The Role of Sodium Nitroprusside in Improving Nitrogen use Efficiency and Reduce Nitrate Accumulation of Globe Artichoke

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1 Current Siene Interntionl Volume : 04 Issue : 03 July-Sept Pges: The Role of Soium Nitroprussie in Improving Nitrogen use Effiieny n Reue Nitrte Aumultion of Gloe Artihoke El-Zohiri, S.S.M. n A El-Al, A. M. H. Potto n Vegettively Propgte Vegetles Dept., Hort. Res., Inst., A.R.C. ABSTRACT These experiments were rrie out uring two suessive winter sesons of 2011/012 n 2012/013 on gloe rtihoke v. Frenh. The plnts were grown t Kh Klui Gov. Egypt, uner ly lom soil n surfe irrigtion system, to investigte the effet of nitrogen levels (100, 75 n 50 % of the reommene ose, Soium nitroprussie onentrtions s folir spry of 0.0, 0.05, 0.10 n 0.15 mm/l. n their intertion on vegettive growth, hes qulity, erly, mile n lte yiel s well s nitrogen use effiieny (NUE) n nitrte umultion of gloe rtihoke. The otine results showe tht inresing the nitrogen level up to 400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe., in generl signifintly enhne the growth prmeters, hes qulity, erly, mile n lte hes yiel s well s hemil onstituents,ut negtively influene the NO 3 -N n NUE. The ontr results were otine when gloe rtihoke plnts ws sprye y soium nitroprussie t the lowest level (0.05 mm/l.) with low vlues of NO3-N n high NUE ompre with the highest onentrtion. The omintion etween 100 % of the reommene ose of nitrogen (400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe.) with the low onentrtion of SNP (0.05 mm/l.) proue the est results on vegettive growth hrteristis, he n reeptle qulity, erly, mile n lte hes yiel per plnt n ton/fe. s well s hemil onstituents. Wheres, there were no signifint ifferenes etween using 400 n 300 kg mmonium nitrte/fe. when eh of them omine seprtely with 0.05 mm/l. of SNP on most ses of vegettive growth, ll he n reeptle hrters s well s erly, mile n lte hes yiel per plnt n per fe. in oth sesons. However, the nitrogen use effiieny ws inrese n nitrte ontent of hes ws signifintly erese when rtihoke plnts supplie with the seon nitrogen level (300 kg mmonium nitrte /fe.) omine with the seon onentrtion of SNP (0.05 mm/l.). Key wors: Gloe rtihoke, nitrogen level, Soium Nitroprussie, growth; erly yiel, mile yiel, lte yiel, N ontents, totl sugrs. Nitrte umultion, nitrogen use effiieny, NUE. Introution Gloe rtihoke (Cynr runulus L. vr. solymus) is n importnt vegetle rop elonging to the Composite fmily (Asteree). The immture flower u is the eile prt of the plnt; it hs fleshy reeptle n fleshy tener se of rt. Artihoke is ntive Meiterrnen rop (Ryer et l., 1983). Artihoke hs high nitrogen requirements n often frmers pply exessive mounts of fertilizer tht ontriutes to grounwter pollution y nitrte (Rorigo et l., 2005) Artihoke nitrogen fertiliztion n e me more effiient y reuing the quntity. Nitrogen is one of the primry onerns in sustinle griulture oth in evelope n eveloping ntions, given the role of N s pollutnt involve in eosystems, ioiversity n foo sfety eteriortion (Ehliotis et l. 2010; Spiertz, 2010). Crop response to pplie N n use effiieny re importnt riteri for evluting rop N requirements for mximum eonomi yiel. Reovery of N in rop plnts is usully less thn 50% worlwie. Low reovery of N in nnul rop is ssoite with its loss y voltiliztion, lehing, surfe runoff, enitrifition, n plnt nopy (Fgeri1, n Bligr, 2005). With view to ensuring high n stle rop yiel in sustinle wy, toy it is impertive to optimize the effiieny of using hemil N fertilizers in frmln. Aoring to White n Brown (2010), there re two pths to hieve these trgets: n gronomil one, iming t improving fertiliztion prties through, reue the mount of fertilizer e to the soil n geneti one, iming t spreing the ultivtion of genotypes tht quire soil minerl elements more effetively. On the other hn, lk of itions my le to lower proutivity. Eli et l., (1996) investigte four ifferent rtios, 100:0, 70:30, 30:70 n 0:100 of mmonium to nitrte (NH 4: NO 3) to etermine the est rtio of nitrogen forms in nutrient solution for rtihoke growth. Results lso inite tht NO3 in the form of N ws the most suitle pplition for rtihoke. El-Agy (1993) investigte three NPK levels, low level (71 kg N, 57 kg P 2 O 5 n 119 kg K 2 O/ h), meium level (142 kg N, 114 kg P 2 O 5 n 238 kg K 2 O/ h) n high level (213 kg N, 171 kg P 2 O 5 n 357 kg K 2 O / h) on gloe rtihokes Corresponing Author: El-Zohiri, S.S.M., Potto n Vegettively Propgte Vegetles Dep., Hort. Res., Inst., A.R.C. E-mil: s.hort@yhoo.om 245

2 ultivte in ly soil in Egypt. The uthor reommene supplying meium level s the est results for plnt height, numer of leves per plnt n lef fresh weight s well s lef ry weight hieve from this tretment. Pereno et l. (1996) reporte tht the reution of nitrogen pplition from 500 to 300 kg N h -1 resulte in reution of totl iomss of rtihoke. Slmh, (1997) investigte the response of rtihoke to N-fertiliztion levels rnging from 95 to 380 kg h -1 in Ismili region, Egypt. The results inite tht ll hrteristis of plnt growth suh s numer of leves s well s lef fresh weight n ry weight mrkely inrese when N-fertiliztion inrese from 95 to 285 kg N h -1 without further inreses when N level inrese from 285 to 380 kg N/ h. Pomres et l., (1993) stuie effets of three ifferent levels of NPK fertiliztion on rtihoke (v. Bln e Espn) proutivity in Vleni, Spin. There ws no signifint response on the yiel with N ose higher thn 200 kg h -1, where only slight ifferenes were otine with the higher levels of 400 n 600 kg N /h. Nitri oxie (NO) is n tmospheri gseous moleule solule in wter n lipis. Reserh on NO, in plnts hs gine onsierle ttention in reent yers n there is inresing eviene of role of this moleule in plnts. Besies its presene in tmosphere, NO is lso forme enogenously minly in young tively growing tissues. NO proution in plnt tissues ws first oserve y Klepper (1975) n lter on four ifferent enzymti pthwys involve in its proution hve een propose; () nitri oxie synthse, () plsm memrne oun nitrte reutse, () mitohonril eletron trnsport hin n () non-enzymti retions (Guo et l., 2003). Due to its highly lipophili nture, NO ts s n intr n interellulr signling plnt growth regultor (Beligni n Lmttin, 2000) tht minly ts ginst the oxitive stress (Neill et l., 2002). NO t low onentrtions hs een foun to e involve in regultion of iverse iohemil n physiologil proesses in plnts (Kopyr n Gwozz, 2003; Neill et l., 2008). However, t higher onentrtions, NO my prove to e potentilly toxi to the plnt systems (Beligni n Lmttin, 2000). Keeping these points in view, the present experiment ws esigne with n ojetive to evlute the effet of rnge of onentrtions of SNP, nitri oxie onor on the performne of gloe rtihoke fertilize with nitrogen levels. Mteril n Methos Site esription: This work ws rrie out uring two suessive winter sesons of 2011/012 n 2012/013 on gloe rtihoke v. Frenh. The plnts were grown t Kh Klui Gov. Egypt, uner ly lom soil n surfe irrigtion system, to investigte the effet of nitrogen levels (100, 75 n 50 % of the reommene ose it ws (400, 300 n 200 kg mmonium nitrte/fe., respetively), Soium nitroprussie "N 2 [Fe(CN)5NO]" onentrtions s folir spry of 0.0, 0.05, 0.10 n 0.15 mm/l. n their intertion on vegettive growth, hes qulity, erly, mile n lte yiel s well s nitrogen use effiieny n nitrte umultion of gloe rtihoke. Smples of soil were tken efore ultivtion n sujete for physil n hemil nlysis in Soil, Wter & Environment Reserh, Agriulturl Reserh Center oring to metho of Jkson (1965) n the results re presente in (Tle ). Tle : The physil n hemil properties of the soil: Vrile 2011/ /13 1- Physil properties Cly% Silt % Totl sn% Texture Cly lom 2- Chemil properties Aville N (ppm) P (ppm) K (ppm) ph Experimentl esign: The experiment inlue 12 tretments whih were the omintion etween three nitrogen rtes (200, 300 n 400 kg mmonium nitrte /fe.) n four soium nitroprussie onentrtions (SNP0 = 0.00, SNP1 =0.05, SNP2 =0.10 n SNP3 =0.15 mm/l.). A split plots esign with three replites ws use. The nitrogen levels tretments were rrnge in the min plots, while the soium nitroprussie onentrtions were llotte rnomly in su plots. Eh experimentl plot inlue four riges eh ws 4.5 m in length n 1m with with n re out 18 m

3 Plnting tehnique: Ol rowns of Gloe rtihoke v. Frenh were tken from the previous plnts n ivie longituinlly to suitle equl piees. The piees were trnsplnte t istne of 1 m prt on one sie of the rige on 10 th n 15 th August of 2011 n 2012, respetively. Beginning t 6-8 lef stge, the plnts in sup-plots were trete with the soium nitroprussie s folir spry twie with 15 ys intervls. However, the levels of mmonium nitrte were pplie to soil t three equl oses t 40, 60 n 80 ys fter trnsplnting. All tretments were reeive the super- phosphte n potssium sulphte fertilizers one t soil preprtion efore sowing s the reommene mounts. Moreover, other griulture prties were rrie out s ommonly followe in the istrit. Dt reore: 1- Growth prmeters: A rnom smple of six plnts ws tken rnomly from eh experimentl plot t 90 ys fter trnsplnting in oth sesons of stuy to mesure plnt height (m), leves numer per plnt, lef fresh n ry weight (g) s well s lef re (m 2 ). 2- He n reeptle hrteristis: Ten hes were tken rnomly from eh experimentl plot to estimte the verge of he weight (g.), he imeter (m), he length (m), reeptle fresh weight (g.) n reeptle ry weight. 3- Erly, mile n lte yiel s well s totl yiel (ton/fe.): The Erly yiel ws etermine on the se of pikings through the perio from the eginning of the hrvest seson till the en of Ferury n mile yiel uring Mrh, while lte yiel uring April to en of My. Moreover, oth numer n weight of totl yiel ws lulte s the weight of the three times of he pikings (erly, mile n lte yiel). 4- Chemil onstituents of hes: The nitrogen ontent ws etermine in the igeste ry mtter of oth leves n reeptle oring to the metho esrie y Pregl (1945) using miro-kjelhl pprtus. Totl sugrs were etermine y using the phenol sulphori i regent (Duois et l., 1956). However, nitrte ontent in the hes reeptle ws estimte oring to Sliyli i metho mentione y Ctlo et l., (1975). Sttistil nlysis: The t were sujete to sttistil nlysis using the norml (F- test). Mens were seprte n ompre y Dunn's Multiple Rnge Test (Dunn, 1955.) t 5% level. Results n Disussion Growth prmeters: Effet of nitrogen level: The otine t in Tles (1 n 2) show lerly tht, fertilizing rtihoke plnt with 200 kg/fe. mmonium nitrte (33.5 % N) up to 400 kg/fe. le to signifint grul inrese in the plnt height, numer of leves, oth fresh n ry weight of leves s well s lef re per plnt. Moreover, the highest signifint inrese in growth spets were otine y using the highest level of nitrogen (400 kg/fe. mmonium nitrte). However, the lowest vlues ws reore to the ontrol tretment. Growth hrters of gloe rtihoke grully inrese with inresing nitrogen levels from 200 to 400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe. n this n e ttriute to the ft tht nitrogen promotes plnt growth inreses the numer n length of the rnhes, whih results in progressive inrese in plnt size, numer of leves, leves fresh n ry weight s well s lef re. El-Agy, (1993) foun tht supplying meium level of N (114 kg/fe.) to gloe rtihokes plnts ws the est results for plnt height, numer of leves per plnt n lef fresh weight s well s lef ry weight. Pereno et l. (1996) reporte tht the reution of nitrogen pplition from 500 to 300 kg N h -1 resulte in reution of totl iomss of rtihoke. Slmh, (1997) investigte the response of rtihoke to N-fertiliztion levels (95 to 380 kg N h -1 ). The results inite tht ll hrteristis of plnt growth suh s numer of leves, lef fresh weight n ry weight mrkely inrese when N-fertiliztion inrese from 95 to 285 kg N/ h without further inreses when N level inrese from 285 to 380 kg N/ h. Shheen et l. (2007) Fertilizing rtihoke plnt with mmonium sulphte (20.6% N) s soure of nitrogen t rtes of 80 up to 120 kg. N/fe. h signifint effet on the plnt growth hrters. Effet of soium nitroprussie onentrtions: The t reore in two sesons showe tht folir sprys of soium nitroprussie (SNP) onentrtions t the rtes of 0.05, 0.10 n 0.15 mm/l. h signifint effet on most of the vegettive growth ttriutes mesure (Tles 1 n 2). In this onern, the mximum vlues reore when gloe rtihoke plnt sprye with SNP1 (0.05 mm/l) followe y SNP2 (0.10 mm/l.) ompre 247

4 to the highest use level (0.15 mm/l.) n ontrol tretments in oth sesons. Folir pplition of SNP1 gve the uppermost results, my e ue to the nitri oxie (NO) onor where, soium nitroprussie is iotive free ril, whih plys importnt role in mny physiologil proesses in plnts, suh s growth, evelopment, senesene n ptive responses to multiple stresses (Beligni n Lmttin 2001, Grzino n Lmttin 2007, Misr et l. 2010). NO is reporte to meliorte stress responses in plnts (Misr et l. 2011). It ws note tht NO stimultes growth of whole plnts (Neill et l., 2008) s well s of iniviul plnt prts: primry root (Hu et l., 2005) hypootyl (Beligni, n Lmttin, 2002), mesootyl (Zhng et l., 2003) ventitious n lterl roots (Pgnusst et l., 2004 n Corre- Argune, et l., 2006), leves (An et l., 2005) n the shoot (Zhng et l., 2003 n An et l., 2005). In the presene of low onentrtions of the NO onor nitroprussie, n elertion of growth ws note for A. thlin primry root, wheres inhiition of growth ws oserve t higher onentrtions (Yemets, et l., 2009). Effet of the intertion: Regring the intertion effet etween the ifferent nitrogen levels n SNP onentrtions on vegettive growth hrteristis, the sme Tles (1 n 2) showe tht, there were signifint ifferenes in ll growth spets s result of pplie nitrogen fertilizer omine with folir sprys of SNP onentrtions. In this onern, pplition of nitrogen fertilizer t the highest level (400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe.) omine with the lowest onentrtion of SNP (0.05 mm/l.) inrese the vlues of most the growth hrters followe, in esening orer, y nitrogen level t 75 % of reommene ose (300 kg mmonium nitrte /fe.) omine with SNP1. However, this result ws not reh to signifint level in se of plnt height, oth fresh n ry weight of leves in oth sesons n in leves fresh weight n ry weight in the seon one. On the ontrry, the lowest vlues were reore for untrete ontrol, followe, in sening orer, y using nitrogen t the rte of 50 % of the reommene ose (200 kg mmonium nitrte/fe.) interting with folir pplition of the high onentrtion of SNP. The remine tretments oupie n intermeite position etween the forementione tretments in oth sesons. The highest onentrtion of soium nitroprussie omine with the three levels of nitrogen signifintly erese in ll growth prmeters ompre with the low onentrtion, it n e ttriute to the higher onentrtions of SNP resulte in inresing NO ontent, ellulr mge levels n retive oxygen speies (ROS) onentrtion further inue in oler tissues (Sung n Hong, 2010). In ition, the tivity of nitrte reutse (NR), key enzyme involve in the genertion of NO in plnts, inite ifferentil regultion in ose n time-epenent mnner. Furthermore, Antoniou et l., 2013 foun tht, the expression levels of NO- responsive genes (NR, nitrte/nitrite trnsporters) involve in nitrogen ssimiltion n NO proution revele signifint inution of NR n nitrte trnsporter uring long-term 2.5 mm SNP pplition in mture plnts n overll gene suppression in senesing plnts. Tle 1: Effet of N levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on plnt height, leves numer n fresh weight uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. Plnt height Leves F.W N-levels SNP tretments (m) Numer of leves /plnt (g) (Ammonium Nitrte) 2011/ / / / / /13 SNP ef e fg ef hi fgh SNP SNP kg/fe. SNP ef ef Men SNP g f hi fg j hi SNP SNP e e e 300 kg/fe. SNP e e fg e gh feg Men SNP h g j g k i SNP ef e SNP f e gh ef fg ef 200 kg/fe. SNP g f i fg ij gh Men SNP SNP Men of SNP SNP SNP *SNP: soium nitroprussie onentrtion 248

5 Tle 2: Effet of N levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on leves ry weight n Lef re uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. N-levels (Ammonium Nitrte) 400 kg/fe. 300 kg/fe. 200 kg/fe. Men of SNP SNP: soium nitroprussie onentrtion SNP tretments Leves ry weight Lef re (g) (m 2 ) 2011/ / / /13 SNP e f 4.60 h SNP SNP SNP e 4.90 f Men SNP f e 4.54 g 4.54 h SNP SNP SNP f 4.74 g Men SNP h g 4.22 h 4.20 i SNP e e e SNP ef e e SNP g f 4.51 g 4.51 h Men SNP SNP SNP SNP He n reeptle qulity: Effet of nitrogen level: Dt illustrte in Tle (3 n 4) inite the effet of nitrogen levels, SNP onentrtions n their intertion on he n reeptle qulity i.e., numer of hes per plnt, he imeter, he length, verge he fresh weight, reeptle fresh n ry weight. The he n reeptle hrteristis were strongly influene y inresing nitrogen fertiliztion from 50 to 100 % of the reommene ose in oth sesons. In this respet, pplition of nitrogen t 400 kg N s mmonium nitrte /fe. reore the mximum result in the most of he n reeptle hrteristis followe y fertilize with 300 kg mmonium nitrte /fen. Wheres, there were no signifint ifferenes etween the high n mile levels of nitrogen in he height, he imeter n in reeptle ry weight in oth sesons. It oul e onlue tht, nitrogen fertiliztion use n improvement in the physil qulity of rtihoke hes yiel. This might e expline on the sis tht N is n essentil element for plnt growth tht possily inrese the effiieny of photosynthesis, whih resulte in more umultion of foo tht use n inrese in flower u formtion uring the most fvourle onitions, thus prouing hes of high qulity. The otine results re in hrmony with the other reporte y Pomres et l., (1993), Ftm et l., (1997), Slmh, (1997), El-Ftth et l., (1998), Foti, et l., (2005) n Shheen et l., (2007). Effet of soium nitroprussie onentrtions: Regring the effet of SNP onentrtions on he n reeptle hrteristis presente in Tles (3 n 4) shows tht he n reeptle hrters were signifintly inrese ue to folir spry of the low onentrtion of SNP (0.05 mm/l.) ompre with SNP 2, SNP 3 n ontrol tretment in oth sesons of stuy. In ition, the reltive inrese in the men of SNP tretments s result of pplie the low onentrtion ompre with ontrol tretment mounte 9.74 n 9.35 % in se of he height, n % in he imeter, n % in verge he fresh weight, n % in reeptle fresh weight in the first n seon sesons, respetively. The ry weight of reeptle inrese ue to using low onentrtion of soium nitroprussie ompre with the ontrol tretment n this inrements re n % in the 1 st n 2 n sesons, respetively. Effet of the intertion. As for the intertion effet, the sme t in Tles 3 n 4 inite tht pplition of nitrogen fertilizer t the highest n mile use levels 400 n 300 Kg mmonium nitrte/fe. respetively, when oth re seprtely trete omine with folir spry of SNP t the lowest onentrtion (0.05 mm/l.) exhiite the highest vlues in ll mesure he n reeptle prmeter uring oth sesons of stuy. However, there were no signifint ifferenes were not in stuie he n reeptle prmeters etween the pplition of nitrogen fertilizer t 400 n 300 kg mmonium nitrte/fe. n sprying the plnts with 0.05 mm/l. the sme tren of the effet of SNP onentrtion ws otine y Kopyr n 249

6 Gwozz, (2003), Neill et l. (2008) n Hyt et l. (2014) they reporte tht, NO t low onentrtions hs een foun to e involve in regultion of iverse iohemil n physiologil proesses in plnts. On the other hn, pplition of nitrogen t the lowest level (150 kg mmonium nitrte /fe.) omine with the seon (SNP2) or the thir onentrtion (SNP3) of SNP (0.05 n 0.10 mm) respetively, proue the lower qulity of he n reeptle hrters in oth sesons. This results might e ue to higher onentrtions, NO my prove to e potentilly toxi to the plnt systems (Beligni n Lmttin, 2000 n Hyt et l., 2014). Tle 3: Effet of N levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on he height, he imeter n he ry weight uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. N-levels (Ammonium Nitrte) 400 kg/fe. 300 kg/fe. 200 kg/fe. Men of SNP SNP tretments No. of hes /plnt He imeter (m) He height (m) SNP e 7.76 g 9.46 ef 9.52 ef SNP SNP SNP e Men SNP e e 7.58 e 7.57 h 9.31 f 9.35 g SNP SNP SNP e e e 9.56 e 9.65 e Men SNP fg g 6.76 f 6.76 i 8.94 g 9.02 h SNP f f SNP g g e 9.53 e 9.53 ef SNP h h f 9.38 f 9.41 fg Men SNP SNP SNP SNP Tle 4: Effet of Nitrogen levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on reeptle fresh n ry weight uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. N-levels (Ammonium Nitrte) 400 kg/fe. 300 kg/fe. 200 kg/fe. Men of SNP Averge he FW. (g) Reeptle F.W (g) Reeptle D.W (g) SNP tretments SNP e e e g 2.77 h SNP SNP SNP ef Men SNP f g ef ef 3.10 gh SNP SNP e SNP f ef 3.27 fg Men SNP h i i g 2.28 h 2.19 i SNP e g e SNP f f h ef 3.57 e 3.34 efg SNP g h h f 2.89 g 2.90 h Men SNP SNP SNP SNP Erly, mile n lte yiel s well s totl yiel. Effet of nitrogen level: Dt illustrte in Tle (5) n Fig. (1) shows tht, the erly, mile n lte yiel s well s totl hes yiel ton/fe. were responsive to the N supply, the erly yiel ws signifintly inrese s result of fertilize the gloe rtihoke plnts with 400 kg mmonium nitrte /fe. y up to n % in the erly yiel ton/fe. ompre with hlf reommene ose of nitrogen (200 kg mmonium nitrte /fe.) in the first n seon sesons, respetively. These results sustntilly onfirm previous reserhes onute in ifferent proutive res, whih foun the kg N /h to e the optiml rnge for improving gloe rtihoke erliness (Eli n Convers, 2007). Furthermore, the mile yiel ws similrly influene y the mount of nitrogen supplie, where the inrese in the mile yiel ue to the pplie of the highest level of nitrogen (100% of the reommene ose) ws mount n 250

7 64.64 % in the totl mile yiel ton/fen ompre with the lowest use level. However, there were no signifint ifferenes etween oth the two levels of N t 100 n 75% of the reommene ose in se of erly n mile yiel ton/fen in the seon seson only n in oth sesons in the lte yiel. Tle 5: Effet of Nitrogen levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on erly, mile, lte n totl yiel uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. N-levels (Ammonium Nitrte) 400 kg/fe. 300 kg/fe. 200 kg/fe. Men of SNP SNP Tretments Erly yiel Lte yiel Mile yiel (ton/fe.) (ton/fe.) (ton/fe.) 2011/ / / / / /13 SNP g h e f SNP SNP SNP e Men SNP h h ef f SNP SNP e SNP f e f e Men SNP i i g h e f SNP e e f e SNP f g f g e f SNP h h g h f g Men SNP SNP SNP SNP Totl yiel (ton/fe.) / /13 Fig. 1: Effet of nitrogen levels on totl yiel Effet of soium nitroprussie. The results otine in the sme Tle (5) n Fig. (2) inite tht, generlly the erly, mile n lte yiel were grully erese with inresing the SNP onentrtions up to the highest use onentrtion. On the other hn, the mens of lte yiel reore the highest quntity of hes ompre with the other yiels (mile n erly yiel) in oth sesons. It is known tht plnts with elevte proution of NO enter the flowering stge somewht lter thn plnts with physiologilly norml NO level (He et l., 2004). This phenomenon n e expline y ssumption tht NO ts s signl tht ontrols the timing of flowering t the geneti level (He et l., 2004). Inee, it ws foun tht NO onors inhiit expression of the genes onstns n gignte while enhning expression of the flowering lous C gene (Arsimowiz n Floryszk, 2007). 251

8 Totl yiel (ton/fe) / /13 Fig. 2: Effet of SNP onentrtions on totl yiel Totl yiel (ton/fe.) Effet of the intertion. The nlysis of the t showe in Tle (5) n Fig. (3) tht erly, mile n lte yiel s well s totl yiel of hes (ton/fe.) were signifintly ffete y the intertion of nitrogen levels n soium nitroprussie onentrtions. In this onern, The highest erly yiel of hes were oserve ue to using nitrogen t 100 % n 75% of the reommene nitrogen fertilizer omine with the lowest onentrtion of soium nitroprussie (0.05 mm/l.) with no signifint etween oth omintions. Wheres, mile yiel h the highest vlue with pplie of only 100 % of mmonium nitrte per fe. reommene omine with SNP0 in oth sesons. On the opposite, ll nitrogen levels (50, 75 n 100 % of reommene nitrogen fertilizer) omintions with the other SNP onentrtions (SNP2 n/or SNP3) were grully erese the erly, mile n lte hes vlues. However, the lowest totl hes weight were etete in se of pplition of nitrogen fertilizer t the lowest level interte with the highest SNP onentrtion (SNP3) e g 100 % N 75 % N e e f 50 % N e e f h g 100 % N 2011/12 75 % N g h 50 % N 2012/13 Fig. 3: Effet of the intertion etween N-levels n SNP on totl yiel Nitrogen ontents n nitrogen use effiieny (NUE): Effet of nitrogen levels: Dt presente in Tle (6) n Figs. (4, 5 n 6) shows tht nitrogen ontents in oth shoots 252

9 n reeptles were signifintly inrese with inresing N fertiliztion rtes. The high N level (400 kg mmonium nitrte /fe) ws more effetive in inresing nitrogen ontent in gloe rtihoke plnts. Moreover, nitrogen t 100 % of the reommene ose proue the mximum nitrogen ontents in leves n reeptles in oth sesons n prove signifintly superior to lower levels. However, nitrogen use effiieny ws erese with inresing nitrogen level up to 400 kg mmonium nitrte /fe. The pplition of high nitrogen rtes my result in poor N uptke n low NUE ue to exessive N losses n erese N utiliztion effiieny (hes weight proue per unit plnt N). The present finings re in greement with severl investigtors. Sowers, et l. (1994) foun tht NUE erese from 26% to 44% reltive to the ontrol (zero N pplie) when 140 kg N/h ws fll pplie. NUE ereses with inresing N rtes (Cmr et l. 2003, Stggenorg et l, 2003, Nsser n El-Gizwy 2005). Effet of soium nitroprussie: The results in the two sesons in Tle (6) n Figs. (7, 8 n 9) inite tht using the ifferent onentrtions of SNP i.e., 0.05, 0.10 n 0.15 mm/l. le to signifint inrese in nitrogen ontents in the shoots n hes of gloe rtihoke plnts s ompre with the ontrol. However, the lowest onentrtion of SNP (0.05 mm/l.) ws more effetive thn other onentrtions. These effets were proly ue to NO inution of N uptke n ssimiltion Huwei Sun et l., (2015). The results of this hroni stuy were in exellent greement with those reporte y Bourin et l. (2007), Simon et l., (2013) n Huwei Sun et l., (2015) they suggeste tht the totl N ontents of shoots n roots of rie ultivrs inrese uner SNP pplition n these inrements onnete with nitrte supply. Nitrogen use effiieny ws signifintly enhne with eresing the onentrtion of SNP. Wheres, the high onentrtion gve the lowest results when ompre with other SNP onentrtions. The finings suggest tht NO generte y the NR pthwy plys pivotl role in improving the N quisition pity y inresing lterl root (LR) initition n the inorgni N uptke rte, whih my represent strtegy for rie plnts to pt to flututing nitrte supply n inrese NUE (Huwei Sun et l., 2015). Effet of the intertion: Dt presente in Tle (6) inite tht, using the highest levels of nitrogen (400 kg mmonium nitrte /fe.) omine with SNP t 0.05 mm/l. proue the mximum nitrogen ontents in shoots n hes of gloe rtihoke plnt ompre with the other tretments uring the two sesons. These results my e ue to the nitrte ts s signl to trigger numer of moleulr n physiologil events tht le to the overll response of plnt to N vilility (Gojon et l., 2011). More reently, moleulr NO hs een reporte to e key signl in nitrte sensing s n erly response to nitrte supply in mize roots (Trevisn et l., 2012; Mnoli et l., 2014). The sme tle showe lso tht, NUE ws inrese with the omintion etween the nitrogen t the lowest level n SNP t 0.05 mm/l. Tle 6: Effet of Nitrogen levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on nitrogen ontents n nitrogen use effiieny uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. N-levels (Ammonium Nitrte) SNP tretments Nitrogen ontents (mg/100g F.W) Shoots Hes NUE (kg hes/kg N pplie) kg/fe. 300 kg/fe. 200 kg/fe. SNP ef e hi f-h SNP SNP SNP ef f SNP g f j hi SNP SNP e e SNP e e gh e-g SNP h g k i SNP SNP f e fg f SNP g f ij g-h g h e g h i ef f f g e e e ef 253

10 42 Hes N ontents (mg/100g F.W) N ontent of shoots (g/100 g F.W) / / /12 Fig. 4: Effet of N-levels on N ontent of shoots (mg/100g F.W) NUE (kg hes/kg N pplie) Fig.5: Effet of N-levels (mg/100g F.W) A B 2012/13 on N ontent of hes A B C C 2011/ /13 Fig.6: Effet of N-levels on NUE (kg hes/kg N pplie) Hes N ontents (mg/100g F.W) N ontent of shoots (g/100g F.W) / /13 Fig. 7: Effet of SNP onentrtions on N ontent of shoots (mg/100g F.W) / /13 Fig. 8: Effet of SNP onentrtions on N ontent of hes (mg/100g F.W) 254

11 85 A A NUE (kg hes/kg N pplie) C B D C B D / /13 Fig. 9 : Effet of SNP onentrtions on NUE (kg hes/kg N pplie) Nitrte ontent n the Totl solule sugrs: Effet of nitrogen levels: Dt illustrte in Tle 7 show tht the onentrtion of hes nitrte n totl solule sugrs showe ifferenes with the inresing levels of nitrogen. The lowest nitrte ontent ws foun in the lower level (171 mg NO3/kg F.W in 2011/12, tht is, 172 mg NO3/kg F.W in 212/13), wheres the highest level ws otine t 400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe. (209 mg NO 3/kg FW in oth sesons). Moreover, the totl solule sugrs ws grully inrese with inresing nitrogen fertiliztion up to the highest use level (100 % of the reommene ose). Guven (2002) reporte tht yiel, growth, totl nitrogen n nitrte ontent of rish roots inrese with mking rise the mmonium nitrte oses. Similrly, Ahmi et l. (2010) inite tht nitrte ontent in spinh leves inrese with enhning y ure pplition. In ition, mmonium-n n ure n e trnsforme quikly into nitrte-n, therefore inresing nitrte umultion in vegetles (Wng et l., 2008). Fek et l. (2012) foun tht pply lrge mounts of nitrogen fertilizer, whih n result in the umultion of nitrte, reuing the qulity of rooli. Effet of soium nitroprussie onentrtions: The sme tulte t in Tle (7) n showe tht folir sprys of soium nitroprussie (SNP) onentrtions t the rtes of 0.05, 0.10 n 0.15 mm/ L. h signifint effet on nitrte ontent n totl solule sugrs. Nitrte ws grully inrese with inresing the onentrtion, where the mximum vlues of the two hrteristis reore when the plnts sprye with SNP3 (0.15 mm/l) followe, in esening orer, y SNP2 (0.10 mm/ L) in oth sesons. Effet of the intertion: The intertion effet etween the ifferent nitrogen levels n SNP onentrtions on nitrte ontent n totl solule sugrs (Tle 7) showe tht, there were signifint ifferenes in oth hrteristis s result of pplie nitrogen fertilizer omine with folir sprys of SNP onentrtions. In this regr, the results revele tht the pplition of nitrogen fertilizer t the highest level (400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe.) omine with the highest onentrtion of SNP (0.15 mm/l) proue the highest vlues of oth hrters in oth sesons. However, pplition of 75 % of the reommene nitrogen ose omine with SNP1 (0.05 mm/l) erese the nitrte umultion in eile prt y % in oth seson when ompre with pplition of the highest nitrogen level omine with the highest SNP onentrtion (0.15 mm/l.). 255

12 Tle 7: Effet of Nitrogen levels, soium nitroprussie onentrtions n their intertion on nitrte ontents n totl solule sugrs of hes uring 2011/12 n 2012/13. N-levels (Ammonium Nitrte) SNP tretments NO 3-N ontent of hes (mg/kg F.W) Totl solule sugrs (%) 400 kg/fe 300 kg/fe. 200 kg/fe. Men of SNP 2011/12 202/ /12 202/13 SNP e f 4.60 h SNP e 4.90 f SNP SNP Men SNP f g 4.54 h SNP f 4.74 g SNP SNP Men SNP h 157 e 4.22 h 4.20 i SNP g 166 e 4.51 g 4.51 h SNP ef e SNP e e Men SNP SNP SNP SNP Conlusion It ws onlue from the present reserh work tht inresing the nitrogen fertilizer level up to 400 kg mmonium nitrte/fe., resulte in improve growth prmeters, hes qulity, erly, mile n lte hes yiel s well s hemil onstituents, ut negtively influene the NO3-N n NUE. Wheres, reuing the quntity of nitrogen level to 75% of the reommene ose omine with spry the plnt leves y using SNP t 0.05 mm/l. it ws most effetive thn pplition of the highest nitrogen level lone on ll hrteristis of yiel n its qulity with low vlues of NO3-N n high NUE. Referenes Ahmi, H., V. Akrpour, F. Dshti n A. Shojin, Effet of ifferent levels of nitrogen fertilizers on yiel, nitrte umultion n severl quntittive ttriutes of five Irnin spinh essions. Amerin-Eursin Journl of Agriulturl n Environmentl Sienes, 8: An, L., Z. Liu, M. Yng, T. Chen, n X. Wng Effets of Nitri Oxie on Growth of Mize Seeling Leves in the Presene or Asene of Ultrviolet Rition, J. Plnt Physiol., vol. 162, pp Antoniou C, P. Filippou, P. Mylon, D. Fsoul, I. Ionnies, A. Polioros n V. Fotopoulos, Soium nitroprussie pplition results in nitrte reutse regultion n the moifition of nitrte metolism in leves of Meigo truntul plnts. Plnt Signl Behv 8:e Arsimowiz, M. n J. Floryszk-Wiezorek, Nitri Oxie s Biotive Signling Moleule in Plnt Stress Responses, Plnt Si., 2007, vol. 172, pp Bourin, O., K.Volthnskii, B. MGnn, I. Newmn, Z. Renege Nitrte supply ffets mmonium trnsport in nol roots. Journl of Experimentl Botny. 58, Beligni M.V., L. Lmttin, Nitri oxie: non-tritionl regultor of plnt growth. Trens in Plnt Siene, 6: Beligni, M. V. n L. Lmttin, Nitri oxie stimultes see germintion n e-etioltion n inhiits hypootyls elongtion, three light inuile responses in plnts. Plnt, 210: Beligni, M.V. n L. Lmttin, Nitri Oxie Interferes with Plnt Photo-Oxitive Stress y Detoxifying Retive Oxygen Speies, Plnt Cell Environ. 2002, vol. 25, pp Cmr, K.M., W.A. Pyne n P.E. Rsmussen, Long-term effets of tillge, nitrogen n rinfll on winter whet yiel in the Pifi Northwest. Agron. J. 95:

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