Recent extreme weather events in the Nepal Himalayas
|
|
- Anastasia Gilmore
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Extremes ofthe Extremes: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of n symposium held al Reykjavik. Iceland. July 2000). lalispubl.no Recent extreme weather events in the Nepal Himalayas SURESH RAJ CHALISE Mountain Natural Resources Division. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). GPO Box Kathmandu. Nepal chalisc@icimod,org.np NARENDRA RAJ KHANAL Central Department of Geography, Trihhnvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu. Nepal Abstract Extreme weather events and disasters induced by them seem to be on the increase in the Himalayas in recent years. If glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) occur more frequently in the high mountains, then floods and landslide events become more frequent in the middle hills and the lower plains. Such disasters associated with extreme weather events cause widespread damage to life and property and destroy valuable infrastructure in the mountains and the adjoining plains every year, severely affecting the pace of development in Nepal. Although, precipitation is the principal triggering factor for such disasters, the fragile and active geology of the Himalaya Mountains, extremely steep slopes and the recent indiscriminate changes in land use and land cover further exacerbate the problem. Key words extreme weather events; natural disasters; glacial lake outburst Hoods; landslide damming; Hoods; Nepal; physiography; Himalayas INTRODUCTION The Nepal Himalaya Mountains are one of the high-energy environments of the world. A combination of active tectonics, rugged topography and highly seasonal and intensive precipitation has made this fragile environment vulnerable to hazards and disasters. Because of steep gradients, the rivers are energetic, producing high runoff and sediment discharge. Intense pressure on natural resources due to increasing population, mass poverty and subsistence agriculture, and recent development of infrastructure such as roads and irrigation canals without proper safety measures, have further exacerbated the problems of surface runoff, erosion, landslides, sedimentation and floods caused by extreme weather events. This paper aims to discuss the types, frequencies and magnitude of disasters associated directly or indirectly with extreme weather events. EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS Extreme weather events associated with heavy rainfalls are the principal cause of natural disasters in Nepal. The average area-weighted annual precipitation for Nepal is about 1630 mm, with half of the country lying within the mm precipitation zone (Chyurlia, 1984). Both temporal and spatial variations in the precipitation are
2 142 Suresh Raj Chalise & Narendra Raj Khanal pronounced. Nearly 80% of the total precipitation occurs during the monsoon season between June and September, followed by 8% during the post-monsoon (October- January), and 12% during the pre-monsoon season (Chyurlia, 1984; Chalise et ah, 1996). Orography causes strong spatial variations in the precipitation. The recorded average annual precipitation ranges from only 163 to 5244 mm. At present there are only 264 pluviométrie stations in the country with more than five years of records, whereas a minimum of stations is required for a good representation of the country as a whole (Chalise et al., 1996). Diurnal rainfall exceeding 200 mm within 24 h producing simultaneous disturbances of the equilibrium of both the slopes and channel at local and regional scale are common in the country. More than 19 daily precipitation events exceeding 400 mm have been recorded from different parts of the country between 1959 and 1993, of which three events had precipitation exceeding 500 mm (Khanal, 1995). An analysis of 24-h rainfall events with rainfall amounts exceeding 100 mm for the months June-October for and has shown an increasing trend in hazardous rainfall events in Nepal (Table 1). This trend in the number of extreme rainfall events during the monsoon in Nepal is in agreement with a recent review on potential impacts of climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Mountains (Chalise, 1994). Table 1 Comparisons of 24-h rainfall events (June-October) under different categories between and Period 24-h rainfall amount (P in mm) and no. of events (TV) under each category: P,: P 2 : P 3 : P 4 : > AY = 802 AY =130 AY = 22 AY = AY'= 938 AY'= 210 AY' = 29 AY' = 8 DISASTERS INDUCED BY EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN NEPAL Disasters induced by extreme weather events occur frequently in the country and can be divided into four types: (a) disasters associated with short duration high intensity precipitation; (b) failure of landslide dams after continuous heavy rain; (c) glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF); and (d) extreme flood events triggered by infrastructure development, and its failure. Landslides, debris flow and all types of floods are directly or indirectly triggered by extreme weather events causing widespread damage. Estimated annual loss from landslides, floods and avalanches in the country as a whole between 1983 and 1998 ranged from 21.2 million Rupees (0.3 million US dollars) in 1991 to 4904 million Rupees (70.1 million US dollars) in 1993 with average annual loss of million Rupees (10.7 million US dollars). Nearly 230 persons are killed by these hazards every year in Nepal (Khanal, 1999). From north to south Nepal can be divided into five longitudinal physiographic regions viz. the High Himal, the high mountains, the middle mountains (hills), the Chure (Siwalik), and the Terai (plain) (Fig. 1). As the geology, topography and climatic conditions in these regions differ, the responses to extreme weather events also differ
3 Recent extreme weather events in the Nepal Himalayas 143 Fig. 1 Physiographic regions of Nepal. from region to region. High fluxes of sediment are produced particularly in the High Mountain in the north in glacier and periglacier areas by snow, ice and frost. Periodic fluctuations in climatic conditions and advance and retreat of glaciers have produced several hazardous glacier lakes in the High Himal. Landslides, debris flow and floods associated with extreme weather events are more frequent in the middle mountains and Chure Hills whereas flash floods are common in the Terai. Extreme events in the High Himal: glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) Glacier lakes are common in the High Himal of Nepal. The general retreat of glaciers in this century in the Himalaya Mountains has resulted in many glacier lakes (Yamada, 1998). Both moraine dammed and ice dammed lakes are commonly found in Nepal. Floods from ice dammed lakes are characterized by a more gentle rise in the discharge and moderate peak discharge whereas a moraine dammed lake outburst discharge reaches extremely high peaks with flood fronts sometimes reaching m in height and consisting of water, debris, boulders and trees moving at a very high speed. As both ablation and accumulation of snow and ice occur during the monsoon months in the Himalayan glaciers, unlike elsewhere, the risk of GLOF is very high during a monsoon in Nepal. So far 15 GLOF events have been reported which either occurred or extended into Nepalese territory (Khanal, 1997; Yamada, 1998). Of all the high-risk glacier lakes, Lake Tsho Rolpa located at an elevation of 4580 m a.s.l. in the Rolwaling Himal has been identified to be in imminent danger of bursting. It has grown from only cm" in to 1.65 km 2 in The estimated volume of water in the lake at present is 100 million m 3. A worst-case scenario estimate of the peak discharge is more than 7000 m 3 s" 1 and the downstream impact can be up to 100 km (Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, 1996). Nearly people in 17 villages and the 60 MW Kliimti hydropower station located about 65 km downstream from the lake and other
4 144 Suresh Raj Chalise & Narendra Raj Khanal constructions along the river are at risk. Mitigation works for immediate, short- and longterm protection are being undertaken by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology of His Majesty's Government of Nepal, with support from The Netherlands Government. As an immediate measure the Meteor burst early warning system has been installed at 19 places in 17 villages. As a short-term measure, the hydraulic siphoning technique is used to lower the water level. In addition a 6.4-m-wide and 3-m-deep open channel is under construction, which is considered a safer and better option than the siphoning system. In the long tenn the lake level will be lowered by 20 m to avoid the risk of GLOF more or less permanently. The engineering work, which is the first of its kind in the entire Himalaya Mountains, is not only costly but also extremely challenging, as the project has to be carried out at a very high altitude in an area without roads. An early warning system has also been proposed for Khumbu (east Nepal) by using VHF radio to protect the people from the risk of GLOF from Lake Imja glacier lake. However, such an early warning system, which was adopted in Bhutan, did not appear effective in reducing the risk at the time of the outburst in 1994 (Kattelmann & Watanabe, 1998). As the risks of GLOF are likely to increase due to increasing occurrence of extreme weather events as well as due to increasing investment in physical infrastructure in areas downstream of glacier lakes, a combination of various options of mitigation measures needs to be adopted. Disasters associated with extreme events in the middle mountains and lower plains High intensity precipitation events occur frequently in the middle mountains and lower plains causing landslides, debris flows and floods, destroying life and property. Studies of some recent extreme weather events and the damage caused by them are summarized in Table 2. These studies show that natural disasters associated with exceptionally high intensity precipitation at a local scale occur frequently in various parts of the country. Landslide damming floods due to extreme weather events are also common in the middle hills and the high mountains of Nepal. Narrow river channels are temporarily blocked by landslides, debris flows and also by the rivers themselves at confluence points. Breaching of dams formed by landslides and debris flows causes damage along the river channel not only in downstream areas but also in some pounded areas upstream. More than 11 events of such landslide damming floods have been reported from different parts of the country between 1970 and 1987 (Khanal, 1997). Floods triggered by infrastructure development are also on the increase due to rapid development of infrastructure without an adequate understanding of extreme events, their recurrence and potential impacts. For example, check dams and embankments in the Butwal area (west Nepal) which were constructed after the flood of 1970 collapsed in 1981 and 41 people, 120 houses, two mills and one bridge were swept away. Similarly, the collapse of check dams in the Rapti River in 1993 caused the loss of life of 24 people and damage to 2206 houses in Chitwan (central Nepal). Gaur, the headquarters of Rautahat district in the Terai has been suffering from floods triggered by the construction of a high ring dam in India. Almost every year thousands of families in Saptari and Sunsari (southern districts bordering India) districts are affected by the flood triggered by the Kosi barrage.
5 Recent extreme weather events in the Nepal Himalayas 145 Table 2 Recent disasters due to extreme ofthe extreme events in Nepal. River Date Precipitation event and basin(s) spatial coverage Lele: 30 Sepsouth of tember Kathmandu 1981 Bagmati and Narayani: south of Kathmandu July 1993 Larcha: 22 July northeast of 1996 Kathmandu Andhikhola: 30 south of August Pokhara 1998 (west Nepal) Precipitation of exceptionally high intensity occurred, but it was not recorded. 540 mm rainfall in 24 h on 19 July with maximum intensity of 70 mm h" 1 and recurrence interval of less than 100 years. Such high intensity precipitation occurred over 530 km 2. Similarly, on 20 July, the 24-h precipitation was 483 mm covering about km 2. Continuous rainfall for three days. Volume not recorded. More than 238 mm of rain in 24 h with a spatial coverage of 55 km". Damage and losses Nearly 47 shallow landslides per km" were initiated. Twenty-seven people, more than 48 houses, eight shops and seven water turbines were swept away. Debris flows damaged virtually all the agricultural land within the basin. Many shallow and deep landslides (more than 47 landslides per km 2 ) were initiated on the mountain slopes causing flash floods in the lowland area. Nearly families in mountain areas and families in lowland areas were affected, 160 persons in the highland and 815 persons in the lowland areas were killed. Structures such as the Kulekhani hydroelectricity power plant, Bagmati barrage, roads, bridges, irrigation canals and check dams were severely damaged. Debris flows originating about 7 km upstream destroyed the settlement at Larcha. Eighteen houses and 54 persons, roads, bridges, transmission lines and water mills were swept away. Many landslides were initiated. In some subdrainage basins up to 28% ofthe hillslope was affected by landslides. Flood height increased up to 6.2 m and channel width increased from 10 m to 120 m destroying houses and agricultural land along the rivers. Fifty-five persons were killed and 640 houses were destroyed. The estimated total loss was million Rupees (4.8 million US dollars). Sources: Manandhar & Khanal (1988); Dhital et al. (1993); International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (1996); Khanal (1999). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Natural disasters associated with extreme weather events are widely distributed in Nepal and show an increasing trend. The losses of life and property as well as the damage to scarce agricultural land and costly infrastructure due to such disasters are also on the increase. This is due to recent growth in settlements and physical infrastructure in alluvial fans and river valleys, which provide opportunities for economic development but are also more vulnerable to disasters. Risk assessment for different types of hazards, introduction of safety measures, guidelines for proper land use and construction standards and regulations are urgently needed for better preparedness and reducing the losses. An improved knowledge of the frequency, magnitude, causes and consequences of extreme events is also essential to develop short- and long-term mitigation measures. In the absence of long-term hydrometeorological data, it is difficult to introduce early warning systems and develop standards for infrastructure to reduce risks and losses. The main critical parameter that needs to be observed in the finest details is the
6 146 Suresh Raj Chalise & Narendra Raj Khanal precipitation, which is the principal triggering factor. However, measurement of precipitation in the mountain areas is difficult and its validity for generalization is limited. A denser observation network will surely help but has implications of costs and physical accessibility. Long-term monitoring of climatic, hydrological, and other critical parameters in selected river basins in different physiographic regions of the country could help in understanding the underlying processes and develop mitigation strategies. Data generated from such monitoring works will also help in understanding the impacts of global warming on the country. REFERENCES Chalise, S. R. (1994) Mountain environments and climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. In: Mountain Environments in Changing Climate (ed. by M. Beniston), Routledge, London. Chalise, S. R., Shrestha, M. L, Thapa, K. B., Shrestha, B. R. & Bajracharya. B. (1996) Climatic and Hydrological Alias of Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICathmandti. Chyurlia, J. I'. (1984) Water Resources' Report. Land Resource Mapping Project, HMG/Nepal and Government of Canada. Kenting Earth Sciences Ltd, Kathmandu. Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (1996) Glacier lake outburst Hood study of the Tamakoshi basin. Unpublished report. His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Kathmandu. Dhital, M., Khanal, N. & Thapa, K. B. ( 1993) The role of extreme weather events, mass movements, and land use changes in increasing natural hazards: A report of the preliminary field assessment and workshop on causes of the recent damage incurred in south-central Nepal (19-20 July 1993). International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (1CIMOD) (1996) A preliminary field assessment of the debris flow disaster of July 22, 1996 at Larcha. Unpublished report. 1C1MOD. Kathmandu. Kattelmann, R. & Watanabe, T. ( 1998) Approaches to reducing the hazards of an outburst flood of Imja glacier lake, Khumbu Himal. In: Ecohydrology of High Mountain Areas, Proceedings of the International Conference (ed. by S. R. Chalise, A. Herrmann, N. R. Khanal, II. Lang, L. Molnar & A. P. Pokhrel ) (Proc. Int. Conf. Kathmandu, March 1996), Mountain Natural Resources Division, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. Khanal, N. R. (1995) The 1993 extreme event in Nepal and its consequences. The Geographers Point, vol. IV (1 and 2), Centre for Nepalese Geography, Kathmandu. Khanal, N. R. (1997) floods in Nepal. In: River Elood Disaster (Proc. 1CSU SC/IDNDR Workshop, 1996), 33^16. German IHP/OIIP National Committee, Koblenz. Khanal, N. R. (1999) Study of landslides and flood affected area in Syangja and Rupandehi districts of Nepal. Unpublished report submitted to Mountain Natural Resources Division, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. Manandhar, I. N. & Khanal, N. R. (1988) Study on landscape processes with special reference to landslides in Lele watershed, central Nepal. Unpublished report submitted to Research Division, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Yamada, T. ( 1998) Glacier Lake and its Outburst Elood in the Nepal Himalaya. Monograph no 1, Data Center for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Tokyo.
Report on Disaster statistics of Nepal
Report on Disaster statistics of Nepal Submitted by Altaf Rehman Submitted to Dr. Naveed Ahmed University of engineering and technology Peshawar Assignment 1 Section A Registration id 14PWCIV456 Page 1
More informationDISASTER HAZARDS IN BHUTAN By Tshewang Rinzin January Reducing Disaster Risks for a Safe and Happy Bhutan
DISASTER HAZARDS IN BHUTAN By Tshewang Rinzin 26-27 January 2009 Reducing Disaster Risks for a Safe and Happy Bhutan Disaster Hazards in Bhutan Earthquakes Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Floods in
More informationHow to manage risk through integrated geohazard assessment. Prof. John M. Reynolds Reynolds International Ltd, Mold, UK
How to manage risk through integrated geohazard assessment Prof. John M. Reynolds Reynolds International Ltd, Mold, UK Talk outline Introduction Types of disasters within the Himalayas Integrated Geohazard
More informationGrant 0299-NEP: Water Resources Project Preparatory Facility
Document Produced under Grant Project Number: 45206 May 2016 Grant 0299-NEP: Water Resources Project Preparatory Facility Final Report Volume 3 East Rapti (1 of 9) Prepared by Pvt. Ltd. For Ministry of
More informationBhutan Country Report for JPTM 2010 (July, 2010) Department of Disaster Management Ministry of Home & Cultural Affairs Royal Government of Bhutan
Bhutan Country Report for JPTM 2010 (July, 2010) Department of Disaster Management Ministry of Home & Cultural Affairs Royal Government of Bhutan 1 Contents of Presentation 1. Disaster Hazards and Underlying
More informationDisaster Management in Bhutan
ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN Disaster Management in Bhutan Tshering Wangchuk ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN EARTH FIRE WATER AIR ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN Presentation Outline Various Hazards in Bhutan Major
More informationGeo-information and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region
Geo-information and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region Basanta Shrestha, Division Head MENRIS, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal The International
More informationRole of Hydro-Met Services in Disaster Risk Management
Role of Hydro-Met Services in Disaster Risk Management Tshewang Rigzin (Mr) National Centre for Hydrology and Meteorology, Bhutan 30 th November 2017 Outline Vision and Mission Functions related to Disaster
More informationHazard Zonation for Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in Bhutan Himalaya
Hazard Zonation for Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in Bhutan Himalaya A mode of Adaptation to the impacts of climate change DGM-NCAP Project Karma Department of Geology & Mines Ministry of Economic
More informationCountry Report Nepal Geospatial Data Sharing Initiatives of Survey Department Supporting Disaster Management
Third JPTM Step 2 for Sentinel Asia 6-8 July, 2010 Manila, The Philippines Country Report Nepal Geospatial Data Sharing Initiatives of Survey Department Supporting Disaster Management Durgendra M Kayastha
More informationCASE STUDY NATHPA JHAKRI, INDIA
SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY NATHPA JHAKRI, INDIA Key project features Name: Nathpa Jhakri Country: India Category: reduce sediment production (watershed management); upstream sediment trapping; bypass
More informationNatural Disaster Preparedness for Hydropower Projects in High Mountain Environments
Natural Disaster Preparedness for Hydropower Projects in High Mountain Environments John M. Reynolds Reynolds International Ltd Suite 2, Broncoed House Broncoed Business Park Wrexham Road Mold Flintshire
More information8 Current Issues and Research on Sediment Movement in the River Catchments of Japan
8 Current Issues and Research on Sediment Movement in the River Catchments of Japan YUTAKA ICHIKAWA INTRODUCTION Prediction of sediment movement is one of the challenging tasks in water-related research.
More informationCASE STUDY NATHPA JHAKRI, INDIA
SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY NATHPA JHAKRI, INDIA Key project features Name: Nathpa Jhakri Country: India Category: reforestation/revegetation; upstream sediment trapping; bypass channel/tunnel; reservoir
More informationFlood Inundation Mapping under different climate change scenarios in the upper Indus River Basin, Pakistan
Flood Inundation Mapping under different climate change scenarios in the upper Indus River Basin, Pakistan Sohaib Baig (doctoral student) 16 November 2017 Disaster Prevention Research Institute 1 Kyoto
More informationPresentation on HYDROLOGICAL & METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF NEPAL
International Workshop on Socio-Economic Benefits of Hydrological & Meteorological Services 21-28 28 September 2009 Presentation on HYDROLOGICAL & METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF NEPAL by Suresh Maskey Hydrologist
More informationDisaster RISK Management : Bhutanese Scenario
Disaster RISK Management : Bhutanese Scenario Expert Group Meeting (EGM) on Geo-referenced Information Systems for Disaster Risk Management (Geo-DRM) and sustaining the Community of Practice (COP), Bangkok,
More informationGENERAL. CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE GUIDELINES Background of the Guidelines Purpose of the Guidelines...
GENERAL CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE GUIDELINES... 1 1.1 Background of the Guidelines... 1 1.2 Purpose of the Guidelines... 3 CHAPTER 2 APPLICATION OF THE GUIDELINES... 3 2.1 Potential Users
More informationChapter 4 Hydrodynamic Modelling of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
Chapter 4 Hydrodynamic Modelling of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods To better understand the impacts that a GLOF can have on the downstream valleys, an attempt was made to simulate one GLOF event each in
More informationSkeletal remains of what was a debris-covered glacier near Mt. Everest
Annual satellite imaging of the world s glaciers Assessment of glacier extent and change GLIMS Development and population of a digital glacier data inventory HIGH ICE Skeletal remains of what was a debris-covered
More informationUsing Weather and Climate Information for Landslide Prevention and Mitigation
Using Weather and Climate Information for Landslide Prevention and Mitigation Professor Roy C. Sidle Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University, Japan International Workshop on Climate and
More informationMODELLING FROST RISK IN APPLE TREE, IRAN. Mohammad Rahimi
WMO Regional Seminar on strategic Capacity Development of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in RA II (Opportunity and Challenges in 21th century) Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 3-4 December 2008
More informationGLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS IN THE NEPAL HIMALAYA JONATHAN M LALA UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN CE 394K.3 GIS IN WATER RESOURCES DECEMBER 2, 2016
GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS IN THE NEPAL HIMALAYA JONATHAN M LALA UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN CE 394K.3 GIS IN WATER RESOURCES DECEMBER 2, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract... 3 Introduction... 3 Methods...
More informationClimate Changes and Natural Hazards in Mountain Areas, Mountainhazards 2011 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Climate Changes and Natural Hazards in Mountain Areas, Mountainhazards 2011 Dushanbe, Tajikistan Title: GLOF Risk Assessment in Hindu Kush-Himalayas (HKH) Region in the Era of Climate Change Ashutosh Mohanty
More informationOn the need to integrate Disaster Risk Management within the hydropower sector
On the need to integrate Disaster Risk Management within the hydropower sector John M. Reynolds Reynolds International Ltd Suite 2, Broncoed House Broncoed Business Park Wrexham Road Mold Flintshire CH7
More informationGeotechnical damage in rural areas caused by the 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake
Tokyo, 1 June 2015 Geotechnical damage in rural areas caused by the 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake Chiaro Gabriele JSPS RESEARCH FELLOW, University of Tokyo Lecturer, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
More informationTarbela Dam in Pakistan. Case study of reservoir sedimentation
Tarbela Dam in Pakistan. HR Wallingford, Wallingford, UK Published in the proceedings of River Flow 2012, 5-7 September 2012 Abstract Reservoir sedimentation is a main concern in the Tarbela reservoir
More informationChina Physiographi hi i c v ew of N l epa India
JMA/WMO Workshop on Quality Management in Surface, Climate and Upper-Air Observations in RA II (ASIA) Tokyo, Japan, 27-30 July 2010 Rajendra P. Shrestha Meteorological Forecasting Division Department of
More informationDebris flow: categories, characteristics, hazard assessment, mitigation measures. Hariklia D. SKILODIMOU, George D. BATHRELLOS
Debris flow: categories, characteristics, hazard assessment, mitigation measures Hariklia D. SKILODIMOU, George D. BATHRELLOS Natural hazards: physical phenomena, active in geological time capable of producing
More informationMultiHazard Process Chains: Nepal and other hotspots
MultiHazard Process Chains: Nepal and other hotspots Jeffrey S. Kargel (Thanks to NASA Disasters program and David Green for support) 6 Sep 2016 Glaciers Glacial Lakes Seismicity Meteorological floods
More information3/3/2013. The hydro cycle water returns from the sea. All "toilet to tap." Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e
Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e Running Water: summary in haiku form Edward A. Keller Chapter 9 Rivers and Flooding Lecture Presentation prepared by X. Mara Chen, Salisbury University The hydro
More informationICIMOD Responding to Mountain Challenges in the Hindu Kush- Himalayas
ICIMOD Responding to Mountain Challenges in the Hindu Kush- Himalayas Eklabya Sharma International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Regional Intergovernmental Learning and Knowledge
More informationFlood Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability in Nepal: the Physical and Socioeconomic Environment
Chapter 1 Flood Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability in Nepal: the Physical and Socioeconomic Environment Ratu Khola downstream of Jaleshwar Introduction Floods causing loss of life and property are an annual
More informationUNIT 11 SOUTH ASIA SG 1 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & THE ENVIRONMENT
UNIT 11 SOUTH ASIA SG 1 - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & THE ENVIRONMENT I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY TAKE OUT YOUR PHYSICAL MAP OF SOUTH ASIA A. The Himalayan Mountains form the northern boundary of the region (color
More informationImpacts of Climate Change and Water-Related Disaster Reduction Management in the Asia-Pacific Region
Impacts of Climate Change and Water-Related Disaster Reduction Management in the Asia-Pacific Region Katumi MUSIAKE Professor, Fukushima University Secretary General, Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology
More informationWorkshop on Drought and Extreme Temperatures: Preparedness and Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery
Workshop on Drought and Extreme Temperatures: Preparedness and Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 16-17 Feb.2009, Beijing, China Modeling Apple Tree Bud burst time and frost risk
More informationImpact assessment on disasters
The 5th International Coordination Group (ICG) Meeting GEOSS Asian Water Cycle Initiative (AWCI), Dec. 16, 2009. Impact assessment on disasters Eiichi Nakakita Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto
More informationUGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Flood and Flood Hazards Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG, Legon College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education
More informationResearch highlights from permafrost research: Rock glacier mapping in the HKH region with Google Earth
Research highlights from permafrost research: Rock glacier mapping in the HKH region with Google Earth M.-O. Schmid, P. Baral, S. Gruber, S. Shahi, T. Shrestha, D. Stumm, and P. Wester International Centre
More informationENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY Prof. Rajesh Bhagat Asst. Professor Civil Engineering Department Yeshwantrao Chavan College Of Engineering Nagpur B. E. (Civil Engg.) M. Tech. (Enviro. Engg.) GCOE, Amravati VNIT,
More informationAssessment of the Hood River Delta Hood River, Oregon
Assessment of the Hood River Delta Hood River, Oregon Pacific Northwest Waterways Association Annual Meeting October 13, 2010 Michael McElwee, Executive Director Port of Hood River Overview U.S. Army Corps
More informationA Roundup of Recent Debris Flow Events in Taiwan
2015 International Workshop on Typhoon and Flood APEC Experience Sharing on Hazardous Weather Events and Risk Management A Roundup of Recent Debris Flow Events in Taiwan Hsiao-Yuan(Samuel) Yin Ph.D. sammya@mail.swcb.gov.tw
More informationLandslide monitoring system in Iceland. Harpa Grímsdóttir Jón Kristinn Helgason NVE, Oslo, October
Landslide monitoring system in Iceland Harpa Grímsdóttir Jón Kristinn Helgason NVE, Oslo, October 26 2016 History Avalanches and landslides have caused extensive damages and loss of human lives in Iceland
More informationSummary of the 2017 Spring Flood
Ottawa River Regulation Planning Board Commission de planification de la régularisation de la rivière des Outaouais The main cause of the exceptional 2017 spring flooding can be described easily in just
More informationFLORA: FLood estimation and forecast in complex Orographic areas for Risk mitigation in the Alpine space
Natural Risk Management in a changing climate: Experiences in Adaptation Strategies from some European Projekts Milano - December 14 th, 2011 FLORA: FLood estimation and forecast in complex Orographic
More informationLandslide dam outburst flood risk management
Case Studies on Flash Flood Risk Management in the Himalayas Madi River, Nepal Landslide dam outburst flood risk management Narendra Raj Khanal, Tribhuvan University; Achyuta Koirala, Fulbright Consultant;
More information1. INTRODUCTION. EXAMPLE OF SECHILIENNE ROCKFALL (France)
FORM OSE POST-GRADUATE COURSE Landslide vulnerability and risk 1 FORM OSE POST-GRADUATE COURSE Landslide vulnerability and risk 2 FORM OSE POST-GRADUATE COURSE Landslide vulnerability and risk 3 Christophe
More informationGEOL 1121 Earth Processes and Environments
GEOL 1121 Earth Processes and Environments Wondwosen Seyoum Department of Geology University of Georgia e-mail: seyoum@uga.edu G/G Bldg., Rm. No. 122 Seyoum, 2015 Chapter 6 Streams and Flooding Seyoum,
More informationEarthquake hazards. Aims 1. To know how hazards are classified 2. To be able to explain how the hazards occur 3. To be able to rank order hazards
Earthquake hazards Aims 1. To know how hazards are classified 2. To be able to explain how the hazards occur 3. To be able to rank order hazards Types of hazard Primary A direct result of the earthquake
More informationFNEP: Finnish-Nepalese Project for improving the meteorological readiness in Nepal
72 FNEP: Finnish-Nepalese Project for improving the meteorological readiness in Nepal Antti Mäkelä 1*, Irma Ylikangas 1, Ramchandra Karki 2, Kamal Prakash Budhathoki 2, Adriaan Perrels 1, Kristiina Säntti
More informationData challenges in Trans-boundary River Basins: Case Study of the Upper Indus Basin
Data challenges in Trans-boundary River Basins: Case Study of the Upper Indus Basin Asif Khan Lead Author (Water chapter- AR6 IPCC) Post Doctorate (Water-Energy-Food-Climate Change, IIASA, Austria) PhD
More informationRegional Flash Flood Guidance and Early Warning System
WMO Training for Trainers Workshop on Integrated approach to flash flood and flood risk management 24-28 October 2010 Kathmandu, Nepal Regional Flash Flood Guidance and Early Warning System Dr. W. E. Grabs
More informationFlood management under climatic variability. and its future perspective in Japan
Flood management under climatic variability and its future perspective in Japan ABSTRACT Tetsuya IKEDA, Junichi YOSHITANI, Akira TERAKAWA Secretariat for Preparatory Activities of UNESCO-PWRI Centre, Public
More informationAbout the Organisations
About the Organisations The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is an independent Mountain Learning and Knowledge Centre serving the eight countries of the Hindu Kush- Himalayas
More informationChanging glacial lakes and associated outburst floods risks in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Indian Himalaya
Evolving Water Resources Systems: Understanding, Predicting and Managing Water Society Interactions Proceedings of ICWRS2014, Bologna, Italy, June 2014 (IAHS Publ. 364, 2014). 255 Changing glacial lakes
More informationHaiti and Dominican Republic Flash Flood Initial Planning Meeting
Dr Rochelle Graham Climate Scientist Haiti and Dominican Republic Flash Flood Initial Planning Meeting September 7 th to 9 th, 2016 Hydrologic Research Center http://www.hrcwater.org Haiti and Dominican
More informationINTRODUCTION. Climate
INTRODUCTION Climate Landslides are serious natural disasters in many parts of the world. Since the past 30 years, rainfall triggered landslides and debris flows had been one of the natural disasters of
More informationDeep-Seated Landslides and Landslide Dams Characteristics Caused by Typhoon Talas at Kii Peninsula, Japan
Deep-Seated Landslides and Landslide Dams Characteristics Caused by Typhoon Talas at Kii Peninsula, Japan Hefryan Sukma KHARISMALATRI*,1, Hitomi KIKUCHI 1, Yoshiharu ISHIKAWA 1, Takashi GOMI 1, Katsushige
More informationWaterways from glaciers to coastal waters in Iceland. Jórunn Harðardóttir, IMO Nordic WFD conference September 26, 2012
Waterways from glaciers to coastal waters in Iceland Jórunn Harðardóttir, IMO Nordic WFD conference September 26, 2012 What to include and what not to include? Hydrology of Iceland Much on glaciers and
More informationHYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF KEDARNATH FLOOD. N.N.Rai Director, Central Water Commission, India
HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF KEDARNATH FLOOD by N.N.Rai Director, Central Water Commission, India Location Map INTRODUCTION Kedarnath Shrine is situated at Lat 30.74 N and Long 79.06 E in
More informationThe sketch map of field investigations in Wenchuan earthquake hit region, Chengdu City.
The sketch map of field investigations in Wenchuan earthquake hit region, Chengdu City. 1 Environmental and Geological Condition 1.1 Geomorphology BaiSha River Basin is located in Dujiangyan County, and
More information2018 Geography Mock Examination
2018 Geography Mock Examination Your Geography mock examination will test your understanding of Paper 1 (Living with the physical environment) and Section B (Fieldwork) from Paper 2. Attached are the necessary
More informationSIMPLE GUIDELINES TO MINIMISE EXPOSURE TO EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
SIMPLE GUIDELINES TO MINIMISE EXPOSURE TO EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES David Milledge, Nick Rosser, Katie Oven, Amod Mani Dixit, Ranjan Dhungel, Gopi Krishna Basyal, Sujan Raj Adhikari and Alexander
More informationUnderstanding disaster risk ~ Lessons from 2009 Typhoon Morakot, Southern Taiwan
Understanding disaster risk ~ Lessons from 2009 Typhoon Morakot, Southern Taiwan Wen Chi Lai, Chjeng-Lun Shieh Disaster Prevention Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University 1. Introduction 08/10
More informationDisaster Mitigation of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides 797
Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides 797 Application of Probabilistic Approach in Rock Slope Stability Analysis An Experience from Nepal Shubh Pathak, 1) Ram Krishna Poudel
More informationEvaluation of Flash flood Events Using NWP Model and Remotely Sensed Rainfall Estimates
Evaluation of Flash flood Events Using NWP Model and Remotely Sensed Rainfall Estimates Dr. Ismail Yucel METU Civil Engineering Department and Fatih Keskin State Hydraulic Works HydroPredict 2010 Prague
More informationVULNERABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY TO NATURAL HAZARDS IN JAMAICA
VULNERABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY TO NATURAL HAZARDS IN JAMAICA RAFI AHMAD rafi.ahmad@uwimona.edu.jm Unit for disaster studies, Department of Geography & Geology, The University of the West Indies, Mona Kingston
More informationFlash flood disaster in Bayangol district, Ulaanbaatar
Flash flood disaster in Bayangol district, Ulaanbaatar Advanced Training Workshop on Reservoir Sedimentation Management 10-16 October 2007. IRTCES, Beijing China Janchivdorj.L, Institute of Geoecology,MAS
More informationClimate & Climate Change in Indus Basin. How Can Research Help? Danial Hashmi, Pakistan
Climate & Climate Change in Indus Basin How Can Research Help? Danial Hashmi, Pakistan Sequence of Presentation Brief Description of Indus Basin Climate of Indus Basin Climate of Upper Indus Basin Climate
More informationImpact of climate and water resources changes on land degradation in Tajikistan
Impact of climate and water resources changes on land degradation in Tajikistan Alexander Finaev Institute of Water Issues, Hydro Power Engineering and Ecology, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Tajikistan
More informationProposal Report On Flood Hazards Mapping Project In Xebangfai River
Proposal Report On Flood Hazards Mapping Project In Xebangfai River Prepared By Mr. Boualaythong KOUMPHONH Climate Division Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Water Resources and Environment Administration
More informationThe effectiveness of check dams in controlling upstream channel stability in northeastern Taiwan
Erosion, Debris Mows and Environment in Mountain Regions (Proceedings of the Chengdu Symposium, July 1992). IAHS Publ. no. 209, 1992. 423 The effectiveness of check dams in controlling upstream channel
More informationGUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER DEVELOPMENT OF WARNING AND EVACUATION SYSTEM AGAINST SEDIMENT DISASTERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER DEVELOPMENT OF WARNING AND EVACUATION SYSTEM AGAINST SEDIMENT DISASTERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MARCH 2004 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
More informationStudy of Temperature Variation over Nepal and its different topographic regions between 1989 and 2010
Study of Temperature Variation over Nepal and its different topographic regions between 1989 and 2010 By SHRESTHA SAHAJ 51210647 Supervisor: Professor Dr. SANGA-NGOIE Kazadi A Thesis Submitted In Partial
More informationEFFECTS OF DEBRIS-FLOW CONTROL WORKS ON ENVIRONMENT AND CONSEQUENCES FOR LAND-USE PLANNING CASE STUDY MURBACH, TYROL, AUSTRIA
EFFECTS OF DEBRIS-FLOW CONTROL WORKS ON ENVIRONMENT AND CONSEQUENCES FOR LAND-USE PLANNING CASE STUDY MURBACH, TYROL, AUSTRIA Joerg Heumader 1* ABSTRACT The torrent Murbach is one of the most dangerous
More informationThey include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, and other processes and occurrences. They are included in the broader concept of.
They include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, and other processes and occurrences. They are included in the broader concept of. In general, natural processes are labeled hazardous only
More informationEFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON LANDSLIDE FREQUENCIES IN RATNAPURA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA- 2011
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON LANDSLIDE FREQUENCIES IN RATNAPURA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA- 2011 T. D. Rathnaweera, Student, (Email: tdr19862142@gmail.com) U. P. Nawagamuwa,Senior Lecturer, (Email: udeni@uom.lk)
More informationImpact of the Danube River on the groundwater dynamics in the Kozloduy Lowland
GEOLOGICA BALCANICA, 46 (2), Sofia, Nov. 2017, pp. 33 39. Impact of the Danube River on the groundwater dynamics in the Kozloduy Lowland Peter Gerginov Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
More informationProgress Report. Flood Hazard Mapping in Thailand
Progress Report Flood Hazard Mapping in Thailand Prepared By: Mr. PAITOON NAKTAE Chief of Safety Standard sub-beuro Disaster Prevention beuro Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation THAILAND E-mail:
More informationAir temperature environment on the debriscovered area of Lirung Glacier, Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas
Debris-Covered Glaciers (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 264, 2000. 83 Air temperature environment on the debriscovered area of Lirung Glacier,
More informationOccurrence of heavy rainfall around the confluence line in monsoon disturbances and its importance in causing floods
Occurrence of heavy rainfall around the confluence line in monsoon disturbances and its importance in causing floods GNAGESWARA RAO Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
More informationPrediction of landslide-induced debris flow hydrograph: the Atsumari debris flow disaster in Japan
Monitoring, Simulation, Prevention and Remediation of Dense and Debris Flows 27 Prediction of landslide-induced debris flow hydrograph: the Atsumari debris flow disaster in Japan H. Takaoka 1, H. Hashimoto
More informationYour web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore
Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore ALLU VIAL FAN colluvial fan, debris cone For the complete encyclopedic
More informationLandslide Hazard Mapping of Nagadhunga-Naubise Section of the Tribhuvan Highway in Nepal with GIS Application
Journal of Geographic Information System, 2014, 6, 723-732 Published Online December 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jgis http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2014.66059 Landslide Hazard Mapping
More informationStream Geomorphology. Leslie A. Morrissey UVM July 25, 2012
Stream Geomorphology Leslie A. Morrissey UVM July 25, 2012 What Functions do Healthy Streams Provide? Flood mitigation Water supply Water quality Sediment storage and transport Habitat Recreation Transportation
More informationUpstream-Downstream Interaction in the context of shared water regime of NE India: Arunachal, Assam
Upstream-Downstream Interaction in the context of shared water regime of NE India: Arunachal, Assam Partha J Das Water, Climate & Hazard Division Aaranyak-Guwahati Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts
More informationEFFICIENCY OF THE INTEGRATED RESERVOIR OPERATION FOR FLOOD CONTROL IN THE UPPER TONE RIVER OF JAPAN CONSIDERING SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
EFFICIENCY OF THE INTEGRATED RESERVOIR OPERATION FOR FLOOD CONTROL IN THE UPPER TONE RIVER OF JAPAN CONSIDERING SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL Dawen YANG, Eik Chay LOW and Toshio KOIKE Department of
More informationESTIMATING SNOWMELT CONTRIBUTION FROM THE GANGOTRI GLACIER CATCHMENT INTO THE BHAGIRATHI RIVER, INDIA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
ESTIMATING SNOWMELT CONTRIBUTION FROM THE GANGOTRI GLACIER CATCHMENT INTO THE BHAGIRATHI RIVER, INDIA Rodney M. Chai 1, Leigh A. Stearns 2, C. J. van der Veen 1 ABSTRACT The Bhagirathi River emerges from
More informationPaper presented in the Annual Meeting of Association of American Geographers, Las Vegas, USA, March 2009 ABSTRACT
Paper presented in the Annual Meeting of Association of American Geographers, Las Vegas, USA, March 2009 ABSTRACT CHANGING GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE KOSI RIVER SYSTEM IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT Nupur Bose,
More informationFlooding. April 21, Notes 4/20 CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! Activity 2: AZ State Museum due TODAY. Extra Credit 2: Returned at end of class
April 21, 2011 Flooding 1927 Mississippi Flood Notes 4/20 Activity 2: AZ State Museum due TODAY Extra Credit 2: Returned at end of class CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! Andrew Richard Undergraduate Research Grant
More informationRISK ASSESSMENT COMMUNITY PROFILE NATURAL HAZARDS COMMUNITY RISK PROFILES. Page 13 of 524
RISK ASSESSMENT COMMUNITY PROFILE NATURAL HAZARDS COMMUNITY RISK PROFILES Page 13 of 524 Introduction The Risk Assessment identifies and characterizes Tillamook County s natural hazards and describes how
More informationAssessment of the catastrophic events originated in the river Vere basin
Assessment of the catastrophic events originated in the river Vere basin Tbilisi, Georgia Presenter: Irakli Megrelidze Deputy Head of Hydrometeorological Department (National Environmental Agency) Hydrology
More informationGeography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70. Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills
Geography Class XI Fundamentals of Physical Geography Section A Total Periods : 140 Total Marks : 70 Sr. No. 01 Periods Topic Subject Matter Geographical Skills Nature and Scope Definition, nature, i)
More informationMeasures Also Significant Factors of Flood Disaster Reduction
Non-Structual Measures Also Significant Factors of Flood Disaster Reduction Babiaková Gabriela, Leškov ková Danica Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava Hydrological Forecasts and Warning Department
More informationMEDIA RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 17, 2014 Preparing for the Spring Thaw
BRACEBRIDGE, ONT Springtime is fast approaching and flooding in low lying areas of the Town is a potential risk due to melting snow and spring rain fall. Flooding can also be experienced during extreme
More informationmountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output
mountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output strong interaction between streams & hillslopes Sediment Budgets for Mountain Rivers Little
More informationCLIMATE READY BOSTON. Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016
CLIMATE READY BOSTON Sasaki Steering Committee Meeting, March 28 nd, 2016 Climate Projections Consensus ADAPTED FROM THE BOSTON RESEARCH ADVISORY GROUP REPORT MAY 2016 WHAT S IN STORE FOR BOSTON S CLIMATE?
More informationLong-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea
Long-Term Trend of Summer Rainfall at Selected Stations in the Republic of Korea Il-Kon Kim Professor, Department of Region Information Rafique Ahmed Professor, Geography and Earth Science Silla University
More informationGlacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal THE WORLD BANK
Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal THE WORLD BANK 1 Note This assessment of glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) risk in Nepal was conducted with the aim of developing
More information6 Establishment of an Inter-country Regional GLOF Risk Monitoring Network
Formation of Glacial Lakes in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya and GLOF Risk Assessment 6 Establishment of an Inter-country Regional GLOF Risk Monitoring Network Many types of glacial lake have formed in the past
More information