School on Modelling Tools and Capacity Building in Climate and Public Health April Rainfall Estimation
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1 School on Modelling Tools and Capacity Building in Climate and Public Health April 2013 Rainfall Estimation CECCATO Pietro International Research Institute for Climate and Society, IRI The Earth Institute Columbia University 61 Route 9W, Monell Building Lamont Campus Palisades, NY U.S.A.
2 Rainfall Estimation
3 What is Satellite Rainfall Estimation? - There is no such thing as satellite rainfall measurement - Satellite sensors just measure radiation emitted or reflected by hydrometeors and/or surface - Satellite rainfall estimation techniques try to convert radiation measurements to precipitation information
4 What Do Satellite Sensors See? VV, IR & Thermal IR MW (low frequencyemission by rain) MW (high frequency- scattering by ice) ICE Mixed Radar Liquid
5 Geostationary Satellites Located at about 35,800 km above the equator Visible, NIR and Thermal Infrared Repeat coverage about 15 to 30 minutes Observes events and their evolution
6 Polar-Orbiting Satellites Passive Microwave Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/ I) - Swath width: 1400-km - Seven passive MW channels
7 Radar and Passive Microwave on-board Satellites Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) - Precipitation radar (PR) km Swath m vertical resolution - TMI - 9-channel MW km swath - VV/IR - Lightening detector trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov
8 Radar and Passive Microwave TRMM product
9 Merging IR, Passive and Active Microwave Rainfall Estimates Combines the best features of both approaches: Good space/time resolution of geostationary estimates Better accuracy of microwave estimates
10 Satellite Rainfall Estimates Products Time Res Space Res Existence PM Gauge CMORPH Daily 0.25 deg 2002-Pres Y N NRL 3-hourly 0.25 deg Y N PERSIANN 3-hourly 0.25 deg Y N TRMM-3B42 3-hourly 0.25 deg 1998-Pres Y Y TRMM-3B42RT 3-hourly 0.25 deg 2002-Pres Y N CPC-RFE Daily 0.1 deg 2001-Pres Y Y CPC-ARC Daily 0.1 deg 1995-Pres N Y GPCP-1DD Daily 1.0 deg 1996-Pres TAMSAT 10-daily ~0.05 deg 1996-Pres N N GPCP Monthly 2.5 deg Y Y CMAP Monthly 2.5 deg Y Y TRMM-3B43 Monthly 2.5 deg 1998-Pres Y Y
11 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) - Merged satellites with gauge spatial resolution - monthly rain rate - Also 1-degree daily(1dd) (monthly) (1DD)
12 Satellite Products CPC-Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) - Merged satellites, numerical model predictions and gauge observations CMAP December Climatology( ) spatial resolution - monthly total rain - Also 5-day total From IRI data library SOURCES/.NOAA/.NCEP/.CPC/.Merged_Analysis/.monthly/.latest/.ver 2/.prcp_est/
13 Satellite Products TRMM - Active and passive microwave instruments spatial resolution - monthly total rain - Also 3-hourly current 01_Data_Products/02_Gridded/ 07_Monthly_Other_Data_Source_3B_43/index.html
14 Satellite Products RFE - Merged satellites and gauge (11 km) spatial resolution - Daily total rainfall - RFE1: RFE2: 2002-current
15 Satellite Products Africa Rainfall Estimate Climatology (ARC) 0.10-degree (11km) daily, combined IR and Gauge 1995-current Daily Latest Daily Anomaly (Difference Between Mean and Current) Current 10 Yr Mean
16 Satellite Products Africa Rainfall Estimate Climatology (ARC2) 0.10-degree (11km) daily, combined IR and Gauge 1983-current SOURCES/.NOAA/.NCEP/.CPC/.FEWS/.Africa/.DAILY/.ARC2/.daily/.est_prc
17 Satellite Products NOAA CPC Unified Precipitation 0.5-degree daily, 1 Jan Dec 2005 (RETRO); 1 Jan 2006 to present (REALTIME) The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified Gauge-Based Analysis of Global Daily Precipitation is an optimal interpolation objective analysis of global daily station precipitation data available at the CPC. It is divided into a retrospective version (RETRO) covering 1979 to 2005, derived from more than 30,000 gauges, and a real-time version (REALTIME) covering 2006 to present, derived from approximately 17,000 gauges. The grid resolution is 0.5 deg. lat/lon. The data set also includes information on the gauge network density and country-to-country variations in the daily reporting period. SOURCES/.NOAA/.NCEP/.CPC/.UNIFIED_PRCP/.GAUGE_BASED/.GLOB AL/.v1p0/.RETRO/.rain/
18 Validation of Rainfall Products Validation: Comparing Rainfall Estimates with Rain Gauge Data
19 Validation of Rainfall Products Ethiopia
![Validation region and data Validation of Rainfall Products - 120 Stations used - Gauge data gridded using Climate Aided Interpolation - Kriging for interpolating the means 22 35 39 Elevation [meters]](/docs-images/91/105898614/images/20-0.jpg "22 Topography and distribution of gauges. The four 2.5 degree boxes are used for at 2.5 degree resolution, and the number of gauges in each box is given.")
20 Validation region and data Validation of Rainfall Products Stations used - Gauge data gridded using Climate Aided Interpolation - Kriging for interpolating the means Elevation [meters] 22 Topography and distribution of gauges. The four 2.5 degree boxes are used for at 2.5 degree resolution, and the number of gauges in each box is given. Stations in the larger box is used for validation at 1- degree resolution.
21 Validation of Rainfall Products Monthly at 2.5-degree
22 Validation of Rainfall Products 10-day total at 1 o x 1 o
23 Validation of Rainfall Products The following statistics were used to evaluate the accuracy of the rainfall estimate products to retrieve rainfall: coefficient of determination (R 2 ), mean error (ME), standard deviation (Stdv), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and bias. Where R = reference rain gauge observation, G = rainfall estimate product, and N = number of data pairs. ME and MAE are in mm while R 2, Stdv, RMSE and Bias are unit-less.
24 Validation of Rainfall Products Monthly at 2.5-degree Satellite[mm] GPCP_SG CMAP TRMM_3B43 N = 360 GPCP CMAP 3B43 CC Bias ME Gauge[mm] Data:
25 Sep-00 Nov-00 Jan-00 Mar-00 May-00 Jul-00 Nov-99 Sep-99 Validation of Rainfall Products Monthly at 2.5-degree Jan-98 Mar-98 May-98 Jul-98 Sep-98 Nov-98 Jan-99 Mar-99 May-99 Jul-99 Date Gauge GPCP_MS GPCP_SG CMAP Rain[mm]
26 Validation of Rainfall Products 10 Days at 1ºx1º 1 o x 1 o N=306 1DD 3B42 TAMS AT CMO RPH CC Bias ME
27 Validation of Rainfall Products 0.25-deg RFE PERS NRL 3B42 3B42RT CMORPH CC Bias RMS[%] deg RFE 1DD 3B42T 3B42 TAMSAT CMORPH CC Bias RMS[%] deg GPCP CMAP 3B43 CC Bias RMS[%]
28 Improving Rainfall Estimates Calibration: Integrating Rainfall Gauges within Rainfall Estimates Derived from Satellites
29 Improving Rainfall Estimates A B C D Comparison of rain gauge data (A), satellite estimates (B), gauge-only gridded products(c), and combined gauge-satellite product (D), over Ethiopia for 7 July All products have spatial resolution of 0.1 o lat/long
30 Improving Temperature Maximum temperature for 2 nd dekad of April Top-left panel is station data, while top-right panel is interpolated station data. Bottom-left panel is station data combined with dekadal averages of MODIS LST and DEM. The bottom right panel is topography included for reference.
31 Ethiopian Meteorology Agency
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