts (T. 1). Two wys of pplition of the prouts were use: in the first one, the uttings were wtere with 25 ml of working liqui, n in the seon one, they were thoroughly sprye. Eh time, the reserh inlue non-infete ontrol (without the pthogen) n n infeste ontrol (infeste sustrte with no pplition of prout). In ontrol smples, plnts were sprye/wtere only with len wter. The plnts were ultivte for 5 weeks t temperture of C n reltive ir moisture of 54 75%. During the experiment, fter two, three, n five weeks from plnting, the numer of leves with mnifesttions of rotting of the se of petioles ws etermine, s well s the numer of ffete plnts in the sme terms. The experiments were estlishe in system of rnom loks in four repetitions with 10 plnts eh, n repete twie in two-week intervl. After the ompletion of the lortory n greenhouse experiments, the usl gent of the isese ws isolte from neroti plnt tissues n from sustrte smple from uner the plnts. The isolte ws re-ientifie to the speies. Sttistil nlysis Otine results were sujet to sttistil proessing y mens of vrine nlysis. The signifine of ifferenes etween men vlues ws etermine pplying Dunn test t the signifine level α = RESULTS Assessment of the tivity of the nlyze prouts in lortory onitions The ssessment of the iologil tivity of prouts in Petri ish tests showe tht only in the se of prouts Infinito SC, Lun Senstion 500 SC, Pyton Consento 450 SC, n Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 67.8 WG, the introution of only 1 µg/ml of tive sustnes to the gr slightly limite the growth of P. ryptoge (Fig. 1). Complete inhiition Arot MZ 69 WG Infinito 687, SC Lun Senstion 500 SC Milex ,9 WG Previur Energy 840 SL 0 µg/ml 1 µg/ml 10 µg/ml 100 µg/ml Pyton Consento 450 SC Riomil Gol MZ Pepite ,8WG WG Fig. 1. Influene of the onentrtion of teste prouts on the growth of P. ryptoge fter 4 ys of inution 138

5 Length of nerosis (mm) Dimeter of olony (mm) Arot MZ 69 WG Infinito 687, SC Lun Senstion 500 SC Milex 711, WG Previur Energy 840 SL Pyton Consento 450 SC Riomil Gol MZ Pepite ,8 WG WG 0 µg/ml 1 µg/ml 10 µg/ml 100 µg/ml Fig. 2. Influene of the onentrtion of teste prouts on the growth of P. ryptoge fter 8 ys of inution j ij m l k gh ef e hi e f ef hi g 0.1% 0.15% 0.2% Fig. 3. Influene of the onentrtion of teste prouts on the oloniztion of leve y P. ryptoge fter, 4 ys of inution 139

6 Tle 2. The effetiveness of ompouns in the protetion ginst P. ryptoge Protetion prouts Conentrtion (%) Applition metho Numers of leves with ey rot symptoms t the ottom fter weeks of plnting (No./plnt) Non-infeste ontrol Infeste ontrol 2.7 ef 3.5 h 4.95 e g Arot MZ 69 WG 0.2 Infinito SC 0.2 Lun Senstion 500 SC 0.2 Milex WG 0.2 Previur Energy 840 SL 0.2 Pyton Consento 450 SC 0.2 Riomil Gol 68 WG 0.2 sprying e 4.98 fg wtering g sprying g wtering e g sprying e g wtering f sprying e g wtering e sprying 2.3 e 3.2 fg 5.0 g wtering sprying 2.4 e 3.2 fg 4.98 fg wtering 2.4 e 3.0 ef 4.9 g sprying wtering Vlues in the olumns, mrke with the sme letter, show no signifint ifferene (5%) oring to Dunn s test of P. ryptoge e-velopment ws only oserve fter the pplition of Arot MZ 69 WG n Infinito SC, wheres in the ltter se, only t onentrtion of 100 µg of the tive sustne/ml. Suh n effet ws mintine uring onseutive four ys of inution (Fig. 2). In lortory try tests, only in omintion with Arot MZ 69 WG, irrespetive of the pplie onentrtion, omplete inhiition of the pthogen evelopment ws oserve (Fig. 3). Development of rown ey on gerer leves fter four ys of inution ws lrgely limite y Milex WG n Pyton Consento 450 SC (Fig. 3). In the se of Previur Energy 840 SL, the inhiiting effet ws otine t onentrtions of 0.1% n 0.2%. Lk of the inhiition effet on P. ryptoge evelopment, even t onentrtion of 0.2%, ws reporte in the se of pplition of Lun Senstion 500 SC. Assessment of the tivity of the nlyze prouts in greenhouse onitions In the first three weeks of gerer ultivtion, ll of the nlyze prouts limite the evelopment of phytophtorosis (T. 2). Irrespetive of the wy of pplition, lower numer of infete leves with rotten petioles ws reore thn in ontrol plnts. After two weeks of ultivtion of gerer wtere with Riomil Gol 68 WG, no isese symptoms 140

7 were oserve, n in the following weeks, neroti symptoms were only oserve on single leves. The sttistil nlysis showe tht the soil pplition of the prout ws three times more effetive thn sprying. In remining omintions, the protetive effet ws oserve only uring the first three weeks. In the fifth week fter plnting, the numer of leves with ey sttistilly orrespone to tht on infete unprotete plnts. Determintion of the numer of ffete plnts onute fter three weeks showe tht ll teste prouts, irrespetive of the wy of pplition, protete gerer ginst P. ryptoge (T. 3). The est effets were reore in the se of wtering n sprying with Riomil Gol 68 WG. In the seon n thir week of ultivtion, the prout protete pproximtely 9/10 plnts. The seon group of prouts, with moerte effetiveness, proteting 8/10 gerer plnts, inlue Milex WG, Previur Energy 840 SL, n Pyton Consento 450 SC. The prouts were pplie oth into the soil n onto leves, n they limite the numer of ffete plnts, ut only uring the first three weeks. Only Riomil Gol 68 WG, irrespetive of the wy of pplition, protete the mjority of plnts 7/10 gerers ginst ying. Tle 3. The effetiveness of ompouns in the protetion ginst P. ryptoge Protetion prouts Conentrtion (%) Applition metho Numer of infete leves fter weeks of plnting Non-infeste ontrol Infeste ontrol h 9.8 e Arot MZ 69 WG 0.2 Infinito SC 0.2 Lun Senstion 500 SC 0.2 Milex WG 0.2 Previur Energy 840 SL 0.2 Pyton Consento 450 SC 0.2 Riomil Gol 68 WG 0.2 sprying f 8.5 wtering e g 8.3 sprying f 8.0 wtering f 9.0 e sprying fg 8.3 wtering g 8.8 e sprying e 8.3 wtering sprying e 9.5 e wtering f 8.8 e sprying f 9.0 e wtering f 8.3 sprying wtering Vlues in the olumns, mrke with the sme letter, show no signifint ifferene (5%) oring to Dunn s test 141

8 DISCUSSION The stuy involve testing of seven twoomponent plnt protetion prouts ontining eight ifferent tive sustnes, inluing promor- HCL, imethomorph, fluopiolie, fluopyrm, fosetylluminium, mnkoze, metlxyl, n trifloxystroin. Among prouts stuie in in vitro tests, Arot MZ 69 WG ontining imethomorph n mnoze prove to e the most effetive. Complete inhiition of P. ryptoge evelopment ws even oserve t smll onentrtions of tive sustnes. The prout lso protete gerer leves ginst oloniztion y P. ryptoge in tests on infete plnt tissues. In greenhouse reserh, the effets were onsierly weker. The otine results show unstle effetiveness of imethomorph in reltion to the pthogen. This is onfirme y results of reserh y Benson n Prker [2011] evluting the effetiveness of Orvego (metotrin n imethomorph) in the protetion of gerer ginst P. ryptoge, eviening its high, lthough unstle in repetitions, tivity. High effetiveness in in vitro tests ws lso shown y Infinito SC, whih e to the gr t onentrtion of 100 µg/ml, ompletely limite evelopment of P. ryptoge. The results re in orne with t pulishe y Korzeniowski et l. [2016, ] for speies P. innmomi n Phytophthor itrophthor (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonin. In lortory stuies, positive effet ws lso oserve in the se of Pyton Consento 450 SC, lthough in greenhouse onitions, its effetiveness ws limite. Alrey in the thir week of the evlution, the prout provie no protetion. Consiering the numer of ffete leves, results similr to those for Arot MZ 69 WG were otine in the se of pplition of prouts se on propmor-hl n fluopiolie (Infinito SC), n prouts ontining fosetyl-luminium long with fenmione (Milex WG) n propmor-chl (Previur Energy 840 SL). In greenhouse stuies, their limite protetive effet ws etermine. Still in the 1980 s, Orlikowski [1982] eviene positive effet of fosetyl-luminium (Aliette 80 WG) in protetion ginst Phytophthor spp., ut the sustne ws not effetive in limiting gerer phytophtorosis. Own reserh lso involve testing Lun Senstion 500 SC ontining 2 tive sustnes from ifferent hemil groups n with ifferent effets, i.e. fluopyrm from the group of SDHI n trifloxystroin from the group of stroilurins. Otine results showe tht folir pplition of the prout protete gerer ginst P. ryptoge etter thn its introution to the soil, ut its effetiveness ws limite. Aville literture provies t on the effetiveness of prouts se on stroilurins, pplie in protetion ginst phytophtor. Linermnn n Dvies [2008] onute reserh on the effetiveness of fungiies ontining tive sustnes from the group of stroilurins, i.e. zoxystroin 50% (Heritge) n pyrlostroin 20% (Insigni). Neither of the prouts showe inhiiting effet on the evelopment of P. itriol n P. itrophthor in the se of soil or folir pplition. Results otine y Benson n Prker [2011] lso onfirme limite effetiveness of stroilurins in the protetion of gerer ginst P. ryptoge. In the onute reserh, the est solution for proteting gerer ultivtions ginst P. ryptoge, prtiulrly in the se of soil pplition, prove to e Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 68 WG, whih long with mnoze lso ontins metlxyl. Similr effets were otine in reserh on houseleeks [Ptszek n Orlikowski 2008]. Among teste prouts, the est effets limiting spreing of P. ryptoge were oserve for sprying plnts with Arot MZ 69 WP n Riomil Gol MZ 68 WP. CONCLUSIONS 1. Otine t show vrile response of Phytophthor ryptoge to teste plnt protetion prouts. 2. In the in vitro tests, the highest effetiveness in the limittion of P. ryptoge growth ws reore for Arot MZ 69 WG, Infinito SC, n then for Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 68 WG. 3. The est solution proteting gerer ultivtions ginst P. ryptoge prove to e Riomil Gol MZ Pepite 68 WG. In progrms of gerer protetion 142

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