Data Encoding. Part II Digital to Digital Conversion. Surasak Sanguanpong
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1 1/16 Data Encoding Part II Digital to Digital Conversion Surasak Sanguanpong Last updated: 25 november 2004 Types of DigitalDigital Encoding 2/16 Unipolar DigitalDigital encoding Polar Bipolar 1
2 Unipolar 3/16 only one positive level of Signal varies between a positive V and 0 volts Problems with unipolar DC component : mean signal of level V/2 Synchronization : when a signal is not varying Polar Encoding 4/16 NRZ NRZL NRZI Polar Encoding RZ Biphase Manchester Differential Manchester 2
3 NRZL 5/16 two levels of positive negative NRZ : no signal changing inside a bit NRZL : Nonreturn to zero, Level The signal level represents the bit value ; 0=positive, 1=negative Same problems with unipolar (DC and Synchronization) NRZI 6/16 NRZL NRZI high to low low to high A transition denotes a binary 1 No transition denotes a binary 0 NRZI : Nonreturn to zero, Invert 1 = transition at beginning of interval; 0 = no transition at beginning of interval better synchronization by the changing of a binary 1; a string 0s can still cause problems 3
4 RZ three levels of positive 7/16 zero negative high to zero=1 These transitions help synchronization low to zero=0 The signal returns to zero level at the middle of each bit High to zero =1; low to zero=0 better synchronization than NRZL and NRZI need more bandwidth to encode signal Biphase 8/16 Manchester high to low=0 low to high=1 Differential Manchester A transition denotes a binary 0 No transition denotes a binary 1 The signal changes at the middle of each bit but does not return to zero Manchester : lowtohigh =1; hightolow=0 Differential Manchester : absence of a transition =1; presence of a transition=0 Selfclocking codes and no dc component 4
5 Bipolar 9/16 AMI Bipolar B8ZS HDB3 Bipolar AMI 10/16 AMI = Alternate Mark Inversion = Alternate 1 Inversion a binary 1 must alternate in polarity; no line signal represents a binary 0 psuedoternary : a variation of AMI, in which binary 0 alternates in polarity Advantages : no net dc component no loss of synchronization for a long string of 1s; 5
6 B8ZS 11/16 contiguous of 8 zeros AMI B8ZS B8ZS=Bipolar 8zeros substitution commonly used in North America Provide synchronization of long string of 0s Force signal changes when eight 0s occur in succession B8ZS encoding 12/16 Violation = same polarity of the last voltage pulse Balance = opposite polarity of the last voltage pulse V B 0 V B last pulse is positive Balance last pulse is negative Balance Violation Violation Violation Violation 6
7 HDB3 contiguous of 4 zeros 13/ AMI HDB3 HDB3=HighDensity Bipolar 3 commonly used in Europe and Japan Provide synchronization of long string of 0s Force signal changes when four 0s occur in succession HDB3 encoding 14/16 Number of bipolar pulses since last substitution is ODD last pulse is positive last pulse is negative Number of bipolar pulses since last substitution is EVEN last pulse is positive last pulse is negative
8 Encoding evaluation factors 15/16 Signal spectrum lack of highfrequency means that less bandwidth is require lack of dc component is desirable a good signal should concentrate the power in the middle of bandwidth Clocking suitable encoding can provide synchronization mechanisms Error detection permits errors to be detect more easily Signal interference& noise immunity certain codes has superior performance in the presence of noise Spectral density 16/16 Mean square voltage per unit bandwidth NRZL, NRZI B8ZS,HDB3 AMI, Pseudoternary Normalized frequency (f/r) Manchester, Differential Manchester 8
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