Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg

Transcription

1 Dc `óv m úv`k gbryi Avng` m úv`k Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k kwddj Avjg câg el cö_g msl v ˆR ô-avlvp 1415, Ryb 2008

2 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx BD b vi mn hvwmzvq ev dw I webd-avbbww-gi hš_ cökvkbv m úv`kxq cwil` Dc `óv m úv`k : gbryi Avng` m úv`k : Avey nvwg` jwzd wbe vnx m úv`k : kwddj Avjg m`m : ggzvr Rvnvb k vgjx AvKei we ekvb ` nvijv`vi cö Q` Aveyj gbmyi Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-5, number-1, June- 2008, edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development.(BAFED) and BRAC University Institute of Educational Development (BU-IED) with financial assistance from UNESC. 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka Phone: , bafed@bangla.net, Website: Printed by Arka, 6/11 Eastern Plaza, Hatirpool, Dhaka-1205, Phone: Price Tk US$ 5.00

3 m úv`kxq AvVv iv kz Ki kl w` K Bs iwr-wkÿvwegyl e wuk-kvwmz fvize l i gymjgvb `i Rb evsjvi MfY i Rbv ij Iqv ib nw sm 1781 mv j cöwzôv K ib KjKvZv gv`ivmv gvnj Avg j fvize l vwcz vbxq gv`ivmv jvi ms M Gi YMZ cv_ K hgb wqj, Zgwb e wuk kvmk `i Mfxi ivr bwzk D Ïk I wqj Gi bc _ wbwnz 1947 G cvwk Ívb cöwzôvi ci gv`ivmv wkÿvi we Ívi N U jÿ Kivi welq ZrKvjxb cwðg cvwk Ív bi P q c~e e MB gv`ivmvi msl v D jøl hvm fv e e w cvq Ges µ g µ g Gme gv`ivmvi wkÿv_ x-wkÿkiv ` ki ag wfwëk ivrbxwzi wekvk jv f mnvqk kw³ wn m e KvR Ki Z _v K 1971 mv j ^vaxb mve fšg evsjv `k cöwzôvi c~ e Pvi RvZxq g~jbxwzi g a wqj ag wbi cÿzv I mgvrz š i K_v wkš ^vaxbzvi ci ^Zš gv`ivmv evw cöwzôvi ci gv`ivmvi msl v `ªæZ e w c Z _v K mviv ` k mikvi Aby gvw`z gv`ivmvi msl v cövq Zi nvrv ii AwaK (2003) G jvi cvkvcvwk mikvwi Aby gv`bnxb wekvj msl K KIwg gv`ivmv i q Q gv`ivmv wkÿvi wkÿv_ x msl v ` ki gvu wkÿv_ xi GK wecyj Ask wewfbœ mg q gv`ivmv wkÿvi AvaywbKvqb I hympvwn`vi cwi cöwÿ Z G wkÿvavivi wkÿvµ g cwiez b I ms v ii Rb mycvwik Kiv n q Q 1972 _ K 2008 ch ší AšÍZ `kwu wkÿv Kwgkb/KwgwU wi cvu cöyxz n q Q, cövq cö Z KwU ZB gv`ivmv wkÿvi wkÿvµg I cvv m~wp K ms vi, bevqb, weávb-gb I AvaywbKvq bi K_v ejv n q Q GgbwK gv`ivmv wkÿv m úwk Z ^Zš Kwgkb wi cv U I Gi e vck cwiez bi K_v ejv n q Q wkš GZwKQyi cii ïay Be Z`vqx, `vwlj I Avwjg Í i mvaviy wkÿvi cvv m~wp bgbxqfv e Abym Z n ji ag xq wkÿvi g~javiv I iÿykxjzv cy ivcywi AÿzYœ i q Q Zv Z G Z gv`ivmvi wkÿv_ xiv cök Zc ÿ Kv bv wel qb Kvw ÿz ˆbcyY AR b Ki Z cvi Q bv Ab w` K ivr bwzk giæki Y ag xq gšjev` I Rw Mev `i m M gv`ivmv I gv`ivmv wkÿv_ x `ii m ú ³Zvi Awf hvm w`b w`b Rvi`vi n q DV Q gv`ivmv wkÿv h nzz evsjv ` ki wkÿve e vq GKwU iæz c~y Ask mrb Gwel q h _ó fveevi AeKvk i q Q we klz AvaywbK weávb I cöhyw³i hy M G ` ki wecyjmsl K wekvkgylx wkÿv_ x K iÿykxjzv I gšjev `i w` K avwez K i cðvrgylx Kivi welqwu wkÿvfveyk `i fve Z n e evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi ez gvb msl vq gv`ivmv wkÿv m úwk Z M elyvg~jk Z_ vbymüvbx jlvq A bk Z_ D`NvwUZ n q Q hv Avgv `i fvwe q Zzj e evsjv cwifvlvi PP vi BwZnvm `xn w` bi evsjv fvlv K mg Kivi cq b cwifvlvi iæz Acwimxg cwifvlv wbg v Yi `xn w` bi BwZnvm hgb Av Q Zgwb mgm vi i q Q evsjvfvlv PP vi ÿ Î cwifvlv PP vi welqwu Avgv `i wkÿvwelqk cwifvlv wbg v Yi ÿ Î A bk ewk iæz c~y evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi G msl vq evsjv cwifvlv welqk Ges ` ki wkÿv_ x `i Rb MYgva g eûj cöpvwiz GKwU we bv`b Kw `ªK wkÿvg~jk Abyôvb m ú K KŠZznj DÏxcK GKwU jlvi cökvwkz nj eive ii g Zv Avgv `i wb e`b Ñ wkÿvfvebv I ÁvbPP vi ÿ Î bvbvgylx h wpšív mªvz eb Q Zv Z Avgiv m ú ³ nb Ges mme wpšív Avgiv Zz j awi evsjv `k wkÿv mvgwqkxi cvzvq

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5 m~wp evsjv cwifvlv ipbvi BwZe Ë myeªz eo qv 7-31 wkïi wekvk: cöm½ wmwmgcyi AwffveK I wkï `i gzvgz mgx v k vgjx AvKei, G. K. Gg. e`iæj Avjg, Lyiwk`v AvKZvi Rvnvb evsjv ` k gv`ivmv wkÿv: m~pbv, we Ívi I Gi cöfve BkdvK Bjvwn PŠayix 47-60

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7 evsjv cwifvlv ipbvi BwZe Ë * myeªz eoqv Z Zxq Aa vq e Mxq-mvwnZ -cwil `i cöwzôvkvj 1300 e Mvã cö_g eq ii Z Zxq Awa ek b K òkgj fævpv h i mfvcwz Z Ges irbxkvší ßi cö Ív e ÔcvwifvwlK mwgwzõ MwVZ n qwqj iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x, Ac~e P `ª `Ë, gvaep `ª P Ævcva vq, hv MkP `ª ivq,gyx `ª wmsn `e I Kvwj`vm gwjøk cögyl H mwgwzi Kv Q cwifvlv m ú K Zuv `i e³e ck K ib cöwzôvi ci _ K ciezx cövq 42 eqi a i (1894Ñ1935) mvwnz -cwilr-cwîkvq 67 Rb jl Ki cwifvlv m úwk Z kzvwak ipbv cökvwkz n qwqj ÒavivevwnKfv e I cöyvjxe fv e evjv cwifvlv mskjb, m Rb I Av jvpbvi m~îcvz nq e Mxq mvwnz -cwilr-cwîkv K K `ª K i m hy Mi eû cwð Zi cvwifvwlk wpšívfvebv Ges wbwg Z cwifvlv Qvcv nz H cwîkvq d j wesk kz Ki cö_gv a i evvjx gb bi cvwifvwlk Qvc g j mvwnz cwilr cwîkvq weáv bi cövq cöwzwu kvlvq mvwnz -cwilr-cwîkv cwifvlv ipbvq AvZ wb qvm K iwqj imvqb, MwYZ, R vwzwe ` v, Rxewe` v, Dw `we` v, wpwkrmvwe` v, kixiwe` v I ZwoZwe` v Ggb K qkwu kvlvi bvg mvwnz -cwilr-cwîkvi cvwifvwlk D ` v Mi cövycyiæl wq jb iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x wzwb QvovI jlk `i g a wq jb hv MkP `ª ivq, Ac~e P `ª `Ë, nvivb e ` vcva vq, iex `ªbv_ VvKzi, mybxwzkzgvi P Ævcva vq, wø R `ªbv_ VvKzi, Áv b `ª gvnb `vm, wpšívniy PµeË x cögyl AvPvh cödzjøp `ª iv qi cvwifvwlk wpšívfvebvi mvwnz cwilr K K `ª 32 K ib weewz Z n qwqj Ó gbmyi gymv Zuvi evsjv cwifvlv: BwZnvm I mgm v MÖ š mvwnz cwilr cwîkv evsjv cwifvlv welqk cöqv mi ÿ Î h f wgkv cvjb K iwqj m m ú K wj L Qb Ñ 1301 mv j ÔmvwnZ cwilr cwîkvõ cö_g cökvwkz nq cö_g _ KB G cwîkv cövwzôvwbkfv e fvlvcwikíbvi iæz Dcjwä K i evjv fvlvi mg w i Rb cwifvlv ˆZwi Kiv K Zuviv GKwU iæz c~y Kg wnmv e MY K iwq jb mrb mb hy Mi eû cwðz cwifvlv ˆZix K i cwîkvq Qvcv bvi Rb cvwv qwq jb A b K cwifvlvi ixwzbxwz m ú K Av jvpbv-mgv jvpbv Dc vcb K i Qb mvwnz cwilr cwîkvi ZvwjKvq cwifvlv msµvší Av jvpbvq A b KiB bvg cviqv hv Q wb gœ ey vbyµ g Zuv `i bvg Ges h e l Zuv `i K qkr bi ipbv cökvwkz n qwqj Zv `Iqv n jv:- 1. Ac~eŸ `Ë [1g, 2q, 3q el ] 2. Ab M gvnb mvnv [29, 30, 42 el ] 3. Awebvk P `ª gryg`vi [28 el ] *K_vmvwnwZ K I weávb jlk, cöv³b cwipvjk, evsjv GKv Wgx, XvKv **cö_g I wøzxq Aa vq mvgwqkxi PZz_ el, wøzxq msl v, ww m ^i 2007-G cökvwkz ** evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 07

8 4. Awebvk e ` vcva vq [50 el ] 5. Aw ^Kv PiY ß [18 el ] 6. A ^yrvÿ mikvi [23 el ] 7. D gk P `ª eue vj [4 el ] 8. G K `ªbv_ `vk Nvl [17, 18, 31 el ] 9. Kvwj`vk bv_ [8 el ] 10. K òbv_ Nvl [19 el ] 11. KzÄwK kvi ivq PŠayix [20 el ] 12. KzÄ Mvwe ` Mv ^vgx [37 el ] 13. L M `ªbv_ wgî [17 el ] 14. MŠixni wgî [34 el ] 15. PÐxPiY e ` vcva vq [19 el ] 16. wpšívniy PµeË x [34, 51 el ] 17. Áv b `ª gvnb `vm [8 el ] 18. ZvivcÖmbœ fævpvh [22, 23, 24, 25 el ] 19. wø R `ªbv_ VvKzi [4, 5 el ] 20. `ebvivqy Nvl [19 el ] 21. ` e `ªbv_ emy [16 el ] 22. `ym vbvivqy mb [19 el ] 23. `ym vpiy P Ævcva vq [49 el ] 24. b ik P `ª wmsn [12 el ] 25. b i `ªbv_ PµeË x [31 el ] 26. cùbv_ fævpvh [15 el ] 27. cöy ek wmsn ivq [52 el ] 28. c~ Y `y gvnb mnvbexk [18 el ] 29. emšíkzgvi P Ævcva vq [19, 20, 21, 26, 27 el ] 30. emšíiäb ivq [26 el ] 31. ebiqvwijvj PŠayix [33 el ] (Ñ1931) 32. we k k i PµeË x [3 el ] 33. werq P `ª gryg`vi [11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24 el ] 34. weay kli fævpvh [24, 25 el ] 35. e vg Kk g Ídx [8, 13, 15, 17 el ] 36. f c `ªbv_ `Ë [33 el ] (1880Ñ1961) 08 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

9 37. gnbv_ fævpvh [9, 10 el ] 38. gyn ` knx`yjøvn& [25, 31, 37, 50, 51 el ] 39. gvjøv iexdïxb Avn&g` [33, 34 el ] 40. gvÿ`vpiy fævpvh [15 el ] 41. hv MkP `ª ivq [17, 23, 24, 26 el ] 42. iwmkjvj Nvl [5 el ] 43. iex `ªbv_ VvKzi [7, 8, 36, 45 el ] 44. irbxkvší PµeË x [14 el ] 45. iv R `ªP `ª kv x [5 el ] 46. iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x [8, 12, 14 el ] 47. iv R `ªKzgvi gryg`vi [12 el ] 48. ivrkzgvi Kve f ly [14 el ] 49. ivrkzgvi e`zx_ [17 el ] 50. ivlvj ivr ivq [22, 27 el ] 51. jwjz Kzgvi e ` vcva vq [7, 8, 9 el ] 52. kir P `ª Nvl [35 el ] 53. kªxwbevm e ` vcva vq [10 el ] 54. kªxbv_ mb [14, 16 el ] 55. mlvivg M bk `D i [3 el ] 56. mzxk P `ª Nvl [9, 13, 14 el ] 57. mz my `i emy [15 el ] 58. mzxk P `ª ivq [23, 31 el ] 59. my ik P `ª ivq PŠayix [12 el ] 60. my ik P `ª `vm ß [19 el ] 61. mykzgvi mb [33, 37, 42 el ] 62. mybxwzkzgvi P Ævcva vq [23, 25, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 45] 63. my i `ªbv_ mb [46 el ] 64. nicömv` kv x [8 el ] 65. nwi`vm cvwjz [18 el ] 66. nvivy P `ª e ` vcva vq [8 el ] 67. ngší Kzgvi mikvi [27 el ] Ò ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi cvwifvwlk g~j vqb Ki Z wm q ivr kli emy e jwq jb - ÔGKB Bs irx k ãi bvbv cöwzkã; wkš KvbwU MÖnY hvm Zvi wbe vpb nqwbõ (emy: evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 09

10 1340) AvaywbK fvlvcwikíbvq hv K 'Codification of form' e j ÔmvwnZ -cwilrcwîkvõq ZvB-B n qwqj; wkš hv K ejv nq 'Selection of norm' Zv nqwb e vcvi n Q norm (Av`k iƒc ) wbe vp bi Rb nq divmx GKv Wgxi g Zv kw³kvjx cöwzôvb wksev Rb&m bi g Zv weøvb e w³z cö qvrb mvwnz cwilr m ó cwifvlv K cöpjb Kivi e vcv i Kv bv e vck e e v MÖnY Ki Z cv iwb AvR Ki w` b wneªæ GKv Wgxi wksev B `v bwkqvb fvlv ms vi (Lembaga Bahasa Nasional, Indonesia) cq b h ai bi mikvwi g`` mwµq, mvwnz cwil `i cq b mikg Kv bv kw³ mwµq wq jv bv Z`ycwi m PZb fvlv-cwiez bi h wpšív AvR Ki w` b fvlvzvwë K `i g a ^xk Z, mkv j m aviyv wqj Abycw Z ZLb g b Kiv n Zv fvlv ^vfvwek MwZ ZB wekwkz n e; cwikwíz wekvk fvlvi ÿ Î Kvg bq Gme Kvi Y mvwnz cwil `i cvwifvwlk 33 cöqvm h_vh_ iæz jvf Ki Z cv iwb Ó ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi cöqv mi GB mxgve Zv cöm M gbmyi gymvi g~j vq bi m M hy³ Kiv h Z cv i b cb fšwg Ki e³e I : mvwnz cwilr cwîkv Mvôxi cvwifvwlk cöqv mi g~j `ye jzv wqj AwZwi³ ms Z wbf izv H hy Mi cvwifvwlk g~j vqb Ki Z wm q ivr kli emy e jwq jb, ÔG ` k eû ermi _ K cwifvlv mskj bi Póv n q Avm Q e Mxq mvwnz cwil `i `ß i A bk cwifvlv msm nxz n q Q, ÔcÖK wzõ cwîkvq cövq cöwz msl vq cwifvlv cökvwkz n Q ZvQvov A bk cwðz e w³ wb Ri cö qvr b cwifvlv ipbv K i Qb GB mkj cwifvlvi cövq mg ÍB cövpxb ms Z kv cöpwjz kã, A_ev mskjwqzvi ^iwpz ms Z kã G ch ší Av qvrb hv n q Q Zv wbzvší Kg bq, wkš fv³v weij, Zvi GKwU KviYÑ GKB Bs irx k ãi bvbv cöwzkã n q Q, wkš KvbwU MÖnY hvm Zvi wbe vpb nq wbõ (emy, 1340) AvaywbK fvlvweávbx `i fvlvq, evjv cwifvlvi codification of form n qwqj wkš s election of norm nq wb GKB k ãi GKvwaK cwifvlv ˆZwi n q Q wkš KvbwU MÖnY hvm Zv wvk nq wb A_ vr cwifvlvi cöwgzkiy K i Zv K cöpwjz Kivi Kvb e vck e e v MÖnY Ki Z mvwnz cwilr cwîkv e _ n qwqj mikvwi mn hvwmzv bv _vk ji, cwðz `i m wzuv Zv Av`vq Kiv hz mkv ji Zveo Zveo cwðziv mvwnz cwil `i QÎQvqvq GKwÎZ n qwq jb G `i mw wjz m wz cviqv Kómva n Zv bv jvnv Mig _vk Z _vk Z Nv gvi j KvR nqñ njvq nviv bv nj m my hvm mvgwqk cwîkvi wz h ^í gqv`x, ZvI H cwîkv Mvôx Abyaveb Ki Z e _ n jb m ó cwifvlv-m vi K GKwÎZ K i Awfavb AvKv i cökvk Kiv Ges ^íg~ j mnrjf Kivi D ` vmi mvwnz cwilr cwîkvi wqj bv mgkvjxb RbwcÖq Awfav bi kã wj vb cvq wb ey bv dzj K`i bv c qb evwm n q Mj gvïv K_v n jv GB h, mvwnz -cwilr Mvôx m ó cwifvlv K mnrjf Ges MÖnY hvm K i Zvjvi Kvb Kvh Ki D ` vm wb Z cv i wb mvwnz cwilr cwîkv Mvôxi cvwifvwlk cöqv mi GwUB g~j 34 e _ Zv 10 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

11 ÔmvwnZ cwilr cwîkvõi cwifvlvwelqk D ` vm I Kg Kv Ði e _ Zvi K_v Dchuy³ D wzi g a D PvwiZ n ji, m cöqvm e _ n qwqj Ggb wm vší hyw³hy³ bq ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi Kvh Ki I djcöm~ mvdj AR b wel q mxgve Zvi GKwU HwZnvwmK KviYI i q Q Zv n jv fv³vi Afve cwilr-cwîkvq mkv ji cwðzr bi eû ipbv Ges Av jvpbv-mgv jvpbv cökvwkz n q Q, hv myaxmgv R Drmvn I AvMÖ ni m wó K iwqj cö_g el _ KB ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlv wb q wewea wpšívkxj cöeü GB cwîkvq cökvwkz n qwqj...cövk wzk weáv bi wewfbœ kvlvi cwifvlv mskj bi ÿ ÎI GB cwîkvi GKwU D jøl hvm Ae`vb i q Q wewfbœ gbxlx KZ K Abyevw`Z I mskwjz evsjv ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlvi ZvwjKv cökvwkz niqv QvovI mb me ZvwjKv m ^ Ü mgv jvpbv GB cwîkvq vb cz iv g `ªmy `i wî e`xi ÔivmvqwbK cwifvlvõ (kªvey 1302) kxl K cöeüwu K K `ª K i G Z cövk wzk weáv bi welqwe k li cwifvlv wb q Av jvpbvi m~îcvz nvj [ˆeÁvwbK welq wb q mvaviyfv e Av jvpbvi iv g `ªmy `i wî e`xb kyiæ K iwq jb (KvwË K 1301) ] 1303 mv ji KvwË K msl vq ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõq cöeüwui mgv jvpbv Ki jb Kvwj`vm gwjøk I hv MkP `ª ivq f Mvj I f we` v welqk cwifvlv mskjb I Av jvpbvq AskMÖnY K ib ejx `ª wmsn `e, hv MkP `ª ivq, iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x, ngp `ª `vk ß, ivmwenvix gðj cögyl jl Kiv RxeweÁv bi cwifvlvq Av jvpbv A cÿv mskj bi Dc ib ekx Rvi `Iqv nvj wewfbœ msl vq cövyx, Dw ` I kvixiweávb welqk cwifvlvi ZvwjKv cökvk Ki jb hv MkP `ª ivq, kkai ivq, G K `ªbv_ Nvl I iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x cwil`-cwîkvi MwYZ I c`v_ weáv bi cwifvlvi ZvwjKv A cÿvk Z `ye j ZvÕ Qvov cövk wzk weáv bi GB `yõwu wefv Mi cwifvlv wb q Av jvpbvi ïiæ nvj A cÿvk Z ciezx Kv j GB cwîkvq MwYZ welqk cwifvlvi ZvwjKv cöyq b D ` vmx n qwq jb nvivyp `ª e ` vcva vq I ngp `ª `vk ß c`v_ weáv bi K qkwu cöavb w`k Av jvk, Pz ^K I ZworweÁv bi cwifvlvi ZvwjKv 35 cöyqb Ki jb Ab M gvnb mvnv iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x iv g `ªmy `i 1886 wlª v ã we.g.(abvm ) cixÿvq weáv b cö_g vb AwaKvi K ib ci ermi c`v_ we` v I imvqbweáv b Gg.G. cixÿvq cö_g vb AwaKvi K ib 1888 wlª v ã wzwb c`v_ we` v I imvqbweáv b cögpuv` ivqpuv` e wë c q wkqzkvj cöwm WwÝ K j Ri j ve iuwi Z weávbpp vq wbhy³ _v Kb 1892 wlª v ã wzwb wicb K j Ri c`v_ I imvqbweáv bi Aa vc Ki c` MÖnY K ib AíKv ji g a B weáv bi Aa vck wn m e Zuvi L vwz Qwo q c o wicb K j R Aa vcbvi mgq wzwb Mfxi Awfwb ek mnkv i cövp I cvðvz `k b Aa vqb K ib mvwn Z i cöwz AbyivM Zuvi QvÎve v _ KB wqj iv g `ªmy ` ii cö_g ipbv Ôgnvkw³Õ kxl K cöeüwu 1291 mv ji cšl msl v ÔbeRxe bõ cökvwkz nq GB cwîkv K K `ª KÕ ib iv g `ªmy ` ii mvwnz mvabvi m~îcvz berxe b Zuvi AviI K qkwu cöeü cökvwkz n qwqj G `i g a D jøl hvm, ÔweeË bõ (kªvey, 1292), ÔgnvZi MÕ (AMÖnvqY, 1292), ÔRo RM Zi wekvkõ (Avlvp, 1293) evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 11

12 GB cöeü jv iv g `ªmy ` ii Kvb MÖ š vb cvqwb Z e wek RM Zi AbšÍ inm mvwnz mvabvi Avi _ KB Zuvi gbcövy K Av jvwoz K iwqj; Zvi Bw MZ GB mkj ipbvq cviqv hvq cöeü wj Z fvlvi RuvKRgK Ges KweZ I D Q v mi wkqzuv AvwaK cwijwÿz nq Zuvi cö_g Rxe b KvjxcÖmbœ Nv li ÔMgM g fvlvi cöfveõñ GK_v iv g `ªmy `i wb RB ^xkvi K iwq jb GB RgKv jv fvlvi gvn AíKv ji g a B wzwb KvwU q DV jb iv g `ªmy `i jlbx aviy Kivi ci _ KB evsjv weávb-mvwn Z behy Mi m~îcvz `k bi e`xg~ j weávb K ewm q iv g `ªmy `i evsjv weávb mvwn Z 36 bzzb K i cövy-cöwzôv Ki jb Zuvi GB weávb`k b evsjv mvwn Z i Ag~j m ú` weáv bi cwifvlv wb q iv g `ªmy `i ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõq h cöeü wj wj LwQ jb m wj n jvñ ÔˆeÁvwbKÕ (1301, 2q msl v), ÔivmvqwbK cwifvlvõ I Ô fš MvwjK cwifvlvõ (1306, 4_ msl v) Ges ÔkixiweÁvb-cwifvlvÕ (1306, 4_ msl v) ÔˆeÁvwbK cwifvlvõ cöe Ü iv g `ªmy `i cwifvlvi msáv_, ˆewkó, cwifvlv MV bi ixwz, ms Z fvlv _ K cwifvlv Pqb Ges we `wk kã _ K cwifvlv m wó I cvwifvwlk kã wn m e Bs iwr kã evsjv fvlvq e envi BZ vw` welq úó I we Í Zfv e Av jvpbv K i Qb fvlvi cö qvrb I cök wz wel q Av jvpbvi gva g Av jvpbvi m~îcvz K i wzwb wj L Qb : Avgvi g bi fve Zvgv K RvbvBevi Rb fvlv; GB D Ïk hz mn R, hz Aí kª g I hz m ú~y iƒ c mvwaz nq, ZZB fvlvi mv_ KZv kã jbqv fvlvi kixi I fve jbqv fvlvi Rxeb, G K_v ewj j wbzvší fzj nq bv fv ei mwnz k ãi GKUv m ^Ü Av Q G m ^ÜUv weavzvi wbwï ó wkbv, Zvnv wb vi Yi Póvq Avgvi Kvb cö qvrb bvb AwaKvsk j k ãi I A _ i m ^Ü gvby lib KwíZ, m wel q Kvb m `n bvb kã GKUv ms KZ gvî cuvpr b wgwjqv wgwkqv ms KZUv meÿ Î meÿ `v GK A _ cö qvm Kwi jb RxebhvÎv Pwjqv hvq I fvlvi D Ïk mvwaz nq gvby li g b hz wkqz fv ei D`q nb Z cv i, Zvnvi cö Z Ki Rb GK GKwU c _K m KZ _vwk j eva Kwi, fvlv K m ú~y fvlv ejv hvb Z cvwiz Avgv `i g b fv ei msl vi mxgv bvb, wkš Avgv `i kãm Kjbkw³ m KxY d j K qkwu gvî kã ev m KZ jbqv AmsL g bi fve e ³ Kwi Z nq GBLv b fvlvi cöavb Ac~Y Zv wkš GB Ac~Y Zv cwinv ii Dcvq `Lv hvq bv GB `vl K_wÂr cwinv ii Rb bvbvwea KŠkj cöhy³ nq cuvpuv fve GKRvZxq nb j Avgiv GKUv kã KB DcmM cöz qvw` hv M bvbv Dcv q Mwoqv wcwuqv bvbvwea AvKvi w`qv _vwk wkš Bnv ZI Kzjvq bv AMZ v eva nbqv GKUv kã KLb KLb cuvpuv A _ e envi Kwi Z nq Bnv fvlvi wb bzvm~pk Avevi GKB A _ KLb KLb cuvpuv kãi e eüz nbqv _v K; Bnv wb bi abeëvi Avo ^i GB Avo ^i bv _vwk j fvlvi mšôev_ embf ly cöf wzi GKUz nvwb nbz, wkš Zvnvi Aw g¾v gvsm ckx mej I mg_ nbz 12 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

13 Z e weáv bi ÿ Î f wg Kl Y Kwi Z wmqv K wlh š i mšôe A cÿv Kvh KvwiZvi Dci AwaK ` wó ivwl Z nq hlv b gvwu Lye `o, mlv b Ggb A cö qvm Kwi Z nb e, hvnv Z mb k³ gvwu Z Pvl fvj P j hlb ï wb iu Áv bi Av jvpbv jÿ Kwi Z nb e, ZLb fvlvi c~y Zvi w` KB ekx ` wó ivwl Z nq weáv bi cwifvlv MV bi mgq GB KqwU K_v g b ivwl Z nb e h kãwu cö qvm Kwi e, Zvnvi hb GKwU mywbwï ó, euvaveuvwa, mxgve, úó Zvrch _v K cö Z K kã GKwU wbwï ó A _ e envi Kwi e; mb kãwu Avi wøzxq A _ cö qvm Kwi e bv GB nbj ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlvi g~j m~î GB g~j m~ Î ` wó ivwlqv fvlv cöyqb Kwi j ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlvi hvnv gyl D Ïk, Zvnv m~pviæiƒ c m úvw`z nb e Ávbe w mnkv i weáv bi fvlvi cwiwa I cömvi we Í Z nq fvlv b~zbfv e MwVZ nq b~zb kã m Kjb Kwi Z nq; b~zb k ãi cöyqb Kwi Z nq DwjøwLZ K qkwu m~î g b ivwlqv cwifvlv-cöyq b cöe Ë bv nb j D Ïk mva b e vnvz N U myzivs huvnviv ÁvbcÖPv i eªzx, ZË cöpvi I mz cöpvi huvnv `i e emvq, Zuvnvw`M K wel qi MŠie ev a 37 mveavb nbqv Pwj Z nb e gvz fvlvi gva g ÁvbweÁvb PP vi iæz m ú K iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x m PZb wq jb; wkš GKB m M gvz fvlv K cvðvz ÁvbweÁvb PP vi Dchy³ Kivi K_vI wzwb e jwq jb Ñ cvðvz RvwZi Dcvw¾ Z Ávbivwk AvZ mvr Kwievi Rb Avgvw`M K cvðvz fvlvi Abykxjb Kwi Z nb e wkš H wervzxq fvlv KLb Avgv `i Avcbvi fvlv nb e bv; KLbI Avgiv AšÍ ii K_v H fvlvq e ³ Kwi Z cvwie bv hw` Avgv `i ^RvwZ K I Avgv `i AvZ xqem K cvðvz RvwZi Dcvw¾ Z Ávbm úwëi AwaKvix Kwi Z PvB, Zvnv nb j Avgv `i gvz fvlv K GBiƒc ms Z gvw¾ Z cwiyz Kwiqv Zzwj Z nb e, hvnv Z mb gvz fvlv GB Ávbwe Ívi K i I ÁvbcÖPvi K i hvm nq GB e MfvlviB A M b~zb i³ mâvwjz Kwiqv, Zvnv K cyó mg_ cwiyz Kwiqv Zzwj Z nb e H Kvh m úv`b 38 GLb K Zx ev Mvjxi Ab Zg Kvh evsjv fvlvq weávbwelqk MÖš ipbv Ges Z`&Kvh m úv` b Bs iwr ˆeÁvwbK k ãi evsjvq Abyev` ÔcÖK Zc ÿ eob `yiƒnõ D jøl K i iv g `ªmy `i ZwØl q KwZcq civgk Dcw Z K ib m civgk wj wqjñ Bs irx k ãi Abyev` ev iƒcvšíi`vb bv Kwiqv Dnvw`M K AweKj MÖnY Kwi Z cviv hvq wk bv, GB K_v cö_ g we ep meÿ Î GB e vcvi mva nb j cwifvlv-cöyq b wpšív Kwievi wkqz _vwkz bv wkš meÿ Î Bnv mva b n, KË e I b n Bs irx Z Ggb kã A bk Av Q, hvnv AweKj MÖnY Kwi j Kv j ev Mvjvi mwnz wgwkqv hvb Z cv i, Ges AvcvZZt GKUz Amyweav NwU ji Kv j H mkj kã gvz fvlvi A Mxf Z nbqv hviqv m e fvlvi BwZnvm Av jvpbv Kwi j `Lv hvq, cövq meÿ ÎB wervzxq fvlv nb Z kã MÖnY evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 13

14 Kwiqv gvz fvlvi cywómva bi Póv nbqv Q Bs irx fvlv jvwub MÖxK divmx nb Z `yb nv Z FY Kwiqv AvZ cywó mvab Kwiqv Q AvaywbK ev Mvjv fvlv Z Aviex dvimx I Bs irx kã ARmª cwigv Y cö ek jvf Kwiqv Q GB mkj we `kxq kã GLb wbzvší AvZ xq nbqv cwoqv Q Dnvw`M K Z vm Kwievi Kvb Dcvq bvb; Z vm Kwi j fvlvib A Mnvwb I kªxnvwb nb e gvî hlb h RvwZi mwnz HwZnvwmK Kvi Y Kvb cökvi m úk vcb nq, ZLbB mb RvwZi fvlvi wbku FYMÖnY bv Kwi j P j bv ev Mvjv fvlvi KvlMÖš AbymÜvb Kwi j, divmx cvuz MxR cöf wz fvlvi wbk UI cöpzi FYMÖnY Avwe Z nb e cöpwjz fvlvi cywói Rb GBiƒc FYMÖnY Avek K; ˆeÁvwbK fvlvi cywói Rb Dnv Aek vex GB FYMÖn Y KvZi nb j Pwj e bv GLv b AvZ vwfgvb cökvk Kwi Z M j wb RiB ÿwz Bs irx wk íi I Bs irx weáv bi we Ív ii mwnz A bk Bs irx kã Avgv `i ` k jvkgy L cöpwjz nbqv wmqv Q I fvlvi g a cö ek Kwiqv Q Uwej Pqvi ev Zuvi M evzj we zu cöf wz wbz -e envh e i bv gi gz, KvU Avcxj cywjk cªf wz wejvz nb Z Avg`vwb c`v _ i gz, iji q UwjMÖvd Uwj dvb, wgwbu, m KÐ wwwmª cöf wz Bs irx kã GLb Avgv `i AvZ xq nbqv cwoqv Q Bnv `i me wj GLbI Avgv `i gvz fvlvi mwnz m ú~y fv e wgwkqv hvq bvb; Kv j wgwkqv hvb e Bnv `i cö ekc_ iva Kwiqv Zr v b LuvwU `kx kã m Kj bi cöqvm hyw³ m MZ b n imvqbweávb RxeweÁvb cöf wz weávb nb Z GBiƒc Bs irx kã Avgvw`M K AKvZ i AweKj MÖnY Kwi Z nb e Ab Dcvq bvb imvqb kv v³ mëiuv LuvwU ev Mvjv kã m Kj bi cöqvm weo ^bv gvî wkš Ggb ji K_v DwV Z cv i; Uranium I Tungsten bv nq Bs irx nb Z AweKj MÖnY Kiv Mj; xygen Hydrogen Chlorine cöf wz wek e vcx c`v _ ii wk LuvwU ev Mvjv bvg _vwk e bv? G m ^ Ü Kvb mvaviy wbqg `Iqv P j bv; myweav we epbvq cö Z KwUi Rb c _K fv e wepvi Kwi Z nb e eva Kwi, Kvb fvlv Z Ggb Kvb kã cöpwjz bvb, ms Z fvlvi AZj úk mgy`ª gš b Kwi j hvnvi Dchy³ cöwzkã bv wgwj Z cv i Z_vwc we `kx mvgmªx MÖnY Kwie bv, Giƒc cy awiqv emvi Kvb cö qvrb `wl bv ms Z mvwn Z i w` K Pvwn jb G m ^ Ü m MZ DËi wgwj Z cv i g nk h kvwjbx Avh ms Z fvlvi h Avh `kr kã ARmªfv e MÖnY Kwiqv AvZ cyywó mva b civ gyl nb bvb, Zvnv ms Z fvlvi KvlMÖš AbymÜvb Kwi jb eyws Z cviv hvq cövpxb Kv j ÁvbweÁvb wel q h mkj ø Q ˆe `wk Ki mwnz Avgv `i Av`vb-cª`vb PwjqvwQj, 39 Zvnv `i wbku nb ZI FY MÖn Y G ` ki AvPv h iv KzwÉZ nb bvb Z e wbwe Pv i I AcÖ qvrbxqfv e we `wk kã MÖn Yi wzwb cÿcvzx wq jb bv ÒZ e me ŸÎ FY MÖn Y cö qvrb bvb Avgv `i cöpxb ms Z fvlv izœmf v H AbšÍ AvKi nb Z h _ Q cwigv Y 14 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

15 wpiw`b awiqv izœ msmön Kwi ji GB fvðvi k~b nbevi bq Bs iwr weáv b MÖxK fvlv nb Z cöf Z cwigv Y kã m Kjb Kiv nq Bs iwri mwnz MÖx Ki h m ^Ü, ev Mvjvi mwnz ms Zi m ^Ü 40 Z` cÿv cöpzifv e mwbœku; A_P mg w Z ms Z fvlv MÖxK nb Z Kvb As kb b~ b b n Ó ms Zi AZj fvðvi _ K kã Avni Yi cvkvcvwk iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x ÔLuvwU PwjZ ev MvjviÕ kãivwri h_vh_ ÿ Î e envi Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbvb wzwb D jøl K ib Ñ weï ms Zi cv k LuvwU cöpwjz ev Mvjv KLb KLb Avwmqv `uvovq mb LuvwU PwjZ ev Mvjvi `vwe KZK cwigv Y Avgvw`M K iÿv Kwi ZB nb e PwjZ Bs irx nb Z KZK wj kã ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlvq M nxz nbqv Q GB kã wj hgb Dc hvmx ZgbB wgó ` óvší ^iƒc K qkwu wb gœ w`jvg -mass, force, stress, strain, step, spin, twist, shear, torque, whirl, squirt, pressure, tension, flux, power, work. weáv b GB kã wj cö Z K mywbwï ó m KxY A _ cöhy³ nbqv _v K PwjZ fvlvq Dnv `i h A_, weáv bi fvlvq wvk mb A_ b n GBiƒ c PwjZ ev Mvjv nb Z KZK wj kã weáv bi fvlvq MÖnY Kiv Pwj Z cv i bgybv ^iƒc K qkwu bvg wb gœ w`jvg cvv Kiv Bnv `i Dc hvwmzv we epbv Kwi eb mass lens prism wind work tension... e... cikjv... Kjg... nviqv... KvR Uvb iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x Zuvi GB cöe Ü PwjZ evsjvi QqwU k ãi h bgybv w` qwq jb Zvi g a Ôe Õ kãwu 'mass' ÑGi cwie Z 'matter'-gi cwifvlv iƒ c cöpwjz n q Q cÿvší i cikjv (lens), KvR (work) I Uvb (tension) Zuvi cö Íveg ZB e eüz n q Avm Q cöm MZ wzwb Ôb~Zb kã m Kj bi mgq e env i myweavi I Dc hvwmzvi w` K ` wó ivlv nqõ- G K_v D jøl K i b~zb kã m wói e vcv i D`vi ` wófw Mi cö qvrb wel q e jwq jb Ñ b~zb kã m Kj bi mgq e env i myweavi I Dc hvwmzvi w` K ` wó ivlv nq e vki Yi w` K I eÿ rcwëi w` K Zxÿè ` wó ivwl Z M j Kv Ri e vnvz nq A bk mg q Awfavb- Qvov kã m wó Kwi Z nq, A_ev AvwfavwbK kã K myweavgz KvwUqv QuvwUqv MÖnY Kiv nbqv _v K fvlv g~ j m KZ gvî, Bnv g b ivwl j GB wel q AvcwËi Kvb m MZ KviY 42 _vwk e bv GB e³ e i mg_ b iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x AviI D jøl K ib hñ ejweávb I ZvwoZ-weÁv bi cwifvlv cö Z Kwievi Rb wejvwz weªwuk G mvwm qkb h mwgwz wbhy³ KwiqvwQ jb, Zvnvi wi cvu `wl jb G K_v eysv hvb e wi cv U e vki Yi evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 15

16 I eÿ rcwëi I weïw i cöwz we kl jÿ Kiv nq bvb mwgwzi wi cvu Abymv i KZK wj Awfavb-Qvov I e vkiy-`yó lyne, erg cöf wz b~zb kã weáv bi cwifvlvi vb cvbqv Q; BD iv ci meÿ ÎB mkj RvwZi g a B H mkj kã mgv` Z I M nxz nbqv Q cöavb cöavb ˆeÁvwb Ki bvgvbymv i Zuvnv `i bvg KvwUqv QuvwUqv KZK wj byzb kã m ó nbqv Q ` óvší : hm nb Z ohm Volta nb Z volt Ampere nb Z ampere Faraday nb Z faraday Watt nb Z watt Joule nb Z joule Henry nb Z henri Coulomb nb Z coulomb cybð second Ges ohm mgvme Kwiqv sec-ohm ampere Ges meter mgvme Kwiqv am-meter Ges ohm DëvBqv mho cybð centimetre = hundredth of a metre kilogramme = a hundred grammes megohm = a million ohms microfarad = millionth part of farad mili-ampere = thousandth part of an ampere gramme-nine = 9 10 grammes ninth gramme = 1/109 of a gramme myweav mijzv köæwzmylzv cöf wzi w` K ` wó ivwlqv, e vkiy ev eÿ rcwëi LyuwUbvwU 43 Z vm Kwiqv, GKUz mvn mi mwnz Pwj Z nb e, g~j K_vUv GB iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x Zuvi GB mvnwmkzvi Z Ë i mg_ b ms Z fvlvi cvwifvwlk kãmv bi ` óvší Zy j a i Qb Ñ cövpxb Kv j ms Z-mvwn Z h ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlv cöpwjz wqj, Zvnvi cöwz ` wó Kwi j GB mvnwmkzvi ` óvší c ` c ` `wl Z cviqv hvb e e vkiy kv ju& jvu& j& jy& cöf wz cvwifvwlk k ãi ` óvší _vwk Z ` óv šíi Afve nb e bv cvuxmwyz,exrmwyz, R vwgwz, wî KvYwgwZ MvjwgwZ (Spherical Trigonometry), R vwzl cöf wz kv i ipwqzviv wkiƒc mvn mi mwnz b~zb k ãi m wó Kwi Zb, cyivzb kã K b~zb m KxY A _ cö qvm Kwi Zb, wpšív Kwi j wew Z nb Z nq cöpwjz KvlMÖ š i cvzv LuywRqv kã msmö ni Rb A cÿv Kwi Z nb j weáv bi MwZ K Q ci MwZi b vq gš i nbz, m `n 16 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

17 bvb H mkj kv h mkj kã h h A _ cöpwjz Av Q, Avgiv wbf q I wbtm Kv P Zvnv GLb MªnY Kwi Z cvwi `yt Li welq,ev Mvjvq huvnviv weávb-möš ipbv Kwiqv Qb, Zuvnv `i Kn Kn cövpxb ms Z kã eë gvb _vwk Z Zvnvi cöwz D cÿv `LvBqv b~zb 44 kã Mwo Z Póv Kwiqv Qb Bs irx fvlvq cöpwjz fzj A_ ÁvcK cvwifvwlk kã wji Abyev `i ÿ Î mveavbzv Aej ^ bi K_vI kªxwî e`x ZLb D jøl K iwq jb Gme kã h Ôågc~Y fveõg b b~zb wkÿv_ xi Rb weåvwší m wó K i Zvi cöwz ` wó AvKl Y K iwq jb wzwb ÒBs irx Z KZK wj cvwifvwlk kã Av Q, m wj åvwšírbk A_ m~pbv K i A_P m wj eûkvj awiqv cöpwjz _vkvq Gÿ Y fvlvq Muv_v cwoqv wmqv Q m úªwz weáv bi fvlv nb Z Dnv `i wbeÿ vmb `yiƒn nbqv Q A_P mb mkj kã GZB ågc~y fve Avwbqv d j h, b~zb wkÿv_ xi welg Amyweav nq GLb wkÿv_ xi Rb huvnviv MÖš j Lb, Zvnvw`M K mb kã wj K jbqv wkqz weeªz nbqv cwo Z nq ^Zš wuàbx Kwiqv eysvb Z nq h, GB k ã hb GB A_ eywsi bv ev Mvjvq mb mb Bs irx k ãi wvk kãmz Abyev` Kwi j Avgv `ii mb wec `i m vebv b~zb Abyev `i mgq GB w` K Avgv `i we kl ` wó ivlv Avek K nb e `yt Li welq, Bnvi g a B GBiƒc A bk wj kã ev Mvjv weávb-mö š vb cvbqv Q Abyev`KMY GB wec `i cöwz we kl jÿ iv Lb bvb wb gœ G wel qi K qkwu ` óvší w` ZwQ Bs irx xygen k ãi hšwmk A_ A øvrcv`k Dnvi ev Mvjvq AgøRvb kã M nxz nbqv Q xygen k ãi hlb m wó nq, ZLb cwðzw` Mi aviyv wqj, Agøø c`v_ gv ÎB H evqy eë gvb _v K,A_ vr H evqyi we` gvbzvb c`v _ i AgøZvi KviY wkš c i Rvbv wmqv Q, Ggb A bk Zxeª A ø c`v_ we` gvb Av Q,hvnv Z xygen G Kev ib bvb; Ggb wk, A øzvi KviY xygen b n, A øzvi KviY Hydrogen GB Kvi Y Gÿ Y xygen kã K hšwmk kãiƒ c MÖnY bv Kwiqv i~p kãiƒ c MÖnY Kwi Z nq c KR hgb c KRvZ c`v_ gvî KB bv eysvbqv Kej cù KB eysvq, mbiƒc xygen A ørbk c`v_ bv eysvbqv Ggb Kvb c`v_ K eysvq, hvnvi mwnz A øzvi Kvb m úk bv _vwk ZI cv i xygen Gi ev Mvjvq A ørvb kã ervq ivwl j GLb h we kl ÿwz Av Q, Zvnv b n eis Dnv hlb Pwjqv wmqv Q,ZLb Dnv K Z vm bv KivB fvj Z e cö_g Abyev `i mg q GB AvcwËUzKzi Dci ` wó ivwl j fvj nbz Bs irx c`v_ we` vq Ggb AviI KZK wj kã cöpwjz nbqv Q, hvnv AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbKMY wel Pv L ` Lb GB kã wji Aw Í Z Zuvnv `i MvÎ`vn Dcw Z nq G wj fvlv nb Z Kvb iƒ c DVvBqv w` Z cvwi j Zuvnv `i hb kvwší jvf nq ` óvší j specific heat, latent heat, centrifugal force cöf wz k ãi D jøl Kiv hvb Z cv i `yf vm µ g ev Mvjvi ˆeÁvwbK MÖš KviMY Dnv `i j Av cwÿk Zvc, M~p Zvc, K `ªvcmiY-ej, K `ªwegyL-ej, cöf wz kã PvjvBqv Qb Avgvi we epbvq Dnv `i cöwz wbe Ÿvmb`Ð cö qv Mi mgq GLbI AZxZ nq bvb Bs irx Z heat I temperature evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 17

18 GB `ybwu kã wfbœ wfbœ A _ cöhy³ nq cöpwjz fvlvq A_ f `i GB wb Ï k bv _vkvq wkÿv_x iv mn R Df qi cv_ K awi Z cv i bv ev Mvjvq heat A _ Zvc I temperature A _ DòZv cöpwjz nbqvwqj heat gvwcevi h š i Bs irx bvg calorimeter; temperature gvwcevi h š i bvg thermometer, A_P ev Mvjvq thermometer A _ Zvcgvb kã Pwjqv wmqv Q `yt Li welq m `n bvb; wkš 45 calorimeret Gi ev Mvjv wk nb e? iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x ÔivmvqwbK cwifvlvõ kxl K cöeüwu mvwnz -cwil`-cwîkvi 1302 e Mv ãi 2q msl vq cökvwkz nq Ôimvqb kv cwifvlvi Afve K_wÂr c~i Yi Rb Õ iwpz G wbe Üi ïiæ ZB wzwb D jøl K i QbÑ ejv evûj h, Dc hvmx cwifvlvi Avkªq bv cvb j Kej gvî cöpwjz fvlvi mvnv h Kvb weávb-kv i mg K& cöpvi ev mg K& DbœwZ nbevi m vebv bvb cvðvz fvlvq imvqb-kv i Rb cöyvjxe cwifvlv eë gvb mb cwifvlv Aej ^b Kwiqv imvqbweáv bi eûj cöpvi nbqv Q Ges imvqb-weávb w`b w`b `ªæZ e M DbœwZ jvf Kwi Z Q gnvgwz jv evqvwkqv h w`b AvaywbK imvqb-weáv bi Rb `vb K ib, mb w`bb D³ weáv bi Rb ^Zš cwifvlv Avek K nbqvwqj jv evqvwkqv cwifvlv MVbKvh I ^^n Í MÖnY KwiqvwQ jb ZrcÖYxZ ivmvqwbk cwifvlvb ˆeÁvwbKgÐjx KË K Aby gvw`z I M nxz nbqvwqj; Ges AvR ch ší mb cwifvlvb gvw¾ Z I ms Z nbqv BD iv ci meÿ Î cöpwjz iwnqv Q jv evqvwkqv cöyxz mb cwifvlv eë gvb bv _vwk j imvqb-weáv bi 46 GBiƒc DbœwZ m eci nbz bv iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x cwifvlvi ˆewkó wby q KiYv _ D jøl K ib hñ cvwifvwlk Z i GB KqwU jÿy wb Ï k Kiv hvb Z cv it 1. cª Z K kã GKwU gvî A _ e eüz nb e; Zvnvi wøzxq A_ _vwk e bv 2. GK A _ GKwU gvî kã cöhy³ nb e; `yb kã GKv_ evpx nb e bv cö Z K kã Zvnvi wbwï ó A _ me Ÿ`v cöhy³ nb e Ôev Mvjv fvlvq ev Mvjxi ^fv ei Dc hvmx weáv bi fvlv mskjb Kwi Z nb eõñ GB D Pvi Yi c ÿ hyw³ Dc vcb Ki Z wm q iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x wj L Qb Ñ ev Mvjvq ivmvqwbk cwifvlv m Kj bi Kvb Póv A` vwc nq bvb ewj jb P j; `yb PvwiwU cvwifvwlk k ãi Abyev` nbqv Q gvî AwaKvsk v bb Bs irx kã h_vmva D PviY wvk ivwlqv AÿivšÍwiZ Kwiqv `Iqv nbqv Q gvî wkší H mkj kã wervzxq kã; ev Mvjxi evmhš Zvnv `i D Pvi Y civ&gyl myzivs mb mb cvwifvwlk k ãi cöpv ii Kvb Avkv bvb `yiæ Pvh Zv I köæwzkuzzv `v l wervzxq kã mvavi Y h_vkw³ cwinvi Kwi e Zvnvi Dci H mkj kã Avgv `i wbzvší AbvZ xq hvnviv Bs irx fvlvq wkÿvjvf K i bvb, H mkj k ãi D PviY Zvnv `i g b Kvbiƒc fv ei ev A _ i D `ªK K i bv ev K i mwnz A _ i ni MŠixm ^Ü _vkv Avek K; evk D Pvi Yi m M m MB 18 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

19 hb A_ Avcbv nb ZB Avwmqv c o wkš wervzxq AbvZ xq evk Avgv `i mvavi Yi wbku ^Zt A_ nxb; mwe kl Af vmmnkv i I PóvmnKv i A_ K g b Uvwbqv Avwb Z nq; A_ Avcbv nb Z g b Av m bv myzivs Kej gvî Bs irx kã wj ev Mvjv ni c 48 emvbqv cwifvlv cöyq b Póv Kwi j Dnv Z d jv`q nb e bv GKB cªe Üi Ab Î wzwb e j QbÑ ˆeÁvwbK cwifvlv cöyq bi mgq cöpwjz jšwkk fvlv nb Z kã MÖnY Kwi Z nq; Avevi A bk mg q cöpwjz k ãi Afv e b~zb k ãi m wó Kwi Z nq cöpwjz k ãi GKUv `vl Av Q; Dnv jvkmgv R GK gvî wbwï ó A _ cöhy³ nq bv cöpwjz fvlvi AšÍM Z cövq AwaKvsk k ãib cuvp mvz `kuv A_ _v K myzivs Dnv Z cvwifvwlk Z i gyl jÿy _v K bv cvwifvwlkz vcb Kwi Z M j Dnvw`M K m KxY A _ euvwaqv dwj Z nq; wkš Abf vm nzz mvavi Y mnmv Dnv `i cvwifvwlk cö qvm eyws Z cv i bv bekwíz AcÖPwjZc~eŸ k ã GB `vlwu N U bv Zvnv Z h A_ Av ivc Kiv hvq, Zvnv mb A_ gvîb e ³ K i Z e cwip qi Afv e cö_guv Kv b VwK Z cv i; wkš Af vm-e j mwnqv hvq Kvb v b cöpwjz kã MÖnY Kwi Z hvb e; Kv_vI ev AcÖPwjZ k ãi Kíbv Kwi Z nb e Abf vm I AcwiPq nzz cö_g cö_g Kv b evwr e; Af vm I cwip qi 49 mwnz m `vl _vwk e bv imvqbkv cöpwjz bvgkiy m ú K iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x g~j c`v _ i Bs irx bvg wj evsjvqi ûeû MÖnY Kivi c ÿ gz cökvk K iwq jb Zuvi g ZÑ imvqb-kv cövq mëiwu g~j c`v _ i mëiwu bvg iwnqv Q; Zvnv e ZxZ mb mëiwu c`v _ i wfbœ wfbœ fv Mi mgev q Drcbœ kz mnmª hšwmk c`v _ i kz mnmª cvwifvwlk bvg iwnqv Q GB kz mnmª ev Mvjvq Abyev `i Póv Kwiqv LuvwU ev Mvjv ev ms Zg~jK ev Mvjv bvg cöpj bi Póv weo ^bv G K GBiƒc Abyev` m eci b n; wøzxqzt m eci nb ji Zvnv Z Kvb d jv` qi m vebv bvb...z e Avi GKUv K_v Av Q mëiuv g~j c`v _ i g a KZK wj c`v_ G ` ki Rbmgv RI eûw`b nb Z cwiwpz Ges Zvnviv Avgv `i mvsmvwik Kv h wbz e eüz nq hgbñ Kqjv, MÜK, mvbv, iƒcv, jvnv BZ vw` GB mgy`q cwiwpz c`v _ i LuvwU ev Mvjv bvg KnB Z vm Kwi e bv iƒcvi gz cwiwpz c`v_ wu K wmj&evi ev Av R Èg ewj Z wbzvšíb m KvP eva nb e GZw bœ ivmvqwbk cöwµqvmk ji Ges ivmvqwbk cöwµqv mva bi Rb h mkj hš vw`i e envi nq, Dnv `i cvwifvwlk bv gi Abyev` wfbœ Ab Dcvq bvb ivmvqwbk cöwµqvi ` óvší ^iƒc oxidation, combustion, reduction, solution, distillation cöf wzi Ges h š i ` óvší ^iƒc retort, flask cöf wzi D jøl Kwi Z cvwi Bnv `i LuvwU ev Mvjvq Abyev` Avek K GLv b kã wj AÿivšÍwiZ Kwi j Pwj e bv hyw³cö qvm Abvek K GZw bœ Avi GK kªyxi cvwifvwlk kã Av Q kãkv vbymv i Bnviv class names, evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 19

20 `ª e i RvwZevPK ev kªyxevpk bvg D`vniY element, compound, metal, a l l o y, acid, base, salt, fat, oil BZ vw` Bnv `ii Abyev` Avek K; nic e`jvb j Pwj e bv GB ch ší `uvovbj h, imvqb-kv g~j c`v_ ev hšwmk c`v_ mk ji h-mkj bvg iwnqv Q, m wj cök Zc ÿ proper noun, Zvnv `i g a mycwiwpz I myjf c`v_ wj ev` w`qv Ac ii Rb Kej Bs irx bvg AÿivšÍwiZ Kwiqv jb jb Pwj Z cv i wkš GKwU K_v g b ivwl Z nb e MÖx Kiv D Pvi Yi myweavi Rb Avgv `i P `ª ß K AÿivšÍwiZ Kwiqv sandracottus-g cwiyz KwiqvwQ jb,ges Pxbevmxiv iv MvgvwU K jv Pv gvwp- Z cwiyz KwiqvwQ jb sandracottus h P `ª ß, Ges jv Pv gvwp h iv MvgvwU, Bnv wbtmsk q cöwzcv`b Kwi Z cwðz `i gv_v NyovBqv wmqvwqj m úªwz GK RvwZi jv Ki bvg Ab RvwZi fvlvq wjwlevi mgq Kej D PviY mšk h i Dci ` wó ivwl Z M j Nvi eeÿ izv nbqv `uvovq; Zvnv Z Áv bi c _ Ab_ K KuvUv `Iqv nq GK fvlv nb Z Ab fvlvq kã AÿivšÍwiZ Kwi Z nb j KZK wj wbwï ó wbqg Abymv i evbvb Kwievi cö_v cöpwjz nbqv Q kãwui cök Z D PviY A_ vr h RvwZi g a mb kãwu cöpwjz Av Q, mb RvwZi jv K Zvnv K hiƒc D PviY K i, wvk mb D PviY hvnv Z AweK Z _v K, GB D Ï k evbv bi GB wbqg wj AeavwiZ nq ZK DwV e h, ˆeÁvwbK k ãi evbv b ˆeÁvwbKZviÿv hw` KË e nq, Zvnv nb j Bs irx kã AÿivšÍwiZ Kwievi mgq GBiƒc KZK wj wbqg Aej ^b Kwiqv Z`bymv i Pjv DwPZ wkbv? GB Z K i DËi Av Q ev Mvjvq cwifvlv m Kj bi D Ïk wk? G ch ší ev Mvjvq h `yb PvwiLvwb imvqb-wlqk MÖš wjwlz nbqv Q, Zvnv Z Bs irx k ãi D PviY h_vkw³ AweK Z ivwlqv Zvnvw`M K AÿivšÍwiZ KwiqvB e envi Kiv nbqv Q KveŸ bwvb- AK&mvBW&, mj du& Ae& cuvk cöf wz kã ev Mvjvq cöpwjz ivmvqwbk MÖ š I Wv³vix MÖ š cöpzi `Lv hvq wkš GB mkj kã ev Mvjxi KY Giƒc Zxeªfv e f` K i h, R i ivmxi KzBbxb& me bi b vq H wj K Kvb ik g K ó-m ó gw Í mvr Kiv nq gvî Hiƒc cö_v cöpwjz _vwk j ev Mvjx wpiw`b imvqb-wkÿv GKUv ˆ`e wbmön- ^iƒc MYbv Kwi e m `n bvb myzivs cyivzë wer, HwZnvwmK I kã-kv Á `i wbwï ó gvm Z vm Kwiqv Avgvw`M K Ab cš v `wl Z nb e wervzxq kï wji köæwzkuzzv `vl meÿ Zvfv e e¾ b Kwi Z nb e K Vvi kã wj K Kvgj I gvjv qg AvKvi w`qv ev Mvjxi m y L Avwb Z 50 nb e Bs iwr k ãi evsjv AÿivšÍi wzkiy I Abyev` ev Pq bi gva g b~zb evsjv cvwifvwlk kã wbev PbÑ GB `yb c wz AbymiY cöm M, we klz ivmvqwbk bvg kã wji ÿ Î, iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x wkqzuv ^we ivwazvi cwipq Zz j a iwq jb ÔweRvZxq kã wji köæwzkuzzv `vl e¾ bõ Ges ÔK Vvi kã wj K Kvgj I gvjv qg AvKviÕ cö`vb Zuvi Afxó _vk ji imvqbkv i kzmnmª bvg ( g~j I hšwmk k ãi) evsjvq Abyev `i Póv h weo ^bv gvî m wel qi wzwb m PZb wq jb m ÿ Î Abyev `i cwie Z AÿivšÍwiZKiYB Zuvi civgk 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

21 wqj wkš Dfq c wzi `vjvpj Zuvi g a ^we ivwazv m wó K iwqj Ges Zuvi e³ e Zvi cöwzdjb N UwQj wî e`xi GB ^we ivwazvi cöwz ` wó AvKl Y K i hv MkP `ª ivq ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi 1303 KvwZ K, 3q el 3q msl vq ÔivmvqwbK cwifvlvõ kxl K GKwU 51 cöeü j Lb G Z iv g `ªmy ` ii AÿivšÍwiZKi Yi civg k i D jøl K i wzwb wj L Qb: AvwgI wvk H K_v ewj Z e Avi Cobalt avzz K Ô n KÕ, Iridium K ÔnwiZKÕ, Bismuth K Ôwew ZKÕ, xygen K ÔA ørvbõ,ôa ørbkõ,ô`nkõ cöf wz ewjevi cö qvrb wk? Avgv `i evmhš ev köæwzhš G Zv AcUz b n h, Kvevë, BwiwWqg cöf wz ewj Z ev ïwb Z Zvnvw`M K cxob Kwi Z nq Zvnvw`M K evupvbevi wbwgë g~j c`v _ i BsivRx bv gi BwZnvm D`&NvU b dj wk? wkš iv g `ªevey Dc ii g~j wbqg me Î cvjb Kwi Z B QzK b nb wzwb e jb,ômëiuv g~j c`v _ i g a KZK wj c`v_ c w_ex Z cöf Z cwigv Y ez gvb, Ges Zvnviv Avgv `i RxebcÖwµqvq I Avgv `i mvsmvwik Kv h wbz e eüz nq, hgb xygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, Calcium, Sodium cöf wz GB mgỳ q wbz mnpq c`v _ i Rb LuvwU evsjv bvg Avek K Õ `yt Li welq,g wel q iv g `ª eveyi mwnz GKgZ nb Z cvwijvg bv xygen K Aw Rb ewj j Dnvi mwnz Avgv `i Pxim ^Ü wehy³ nb e bv Dnv K A ørvb ev A ørbk ewj j Bs iwr bv gi `vluzkz eis evsjv Z cö ek K i GB `vl cwinv ii wbwgë A bk wepvi Kwiqv iv g `ªevey Dnvi Ô`nKÕ bvg cö Íve Kwiqv Qb bvgwu GZ my `i nbqv Q h, Dnv K Z vm Kwi Z AvcvZZt BPQv nq bv wkš evsjvq hw` xygen bvgk c`v_ we k li evsjv cöwzkã e envi Kwi jb PwjZ, Zvnv nb j Ô`nKÕ bv gi ggzv Z vm Kiv mnr nbz bv wkš c`v_ Uv `yb GKUv g~jc`v_ e ZxZ Aci mgỳ qi mwnz mshy³ nbqv eûmsl K xides Ges Hydroxides bvgk hšwmk c`v_ Drcv`b K i myzivs Zrmgỳ q hšwmk c`v _ i evsjv bv gi m M Ô`nKÕ ev Ô`»Õ Avwmqv c o AvcvZZ g b nq h, hw` xygen=`nk GKevi wkwlqv ivwl,zvnv nb jb Kvb hšwmk c`v _ i bv g `nk ev `» `wl jb xygen-gi ms hvm g b nb e hw` ZvnvB nbz, Z e mkj g~j c`v _ i GB cökvi GKUv bv GKUv mv_ K bvg AbymÜvb Kiv bv hvq Kb? ejv evûj, GZÏ viv iv g `ªeveyi wba vwiz g~j wfwë wkw_j nbqv cwo Z Q Avgiv `kr b B Qv Kwi jb ` k Kvb GKUv we `kxq we` vi evsjv cwifvlv cªpwjz Kwi Z cvwie bv h D Ï k Kvb we `kxq we` vwkÿv Kwi Z nq, mb D Ïk wmw i Rb mb we` vi cvwifvwlk kãi cövq AÿivšÍwiZ Kwiqv jb Z nq Kej h GLb BsivwR fvlvi PP vekzt `kxq c`v _ i we `kxq bvg e envi Kwievi Avek KZv NwU Z Q, Zvnv b n cövpxbkv j we `k nb Z dwjz R vwzl G ` k cö ek K i mbm M KZ hvewbk kã Pwjqv AvwmqvwQj GB mkj k ãi K qkuvi ms Z bvg wqj Z_vwc cövpx biv hvewbk bvg e envi Kwi Z AYygvÎ KzÚxZ nb bvb Ggb wk, hvewbk k ãi ms Z cöwzkã cö Z Kwi Z PóvI K ib bvb evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 21

22 g~j c`v _ i bvg wj AweK Z ivlv hz Avek K, Dnv `i mswÿß bvg wji Z`e vq ivlv ZgbB Avek K g~j c`v _ i Bs iwr bv gi m M m M evsjv bv gi Kej mv` k iÿv Kwi jb Pwj e bv Dfq fvlvq Dnv `i mswÿß bvg GKKfv e ivwlevi Póv Kiv KZ e AZGe bvbv w`k w`qv we epbv Kwi j `Lv hvb e h, ivmvqwbk weáv bi b vq mvs KwZK we` vi cwifvlv cªyqb mg q `kxq fvlvi cöwz ggzv Le Kwi Z nb e hz Kg cwiez b Kwiqv Bs iwr bvg wj MÖnY Kwi Z cviv hvq, ZwØl q me v MÖ hzœevb niqv DwPZ iv g `ªeveyi g~j gzi ZvB Kej evvwji evk I köæwzh š i A hvm Zv AvksKv Kwiqv wmqv wkqz AwaK `~ i wmqv Qb 52 hv MkP `ªi GB AwfgZ m ú K W. izœv Nvl e j Qb: hv MkP `ª iv qi GB e³e mw` bi ( ) cwifvlv mgm vi Dci Av jvkcvz K i G Kvi YB GB AwfgZ iæz mnkv i wepvh iv g `ªmy ` ii e³ e i cªwzev ` hv MkP `ªi e³ e i mvieëv A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv cwifvlvi mv_ KZv, Kvh KvwiZv, me e envi hvm Zv, me Rb eva Zv I wbw` ó A_ evpkzvi Dci hv MkP `ª Rvi w` q Qb, mb m M hšwmk kã cöyq b cvwifvwlk k ãi mvg _ i K_vI f e Qb Ges cö qvrb gz we `kx kã AweKj MÖn Y Zuvi m wz Rvwb q Qb GLv b iv g `ªmy `i-mgw_ Z I hv MkP `ª-mgw_ Z cvwifvwlk k ãi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK D`vniY Zz j aiv n jv g~j kã iv g `ª-mgw_ Z cwifvlv hv MkP `ª-mgw_ Z cwifvlv Chlorine nwiy K vi Potassium cîk Bismuth wew ZK Gold chloride nwiy ngk Potassium chloride nwiykxq cîk cuvwm Bismuth nitrate giæzkxq wew ZK Gold ^Y Silver iƒcv Hydrogen nvb WªvR (nvbwªr) xygen Avw R (Aw R) Nitrogen bvb UªvR (bvbîr) hv MkP `ªÑ cö ÍvweZ K qkwu hšwm Ki evsjv cwifvlv: Hydrides nvbw`ª` Peroxide civw ` Chlorides K vwi` Hydrogen Nitrate nvbwªr bvb UªU ev bvb ÎZ 22 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

23 xides Aw ` Monoxide GKvw ` Sulphate mvj du ev M ÜZ Dioxide Ø Kwm` Avevi Nitric acid bvbwuªk A ø ev bvbwîk A ø Nitrous acid bvbuª A ø ev bvbî A ø Gme cwifvlv ch v jvpbv Ki j Avgiv eys Z cvwi, iv g `ªmy `i hlv b ivmvqwbk gšj wji cwifvlv wbav i Yi Rb ms Z kãfvðvi gš b K i Qb, hv MkP `ª mlv b g~j k ãi Clr cwiez b mvab K i cwifvlv ipbvi cöqvm c q Qb Z e wzwb h ÿ Î mnr eva kyªwzgayi evsjv ev ms Z fvlv c q Qb, hv cöpwjz jvkmgv R,Zv e envi KiviI cö Íve w` q Qb ( hgb: ^Y, iƒcv, jšn,cvi` BZ vw`) GQvov KvwiMwi kãvewji ÿ Î gvv ch v q Kg xiv hme g~j kã, hgb Rwi ci Kv R Pb, K úvm, w_i WvjvBU, Ad mu, mu qvi, ev- cb, d vm&k, ekvi e envi K i m jv Ges hme kã evsjvq iƒcvšíwiz I eûcöpwjz, hgb: bj (tube), Pv M (pipe), euvkbj (blow-pipe), m jv cwifvlv wn m e MÖnY Kivi c ÿ wzwb gz w` qwq jb hv MkP `ª iv qi Gme cö Íve wqj m hy Mi Zzjbvq AMÖmi gvbwmkzvi cwipvqk ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi 10g el 1g msl vq (ˆekvL 1310 e Mvã, 1903 wlª vã) hv MkP `ª ivq ÔRxeweÁvb welqk cwifvlvõ wbeü j Lb G wbe Ü wzwb RxeweÁv bi cwifvlv cªyq bi K qkwu m~î wb ` k K iwq jb Zuvi e³ e i h mvivsk W. izœv Nvl Zuvi eb Z Dc vcb K i Qb 53 Zv n jv: 1. cvðvz RxeweÁv bi cwifvlv wepvi Kwi j `Lv hvq h, Rx ei bvg, Zvnvi A M cöz Mi bvg, Zvnvi esk Kzj MvÎ ÁvwZ cöf wzi bvg, Zvnvi jÿy, Zvnvi Rxebµg, Zvnvi wbevm, Zvnvi Rb, cöf wz A bk welq cökvk Kwievi kã Av Q GB mkj k ãi g a mkj wjb evsjv Kiv Avek K wk? Rx ei jÿy,rxebµg cöf wz K qkwu wel qi evsjv kã mskjb Kwi Z mk jb Awfjvlx nb eb? wkš Rx ei bvg? cvðvz jvwub bvg, bv evsjv bvg, bv ms Z bvg MÖvn? mvgvb Rev dz ji MvQ K nvbwek&km&& ivrv mvb bbwmm, weovj K dwjb Wv gm&wukm& ewjqv ÿvší nb e wk?...bsivwr Z Kvb Kvb Rx ei PwjZ bvg _vwk ji ˆeÁvwbK bvg Aek Av Q GLv bi wk mbiƒc, Rev I weovj PwjZ bvg, Ges H `ywu jvwub bvg ˆeÁvwbK bvg ewjqv evsjvq MÖnY Kiv hvb e? AviI GK Dcvq D jøl Kwi ZwQ g b Kiæb, Rev I weov ji ˆeÁvwbK bvg Ômvgvb RevÕI ÔM ngvr viõ ivlv Mj Giƒc bv g KZ myweav, Zvnv Avi ewj Z nb e bv h mkj Rxe mvavi Yi AÁvZ, m mkj Rx ei jvwub bv gi wefw³ jvc Kwiqv ms Z iƒc w`qv MÖnY Kiv hvb Z cv i GBiƒc A vwgev, e vk Uwiqv, cj mwujv ewj j we kl ÿwz Av Q, eva nq bv Lw`i ev mvgvb Lw`i), weu Lw`i ( q evejv), wmz Lw`i (KuvUv evejv) GB wzb bvg ms Z Av Q mbiƒc mvgvb Rev, Lv` Rev ( Xom), cù Rev (gv Ív cvu), evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 23

24 Pcj Rev (ivavcù) cöf wz, Ges M ngvr vi, nwigvr vi (wmsn), ØxcxgvR vi (e vnª) cöf wz Kiv bv P j Ggb b n 2. Avek K kã mskj b PwjZ evsjvi mvnvh jiqv hvb e, wk ms Z fvlvi Dci AZ vpvi Kiv hvb e? Kej ms Z kã MÖnY Kwi j jvf GB h, evsjv, wn `x, Iwoqv, gvivvx fvlvq ˆeÁvwbK kã GK nb ji nb Z cvwi e GBiƒ c Dnvi ^vzš iwÿz nb Z cvwi e Amyweav GB h, PwjZ evsjv jb j k ãi A_ hz mn R we` v_x i ü`q Mg nb e, AcÖPwjZ ev beiwpz ms Z kã jb j ZZ mn R nb e bv ejv evûj, AcÖPwjZ ms Z kã MÖnY bv Kwi j k ã KzjvB e bv...weáv bi D P A Mi wbwgë `yiƒn kã ev ^Zš fvlv cö qvm Kwi j Kv bv ÿwz bvb, eis m cökvi kã AZ vek K nbqv c o wkš evsjvq weávbpp vi h Ae v, Zvnvi GB cökvi cö f` iÿv bv Kwiqv mvaviy jvk eva kã e envi KivB KZ e... mgỳ q wepvi Kwi j eysv hvb e h, weáv bi cvwifvwlk kã my Lv Pvh, ÿz`ª I evsjv fvlvq PwjZ, wkš g~ j ms Z nb jb mkj w`k iÿv cvq 3. RxeweÁv b Ggb KZK wj kã Av Q h wj K ivmvqwbk c`v_ we k li bvg ejv hvb Z cv i h_v, myosin, mucin, albumin, pepsin, nuclein, chromatin, BZ vw` BsivwR e vkiyvbymv i GB mkj kã iwpz nq bvb GK ikg Rvi Kwiqv Kej GBiƒc k ãi mgzv iÿv_ mk jib k l in - UzKz hvm Kiv nbqv Q evsjv ZI GBiƒc GKUv Dcvq Aej ^b Kiv Avek K...KzBwbb, Zviwcb, K ivwmb cöf wz kã evsjvq Kb, evakwi fvi Zi hvezxq fvlvq cö ek Kwiqv ^ Q ` weivr Kwi Z Q G Rb ˆeqvKiY gnvkqw` Mi AbygwZ cvb j evsjvq GKwU b~zb ÔBbÕ cöz q Kwi Z PvB& GB iƒ c, gvs mi mvivsk ÔgvswmbÕ, wkjv Ui (Qvbvi) mvivsk ÔwKjvwUbÕ, Zzji mvivsk ÔZzwjbÕ, Klv qi mvivsk ÔKlvwqbÕ (tannin) BZ vw` Kwi Z PvB hv MkP `ª iv qi ÔBb cöz qõcöez bi wpšív kl ch ší evsjv fvlvq ev ÍevwqZ nq wb mz, Z e Zuvi cwifvlvwpšív mgmvgwqk I ciezx Kv j cwifvlvpp vi ÿ Î bvbvfv e cöfve i LwQj G K_v A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv Rxewe` vi cwifvlv ipbvq hv MkP `ª iv qi cöqv mi K qkwu D`vniY izœv Nvl Zuvi eb Z D jøl K i Qb, m wji GLv b D Z Kiv n jv: Anabolism Anatomy Appendix, appendage Botany Biology Cohort Aby jvg cwievi kvixims vb Dcv M Dw `we` v Rxewe` v Kzj 24 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

25 Dissection Q`b Forceps m `sk hš Genus MY Histology Kjv ms vb Jow-bone Pvqv ji nvo Katobolism cöwz jvg cwiyvg Kinetic energy e ³kw³, Pikw³ Knee-cap Rvby-djK Magnifying glass wecyj`k K Metabolism cwiyvg Natural History cövwy-e ËvšÍ Natural History of plants Dw `-e ËvšÍ Nomenclature bvgkiy Nomencleture binomial wøbvg msáv rgan Bw `ªq, A M rganism AMx rganised `ne xidation `nb Potential energy Ae ³ kw³, w ikw³ Race ey Species RvwZ Terminology cvwifvwlk msáv Tribe Mvôx Type Av`k Unorganised A `ne Variety f`, cökvi Zoology cövwywe` v Z e hv MkP `ª ivq wb R iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x-k Z ivmvqwbk cwifvlvi h mgv jvpbv K iwq jb Zvi h_v_ Zv hiƒc MÖnY hvm, Zgwb Bs iwr k ãi m M ic-hy³ kãvewj wksev ivmvqwbk bvgmg~ ni wkwâr cwiez bmn evsjv kã wbg v Yi cöqvm miƒc MÖnY hvm nqwb Aek mvwnz - cwil `i fš MvwjK cwifvlv mwgwz KZ K mskwjz kãvewji Av jvpbv cöm M hv MkP `ª ivq `kr cwifvlv mskj bi Dci iæz Av ivc K iwq jb wzwb e jwq jb, bvqvlvwj-pæmövg A j b`xbvjv m ^Üxq I cvnvwo A j cvnvo-ce Z m ^Üxq hme kã cöpwjz Av Q m wj evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 25

26 mskjb Kiv DwPZ ZvQvov fvi Zi wewfbœ cö ` k cöpwjz Av Q fvj-g ` cwifvlv Gm ei g a mgzv I mvgäm weavb KZ e wnw `, evsjv, Iwoqv I Aviwe fvlvi g a wejÿy mv` k Av Q 54 G wji cöwz ` wó i L cwifvlv mskjb KZ e 1906 wlª v ã ngp `ª `vk ß ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi Î qv`k el 4_ msl vq cökvwkz Zuvi 55 jlv ÔˆeÁvwbK cwifvlvõ wbe Ü cwifvlv cöyq bi Rb PviwU m~ Îi D jøl K iwq jb: 1.Avgv `i ` k cöpwjz Dchy³ kã MÖnY 2. b~zb kã cöyqb 3. Ab vb `kxq ˆeÁvwbK kã vbwe k l wkwâr cwiewz Zfv e MÖnY 4.Ab vb RvwZ h-mg Í kã ev mvs KwZK wpý Kv bv GK we kl A _ e envi K i Zrmgỳ q Kv bv j KejgvÎ AÿivšÍwiZ K i MÖnY I Kv bv we kl v b AÿivšÍwiZ bv K i MÖnY wzwb D`vniY w` Z wm q wj LwQ jb: xygen, Topaz, Emereld MÖnY Kiv DwPZ Dw `we` vq wøbvg msáv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ hgb, euñficus Bengalensis, Ak ÌÑFicus Religiosa, cvkzoñ Ficus Infectoria wøbvg msáv AÿivšÍwiZ KivB h _ó mvs KwZK wpý evsjvq bv wj L ivgvb ni d jlvb hyw³m MZ hgb, dmdivmñp, evik ev evibñb, `nkñ, MÜKÑS bzzb kã cöyq bi cö jvfb cwiz vm Kiv DwPZ 1921 mv j ivmwenvix gðj LwbRwe` vi cwifvlv cöyq b Av iv AwaK D`vi g bvfv ei cwipq w` qwq jb wzwb Kqjvf wg Z e eüz vbxq cwifvlv e envi Kivi K_v hgb e jwq jb, Zgwb AcwiewZ Z iƒ c I Clr cwiewz Z iƒ c M nxz cwifvlv e env ii K_vI e jwq jb wzwb hš cö KŠk ji cwifvlvi ÿ Î wgw `i mnr-d Pvh kã wj MÖn Yi cvkvcvwk Zv `i AwZweK Z k ãi ms kva bi wb ` k K iwq jb Avevi my Lv Pvh QvU QvU Bs iwr kã AÿivšÍwiZ K i MÖnY Ges Ab vb k ãi cwifvlv cöyq bi mycvwik K iwq jb 1923 wlª v ã ØviKvbv_ gy Lvcva vq General Physics and Accoustics Gi cwifvlv cöyqb 56 K ib Zuvi m ó cwifvlv: Clip-wUcKj Clockwise-`wÿYveZ Coefficient-wbZ YK Cohesion-msnwZ Column- Í Crystal-kK i Cylinder- Pv M Dial-djK Dynamics-MwZweÁvb Electron- Zwo`Yy Fire Engine-`gKj Float- fjv Flask-d v Force- ej Kinetic Energy- cöku kw³ Potential Energ-y cö Qbœ kw³ Phenomenon-NUbv Physics-cÖK wz weávb Piston-Pvc`Ð Pitch- myi Plumb line-ijb Pneumatics- ev úweávb Pores- AšÍi Propeller-cÖPvjK Reed-wRnŸv, cvzv Refraction-weeZ b Resonance-mnRvbyiYb Torsion- gvub, gvpovb Valve-KcvU Velocity- em e Mxq-mvwnZ -cwil `i cwifvlv mwgwzi weávb kvlvi D ` v M mskwjz cvwifvwlk kã-zvwjkv 1935 wlª v ã gyw`ªz nq GB mskj bi `vwqz cvjb K iwq jb ØviKvbv_ gy Lvcva vq, Ab M gvnb mvnv, mykzgviiäb `vk mskjbwu Z cvwumwyz, exrmwyz, R vwgwz I ejwe` vi 57 cvwifvwlk kãvewj mskwjz n qwqj mskjbmöš wui f wgkvq jlv n qwqj: 26 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

27 GB mskjb I cöyqb e vcv i weávb kvlv GB KqwU m~î Aej ^b Kwiqv QbÑ (K) ez gvb mg q cöpwjz ev c~ e ms Z ev Ab vb MÖ š e eüz kã Zuvnviv MÖnY Kwiqv Qb; (L) me Î kãmz Abyev` bv Kwiqv eû j A_ MZ Abyev` Kiv Zuvnviv hyw³m MZ g b Kwiqv Qb; (M) hmkj Bs iwr ev Ab fvlvq e eüz kã Avgv `i ` k eûj cwigv Y cöpwjz Av Q hmkj kã mkj RvwZ KZ K e eüz nb Z Q, Zvnv `i AcwiewZ Z Ae vq msiÿyi weávbkvlv Dchy³ Ávb Kwiqv Qb; (N) hmkj kã b~zb cöyqb Kwi Z nbqv Q, ZvnvI hvnv Z h_vm e ms Z e vkiyvbymz Ges fvi Zi me cö ` k MÖnY hvm nq, Zvnvi w` KI Zuvnviv ` wó ivwlqv Qb cvwifvwlk kã cöyqbkv j weávbkvlv we klfv e jÿ Kwiqv Qb h, KvbI GKwU k ãi A_ MZ Abyev` ek m šívlrbk nb ji Kvh ÿ Î ˆeÁvwbK KvbI wel qi Av jvpbv j Dnv Av `Š m MZ nq bv hgbñequilibrium-a _ hw` mvg ev w wz ewj, Zvnv nb j 'The forces acting at a point are in equilibrium' - Gi Abyev ` Equilibrium k ãi Abyev` emvbqv w` jb Pwj e bv, ZLb ewj Z nb e, ÔGK we `y Z m MZ wzbwu ej w ive vq iwnqv QÕ Avevi, The forces acting on a body keeps it in equilibrium- Gi Abyev ` equilibrium k ãi AvÿwiK Abyev` Pwj e bv; ZLb ewj Z nb e, Ôej wj GKwU wc Ði Dci Kvh Kwiqv Dnv K w i ivwlqv QÕ GBiƒcfv e Kvh ÿ Î cvwifvwlk kã ïay emvbqv M jb ˆeÁvwbK A_ cwi vi nb e bv, A bk mgq AskwUi A_ jbqv Abyev` Kwi Z nb e mvwnz -cwilr KZ K cökvwkz MwY Zi cvwifvwlk kãvewji K qkwu GLv b Dc vwcz n jv: At par- mgnv i Below par- Ebnv i Ascending order- Av ivn µg Binomial expansionwøc` we Ívi Binomial expression- wøc`x Binomial theorem- wøc` wm vší Cross multiplication- KvYvKzwY ev AvovAvwo Yb Concrete number- g~z msl v Componendo- hvmµg Degree (of an expansion)- NvZ Descending order- Ae ivn µg Duo decimal- Øv`wkK Graph- wpî jl Eccentricity- Drmvi Formula- mvs KwZK m~î HarmonicnivZ K Harmonic progression- nivz K kªqx Harmonic series- nivz K kªyx Invertendowech q µg Logarithm- NvZ cögvck Circumference- cwie Ë Point of concurrence- m Mgwe `y Proportional- mgvbycvwzk Vertex- kxl we `y, kxl Centre of gravity- fvi K `ª Centre of inertia- Ro K `ª Centre of mass- Rogvb K `ª Centre of mean- ga K `ª Centre of oscillation- `vjb K `ª Centre of pressure-pvc K `ª Centre of suspension- Aej ^b K `ª Centrifugal force- K `ªvcmvix ej Centripetal force- K `ªvwfgyL ej Equilibriumw ive v Inertia- RoZv Lever- `Ðhš Mass- Rogvb cvwifvwlk kãvewji GB ZvwjKv _ K `Lv hvq, Gi g a A bk cwifvlv GLb ch ší hgb e eüz n Q, Zgwb A bk cwifvlv cwiz ³ n q Q cö qvm I e env ii gva gb h cvwifvwlk evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 27

28 k ãi Pqb h_v_ fv e cixwÿz nq Zvi cögvy GLv bb e Z cövwzôvwbk D ` v Mi gva g cvwifvwlk kã wji GB mskjb e Mxq-mvwnZ -cwil `i cöqv mi e vckzv I mv_ KZvi cögvy Z e e Mxq-mvwnZ -cwil `i wkqz mxgve Zvi K_vI GLv b ejv cö qvrb cövq 42 eqi a i ( ) mvwnz -cwilr-cwîkvq cuqwîkwu wbeü QvovI wecyj cvwifvwlk kã mskwjz n qwqj, wkš mvwe K we epbvq Kvb kã wj cöwgz cvwifvwlk kã wn m e M nxz n e Zvi wbe vpb 58 m úbœ nq wb G cöm M ivr kli emyi g~j vqb iy Kiv h Z cv i: G ` k eû ermi _ K cwifvlv mskj bi Póv n q Avm Q e Mxq-mvwnZ -cwil `i `ß i A bk cwifvlv msm nxz n q Q, ÔcÖK wzõ cwîkvq cövq cöwz msl vq cwifvlv cökvwkz n Q Zv Qvov A bk cwðz e w³ wb Ri cª qvr b cwifvlv ipbv K i Qb GB mkj cwifvlv cövq mg ÍB cövpxb ms Z kv cöpwjz kã, A_ev mskjwqzvi ^iwpz ms Z kã G ch ší Av qvrb hv n q Q Zv wbzvší Kg bq, wkš fv³v weij Zvi GKwU KviY GKB Bs iwr k ãi bvbv cöwzkã n q Q, wkš Kvb&wU MÖnY hvm Zv wbe vpb nq wb mskjwqzv wb Ri ipbvq Zuvi cq `gz kã cª qvm K ib e U, wkš mvaviy jlk w`kvnviv nq Avi GK KviY msmön e nr n ji Am ú~y me v cÿv cöej KviYÑ Bs iwr cwifvlvi wecyj cöwzôv mvwnz -cwilr-cwîkvi D ` vm h CwáZ dj jv f e _ nq Zvi KviY cöm M gbmyi gymvi 59 g~j vqb: AvaywbKKv j fvlv-cwikíbvq hv K 'Codification of form' e j ÔmvwnZ cwilr cwîkvõq Zv-B n qwqj; wkš hv K ejv nq 'Selection of norms' Zv nqwb e vcvi n Q norm (Av`k iƒc) wbe vp bi Rb nq divmx GKv Wgxi g Zv kw³kvjx cöwzôvb wk ^v Rb&m bi g Zv weøvb e w³i cö qvrb mvwnz cwilr m ó cwifvlv K cöpjb Kivi e vcv i Kv bv e vck e e v MÖnY Ki Z cv iwb AvR Ki w` b wneªæ GKv Wwgi wksev B `v bwkqvb fvlv ms vi (Lambaga Bahasa Nasional, Indonesia) cq b h ai bi mikvix g`` mwµq, mvwnz cwil `i cq b mikg Kv bv kw³ mwµq wqj bv Z`ycwi m PZb fvlv-cwiez bi h wpšív AvR Ki w` b fvlvzvwë K `i g a ^xk Z, mkv j m aviyv wqj Abycw Z ZLb g b Kiv n Zv fvlv ^vfvwek MwZ ZB wekwkz n e; cwikwíz wekvk fvlvi ÿ Î Kvg bq Gme Kvi Y mvwnz cwil `i cvwifvwlk cöqvm h_vh_ iæz jvf Ki Z cv iwb b cb fšwgki mvwnz -cwil `i cvwifvlvi cöwgzkiy Kivi gva g mme cwifvlv cöpwjz Kivi Kv bv e ck e e v MÖnY Ki Z bv cviv KB e _ Zv e j wpwýz K i Qb Zuvi g ZÑ mvgwqk cwîkvi wz h ^í gqvw` ZvI H cwîkv Mvôx Abyaveb Ki Z e _ n jb m ó cwifvlv-m vi K GKwÎZ K i Awfavb AvKv i cökvk Kiv Ges ^íg~ j mnrjf Kivi D ` vmi mvwnz -cwilr cwîkvi wqj bv mgkvjxb RbwcÖq Awfav bi kã wj vb cvq wb ey bv dzj K`i bv c qb evwm n q Mj gvïv K_v nj GB h, mvwnz -cwilr Mvôx 28 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

29 m ó cwifvlv K mnrjf Ges MÖnY hvm K i Zvjvi Kvb Kvh Ki D ` vm wb Z cv iwb 60 mvwnz cwilr cwîkv Mvôxi cvwifvwlk cöqv mi GwUB g~j e _ Zv cwifvlv-pp vi ÿ Î mvwnz -cwil `i cöqv mi ÿ Î bvbviƒc mxgve Zv _vk ji m cöqvm m ú~y e _ Ggb K_v ejv hv e bv mvwnz -cwil `i D ` vm hgb wqj cö_g mdj cövwzôvwbk D ` vm Zgwb m D ` vm Ab `ii Mfxifv e AbycÖvwYZ Ki Z mÿg n qwqj izœv Nv li g ZÑÔZ_vwc ^xkvh, mvwnz -cwilr Kg x `i cöqvm evsjv cwifvlvi ivrc_ Ly j w` qwqj ÔcÖK wzõcwîkvi f~wgkv wøgvwmk ÔcÖK wzô cwîkvi cö_g msl v cökvwkz nq 1331 mv ji ˆekvL I ˆR ô hy³msl v iƒ c mz PiY jvnv m úvw`z ÔcÖK wzõcwîkvq gšwjk M elyvg~jk ˆeÁvwbK cöe Üi cvkvcvwk 61 cwifvlv welqk ipbvi wbqwgz cökvwkz n Zv gbmyi gymv wj L QbÑ evjv cwifvlv wbg v Yi BwZnv m ÔmvwnZ -cwilr-cwîkvõi c ib hvi bvg Ki Z nq, muv n Q ÔcÖK wzõ cwîkv ÔmvwnZ - cwilr-cwîkvõq cwifvlv cökv ki Drmvn K g h Z bv h ZB ÔcÖK wzõ cwîkv cwifvlv m wói `vwqz MÖnY K i ÔmvwnZ -cwilrcwîkvõq hgb iv g `ªmy `i wî e`x cvwifvwlk D ` v Mi cövycyiæl wq jb, ÔcÖK wzõ cwîkvq Zgwb wq jb mz PiY jvnv jvnvi Drmv n huviv ÔcÖK wzõ cwîkvq cwifvlv msµvší cöqv m AskMÖnY K iwq jb, Zuv `i g a Ab Zg n QbÑ 1. AiæY Kzgvi mb kg v (1337, 38, ÔcÖK wzõ: 7, 8) 2. G K `ªbv_ Nvl (1331, 32, 33, 35, 38, ÔcÖK wzõ: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8) 3. DgvcwZ evr cqx (1331, 33, 34, ÔcÖK wzõ: 1, 3, 4) 4. wmix `ªbv_ gy Lvcva vq (1333, 34, 35, 36, 37, ÔcÖK wzõ: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) 5. Áv b `ªbvivqY ivq (1332, 34, 37, 41,ÔcÖK wzõ: 2, 4, 7, 11) 6. Áv b `ªjvj fv`yox (1340, 41, 42, 43, ÔcÖK wzõ: 10, 11, 12, 13) 7. gbx `ªbv_ e ` vcva vq (1335, 36, 37, 38, ÔcÖK wzô : 5, 6, 7, 8) 8. wÿzx `ªbv_ VvKzi (1336,ÔcÖK wzõ: 6) BZ vw` (fv`yox: 1344) e Mxq-mvwnZ -cwil `i D ` v Mi ci cwifvlv ipbvq cövwzôvwbk D ` vm wb qwqj KwjKvZv wek we` vjq Z e m D ` vm m ú K Av jvpbvi c~ e iex `ªbv_ VvKzi Ges we. Gb. kx ji cwifvlv welqk wpšív wb q Av jvpbv Kiv cö qvrb Z_ m~î 1. W. ey `e fævpvh, e Mmvwn Z weávb, 1g cl ` ms iy, cwðge M ivr cȳ ÍK cl `, KjKvZv, 1980, c ûgvqzb AvRv` (m úv.), evjv fvlv (wøzxq LÐ), ms kvwaz wøzxq ms iy, AvMvgx cökvkbx, XvKv, 2001, c ey `e fævpvh, e Mmvwn Z weávb, c. 20 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 29