Presentation on HYDROLOGICAL & METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF NEPAL
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1 International Workshop on Socio-Economic Benefits of Hydrological & Meteorological Services September 2009 Presentation on HYDROLOGICAL & METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF NEPAL by Suresh Maskey Hydrologist Department of Hydrology & Meteorology Kathmandu, Nepal
2 PRSENTATION TOPICS General Features of Nepal Hydrological & Meteorological Scenario Activities of DHM : 1. Hydrology Service 2. Meteorology Service 3. Weather Forecasting 4. Flood Forecasting 5. Snow & Glacier Hydrology
3 Nepal: in the central part of the Hindu- Kush Himalayan region, - Area 147,181 sq km L = 885 km Avg. W = 193 km -Rugged topography, very high relief, variable climatic conditions and complex geological structures with active tectonic processes - 60m to 8848m A.M.S.L
4 CLIMATE Tropical to Alpine +40 to 50 C Wet to Dry 250 to 6000 mm 80% Precipitation during Summer Monsoon
5 Major River Basin of Nepal Major River Yearly Ave (cu.m\sec) Max. (cu.m\sec) Min (cu.m\sec) Karnali Narayani Kosi Bagmati
6 HYDROLOGY 6,000 Rivers & Rivulets Drainage Area = 194,000 Three classes of Rivers Snowfed Rainfed Seasonal
7
8 HYDROPOWER 83,000 MW potential 43,000 MW feasible 527 MW exploited Meets only 2005 demand Access to 40% population
9 Land use of Nepal Type of land use Area (sq. km) % Forest Agriculture Snow Pasture Water Settlements and Roads Others (waste land, etc) Total 147,
10 Ministry of Environment Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Babar Mahal
11 Division * Meteorology Division * Weather Forecasting Division * Hydrology Division Total staff: 237
12 * Meteorology Division Activities Collection, processing and publication of meteorological data Climate change study Solar and Wind Study Agro-meteorological study
13 Meteorological Stations PRECIPITATION -337 CLIMATOLOGY - 68 AGROMETEOROLOGY - 22 SYNOPTIC - 9 AEROSYNOPTIC - 6 AWS - 18 Total 460
14 DATA PROCESSING
15 Publications Meteorology and Hydrology
16
17 REVENUE Revenue from Data book & Digital data Amount in Rs Met. Data book Met.Digi. Data Hydro.Data Book / / / / / /62 Fiscal year
18 DATA USERS STUDENTS/RESEARCHERS: 74 % CONSULTANT: 12 % INSURANCE : 4 % OTHERS: 10 %
19 Weather Forecasting Division Weather Forecasting Division Airport, Kathmandu
20 Synoptic Station Airport, Kathmandu 15 Synoptic Stations
21 Data Collection & Distribution System Tele-printer Radio AMSS SADIS
22 Plotting & Analysis 6 Surface charts Every 3 hours interval 2 upper air charts Over 8 vertical levels Every 12 hours interval
23 Weather forecasting process Collection of weather data from various parts with the country Collection of weather data from neighboring countries as well as from different parts of world. Weather Forecasting Weather forecasting tools: Weather data from various parts of world Satellite imaginary SADIS Numerical weather prediction outputs from India and other countries Weather information from different parts of world Tools Synoptic Charts Satellite Images NWP Guidance
24 Services Forecast to General Public Twice daily through media Daily update in home page Weather bulletins Briefing to journalists Aviation Sector METAR (every half hour) TAF (every six hours) En-route Forecast Weather Briefing to pilots Mountaineering Forecast Daily Special Forecast for mountaineers
25 Hydrology Division River Hydrology Flood Forecasting Snow and Glacier Hydrology Water Quality & Sediment
26 River Hydrology Main Activities Operation of 164 hydrological stations Collection and Publication of Hydrological Information Lake Study
27
28 Staff Gauge Gauging Station of Manahari Khola Staff Gauge & Gauge House Discharge Measurement by wading Discharge measurement from cable car
29 Cable way site at Melamchi at Helambu
30 Tilicho Lake Lake Study Dhanus and Ganga Sagar Rara Lake Water Quality of Rivers & Lakes Kathmandu and Pokhara Monitoring 52 Stations
31 Flood Forecasting Activities Operation of 20 hydrological and 16 rainfall stations Collection and Publication of data Flood Risk Mapping Model development for Flood forecasting Flood Forecasting in major rivers of Nepal
32 Flood Forecasting Station Network Flood Forecasting Project has now a network of 43 stations in operation: 15 hydrometric stations (Water level + Rainfall) 27 meteorological stations One hydrometric station (Portaha- Bandipur): Rainfall only
33 Flood Forecasting Process Office Siren Station Data News Media New Papers News Papers New Papers Papers Papers Papers Papers Papers New News Papers News Papers New Papers News Papers New Papers News Papers New Papers News Papers New Papers News Papers New Papers News Papers
34 Communication Systems
35 Real Time Data Acquisition System Existing HF Transceiver system isn t adequate Less reliable in bad weather conditions Recently, DHM has installed 10 rainfall and 3 water level data loggers in Narayani River basin with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless communication system for high speed data transfer. It uses M2M communication technology with CDMA wireless modem to transmit data from sensors placed at different parts over the internet to a database server. The data have been posted on the following website:
36 Transmitted Data
37 Near Sundari Ghat, Bagmati
38 Flood Risk Map of Khando Khola (Saptari) Application of GIS W N S River Settlements Road High Risk Zone Medium Risk Zone Low Risk Zone Watersed Buondary E
39 Activities Snow and Glacier Hydrology Operation of 6 hydrometeorogical stations Collection and Publication of data Glacier and glacier lake studies Model development for snow and glacier melt runoff
40 Snow and Glacier Hydrology Activities Hydrological and meteorological data collection from high Himalayas (Elevation m) Station Elevation River Langtang 3800 m. Langtang Khumbu 4335 m Imja Annapurna 3470 m Modi Makalu 3980 m Barun Kanjiroba 3770 m Sanu Bheri Humla 3800 m Panchamukhi Khola Parameters (i) Temperature (ii) Relative Humidity (iii) Precipitation (iv) Solar radiation (v) Wind speed/ direction (vi) River stage/discharge (vii) Water equivalent of snow
41 Discharge Measurement by Tracer Technology Injection of 90 tracer Sampling 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr Tracer Laboratory East West North
42 Snow survey for determination of water equivalent of snow Snow pit Snow sampler
43 Snow cover Database Management
44 Glacier Retreat in the Nepal Himalayas Rika Samba Glacier, Hidden Valley, Dhaulagiri m Glaciers in Nepal are in general condition of retreat due to climate change SOURCE: GEN/DHM RESEARCH
45 Map of Glaciers and Glacier Lakes Distribution ICIMOD/UNEP (2000)
46 Glaciers of Nepal Major Basin Glacier number Area,km ² Lake number Area,km ² Ice Reserve,km 3 Koshi Gandaki Karnali Mahakali Total
47 Tinau Tinau Khola Khola Training Suspended sampler Bedload sampling Butwal
48 Air Pollution(Babarmahal): WHO Normal: µg/m3 NEPAL Normal: 150 µg/m3 Max.: 727 µg/m3 in May 1995 Min.: 31 µg/m3 in July 1996 Annual Normal: 206 µg/m3 Initial after 24 hrs
49 Conclusion Extension of Hydrological & Meteorological station as user demand Upgrade Manual Station to Automatic Real Time Data transmission System
50
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