Understanding Karnali River Basin. Kabi Raj Khatiwada
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1 Understanding Karnali River Basin Kabi Raj Khatiwada The asymmetric, single-tower, cable-stayed bridge is the longest of its type in the world and represents a unique international collaboration, six years of hard work. 1
2 facebook/ वल भर ई/images BLOG: The Karnali Express: bumping on for 52 hours (Jumla to Surkhet) By Dinesh Wagle 2
3 facebook/jayan Manandhar/images Rara -altitude of 2,990 m.a.s.l -water surface of 10.8 km2 -Ramsar site -the biggest and deepest fresh water lake in the Nepal Himalayas rai Khaptad 3
4 Change and dispossession in western Nepal Food Crisis in Karnali: A Historical and Politico-economic Perspective by Jagannath Adhikari Perspective/dp/B004NO84SO 4
5 Karnali River Basin Western part of Nepal Area: 45,269 sq. km. 2% 7% Rocky bare land: 11.6 % Forest land: 39 % Coniferous forest: 32.13% Grassland: 24.2% Glacier: 2% Agriculture: 19.3% Data source: GLOBCOVER 2% 20% 69% Dystric cambisols (bd) Alkalino calcaric phaeozem (hcn) Calcaro gleyric phaemzem (hcg) Dystric lithosol (ld) Orthic solonetz (so) Data source: Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) (which includes the data from the SOTER ) 5
6 Fig: Average ( ) monthly precipitation in the basin Fig: Spatial distribution of average ( ) annual precipitation (mm) in KRB The annual average precipitation in the basin is only mm/year. 77% of rainfall occurs in monsoon whereas only 7% occurs in winter. Source: Khatiwada et. al
7 Fig: Annual maximum minimum and average temperature of the basin Fig: Temperature trend ( C/year) in different seasons J2000 Hydrological system The J2000 is a fully process-oriented distributed hydrological model (Krause, 2002). Java-based modular oriented modelling framework system JAMS (Jena Adaptable Modelling System) Extended by incorporating a glacier sub-model to account for snow and glacier process (Nepal, et al. 2014). Applied in the Himalayan region (Nepal et al and Nepal 2016: Koshi, Tuitui, 2015: Marsyandi, Shrestha, 2016: Indus) RD1 (quick flow) surface runoff due to saturated access and infiltration access runoff and sealed areas excess runoff. RD2 (slow direct runoff) the lateral hypodermic runoff within soil zone. RG1 (fast base flow runoff) runoff from the upper part of an aquifer, which is more permeable due to weathering. RG2 (slow base flow runoff) runoff at the lower zone of the aquifer. Soil water module 7
8 Hydrological Response Unit (HRUs) Topography GIS Overlay Geology HRU 1 HRU 4 Soiltypes HRU 2 HRU 3 HRU 5 HRU 6 Reach HRUs Reach 3 Reach 2 Land-use, landcover Calibration Validation Year Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E) Log Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (LnE) Coefficient of determination (r2) Relative Volume Error (pbias)
9 Water balance Ice Runoff 94 mm Precipitation 1340 mm Evapotranspiration 443 mm (33%) Surface runoff 308mm (35%) Interflow 439mm (49%) Base flow 136 mm (15%) Evapotranspiration in each month in the basin Average annual ( ) (mm) PET- 955 ACT- 468 Fig: Monthly AET and PET in the basin 9
10 Runoff components in each month in the basin (mm) Runoff components Overland flow (RD1): 35% Interflow (RD2+RG1): 49% Base flow (RG2): 15% Contribution in total discharge Snowmelt 12.8% Glacial melt 12.6% Snow-Glacier discharge in each season Winter 21.2% Pre monsoon 63.8% Monsoon 22.5% Post monsoon 15.2% Baseflow Snowmelt glacial melt Interflow Discharge 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: Khatiwada et. al
11 THANK YOU kabiraj 11
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