NOAA Snow Map Climate Data Record Generated at Rutgers
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1 NOAA Snow Map Climate Data Record Generated at Rutgers David A. Robinson Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ Snow Watch 2013 Downsview, Ontario January 29, 2013 December 2012 snow extent departures
2 Motivation New snow cover extent climate data record: the product of 47 years of visible satellite snow extent mapping by NOAA 2
3 Workhorse snow product: NOAA visible maps Nov 1966 Oct 1972 May s May 1999 ESSA, NOAA, GOES Series Weekly 190 km digitized METEOSAT & GMS added Reanalysis of Feb 1997 Feb 2004 IMS 24 km IMS 4 km 3
4 Climate Data Record Attributes Length Consistency Continuity Documentation National Research Council, 2005
5 What a difference a year makes January 11, 2011 January 11, 2012 January climatology
6 Northern Hemisphere Continental Snow Cover: January 10, 2012 Extent Departure (blue:positive; red:negative
7 This year is somewhere in between the past two January 11, 2013
8 Northern Hemisphere Continental Snow Cover: January 2012 Extent Departure (blue:positive; tan:negative
9 Northern Hemisphere Continental Snow Cover: December 2012 Extent Departure (blue:positive; tan:negative
10 Snowcover.org
11 Scattered snow reanalysis Scattered mountain snow or patchy snow Digitized as snow covered Remove
12 Scattered snow reanalysis
13 Consistency analysis Climatologies Overlap period
14 IMS Resolution IMS: Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System Increased resolution Daily product 5/16/1997
15 IMS reduction 6/ present IMS - 0% No snow IMS - 22% No snow IMS - 42% Snow IMS - 100% Snow
16 Percent difference in SCE from pre-cdr to CDR products
17 95% confidence interval (% SCE) Confidence March April Smoothed (13-term binomial filter) 95% confidence intervals for NH March and April SCE expressed as a % of the corresponding mean SCE Uncertainty in NH SCE in the pre-satellite period is approx ± 5% in March and ± 10% in April Uncertainty in NH SCE in the post-1970 satellite era is around ± 5% Larger confidence interval in April related to (1) greater uncertainty in the historical reconstruction, (2) larger between dataset variability in SCE
18 New CDR-derived monthly Northern Hemisphere SCE climatologies
19 Exploration Earlier and more extensive spring snow melt over the course of the satellite era. Not seen in fall or winter. 19
20 Snow Depth Data
21 An example of 25km EASE-Grid 2.0 test output from the Terrestrial Snow 25km resolution merged product, showing Layer 1 (sources reporting snow) for Feb Sources include the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS), MODIS Cloud Gap Filled imagery (CGF), and microwave snow extent (MW).
22 US/CANADA GRIDDED SNOW DEPTH DATA 22
23 Rationale Daily gridded snow depth product created for use in assessing large scale change in snow cover, validating satellite observations, and validating climate model output Snowfall, temperature, and precipitation grids created in conjunction for quality control 23
24 1 by 1 interpolated snowfall data interpolated from U.S. Summary of the Day (TD3200/3206) and Canadian daily surface observations (CDO) The period of record is with a daily temporal resolution 24
25 Quality Control US and Canadian daily snowfall station data quality controlled following criteria proposed by Robinson (1989) Range check Internal consistency Max/Min Temperature Precipitation Snow Liquid Water Equivalent Ratio Spatial coherence not examined Limited assessment of temporal consistency (snow depth) Methods described in Dyer and Mote (2006) 25
26 Interpolation Daily snowfall grids calculated using a modified Shepard inverse-distance interpolation (Wilmott et al., 1984) Other interpolation methods being tested Daily 1 x1 snowfall grids using drop in the bucket approach for QC d station data retained 0.25 grids available
27 The first season with reporting stations Period of Record with Station Data. Calculated as last season first season from 1900 to Last season with reporting stations 27
28 28
29 SNOW DEPTH & CDR COMPARISON 29
30 Snow depth & CDR comparison Resampled station data to 128x128 grid Eliminated coastal areas, cells < 5 stations Calculated mean snow depth and percent of stations with snow depth (>1cm, >2.5cm, >5cm, >10cm) Compared percent of station to incidence of snow in CDR Binary logistic regression analysis of fraction of stations reporting snow depth >1cm vs CDR (presence/absence); assessed interaction term by era ( , , ) 30
31 Snow depth & CDR comparison Average differences (adjusted minus unadjusted) within time periods Period Mean Difference Standard Error P-Value 1 ( ) 5.2% 0.50% < ( ) 2.8% 0.46% < ( ) -0.2% 0.59% Average differences (adjusted minus unadjusted) across time periods Periods Compared P-Value 1, , 3 < ,
32 Snow depth & CDR comparison Unadjusted Adjusted Linear (Unadjusted) Linear (Adjusted) DJF fractional snow coverage from NOAA CDR (green) and after adjustment (red) for U.S. and southern Canada 32
33 Snow depth & CDR comparison > >10-15 Mean snow depth (cm) vs probability of detection in CDR for (left); difference from in probability of detection by era (right) 33
34 Snowcover.org Thanks!
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