Name Roy G Biv WED beginning practice test

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1 Name WED beginning practice test Page 1 Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New Hampshire s well-known symbol the Old Man of the Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain s history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man s face, and it eventually became New Hampshire s most recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News, May 5, Which agent of erosion is most likely responsible for the collapse of the granite profile? 1) running water 2) glacial ice 3) wave action 4) mass movement

2 Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the effect that average yearly precipitation and temperature have on the type of weathering that will occur in a particular region. 2 Which type of weathering is most common where the average yearly temperature is 5 C and the average yearly precipitation is 45 cm? 3 In the cartoon below, Lucy gives Linus incorrect information about pebbles. 1) moderate chemical weathering 2) very slight weathering 3) moderate chemical weathering with frost action 4) slight frost action If Lucy wanted to give Linus correct information about pebbles, which statement would be most accurate? 1) Pebbles can become cemented together to form a rock called gabbro. 2) Pebble is the name given to the smallest-size sediment. 3) Any large rock that weathers could become a pebble. 4) Magma is composed of pebbles. Page 2

3 Page 3 4 Which property of water makes frost action a common and effective form of weathering? 1) Water dissolves many earth materials. 2) Water expands when it freezes. 3) Water cools the surroundings when it evaporates. 4) Water loses 334 Joules of heat per gram when it freezes. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents a sedimentary rock outcrop. 5 The diagram below represents a naturally occurring geologic process. 8 Which rock layer is the most resistant to weathering? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 Which process is best illustrated by the diagram? 1) cementation 2) erosion 3) metamorphism 4) weathering 6 Which geologic feature is caused primarily by chemical weathering? 1) large caves in limestone bedrock 2) a pattern of parallel cracks in a granite mountain 3) blocks of basalt at the base of a steep slope 4) the smooth, polished surface of a rock in a dry, sandy area 9 As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks into several smaller pieces, the rate of weathering of the sediment will 1) decrease due to a decrease in surface area 2) decrease due to an increase in surface area 3) increase due to a decrease in surface area 4) increase due to an increase in surface area 7 Chemical weathering will occur most rapidly when rocks are exposed to the 1) hydrosphere and lithosphere 2) mesosphere and thermosphere 3) hydrosphere and atmosphere 4) lithosphere and atmosphere

4 Page 4 10 Lichens are usually the first organisms that appear in barren, rocky areas. They use rootlike structures to split bedrock into small fragments. Lichens also secrete acidic solutions that help break down rock. The cross sections below represent an area when lichens first appeared (time 1) and that same area hundreds of years later, after it was changed by lichens and exposed to air and water (time 2). The soil shown in time 2 was formed mainly by 1) compaction and cementing 2) weathering and biological activity 3) faulting and tilting of rock strata 4) mass movement and deposition of particles Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the landscape features associated with a meandering river. Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on the floodplain.

5 Page 5 11 During transport by this river, a sediment particle will most likely become 1) more rounded 2) more dense 3) heavier 4) larger 16 Which quartz sample has probably undergone abrasion in a stream for the longest period of time? 1) 2) 12 Unsorted, angular, rough-surfaced cobbles and boulders are found at the base of a cliff. What most likely transported these cobbles and boulders? 1) running water 2) wind 3) gravity 4) ocean currents 13 A landslide is an example of 1) river deposition 2) glacial scouring 3) mass movement 4) chemical weathering 14 What change will a pebble usually undergo when it is transported a great distance by streams? 1) It will become jagged and its mass will decrease. 2) It will become jagged and its volume will increase. 3) It will become rounded and its mass will increase. 4) It will become rounded and its volume will decrease. 15 A sediment particle transported by a stream over a long period of time will most likely show 1) a decrease in mass and number of angular edges 2) a decrease in density and size 3) an increase in weight and hardness 4) an increase in volume and number of cleavage planes 3) 4) 17 Trees growing on the edge of a river's meander are most likely to fall into the river due to 1) deposition on the inside of the meander 2) deposition on the outside of the meander 3) erosion on the inside of the meander 4) erosion on the outside of the meander 18 A river s current carries sediments into the ocean. Which sediment size will most likely be deposited in deeper water farthest from the shore? 1) pebble 2) sand 3) silt 4) clay

6 Page 6 19 The map below shows a meandering stream as it enters a lake. The arrow shows the direction of stream flow. Points A through D represent locations on the surface of the stream. 21 The map below shows the bend of a large meandering stream. The arrows show the direction of stream flow, Letters A, B, and C are positions on the streambed where erosion and deposition data were collected. The greatest stream velocities are found closest to points 1) A and B 2) B and C 3) C and D 4) D and A Which table best represents the locations where erosion and deposition are dominant and where an equilibrium exists between the two processes? [A check mark represents the dominant process for each lettered location.] 1) 20 Which graph best represents the relationship between the discharge of a stream and the velocity of stream flow? 1) 2) 2) 3) 3) 4) 4)

7 Page 7 22 The diagram below shows a section of a meander in a stream. The arrows show the direction of stream flow. 24 Dynamic equilibrium between erosion and deposition in a river exists when the amount of deposition is 1) less than the amount of erosion 2) greater than the amount of erosion 3) the same as the amount of erosion 25 The graph below shows the general pattern of erosion and deposition for a small tributary stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream. The streambank on the outside of this meander is steeper than the streambank on the inside of this meander because the water on the outside of this meander is moving 1) slower, causing deposition 2) faster, causing deposition 3) slower, causing erosion 4) faster, causing erosion 23 The diagrams below represent four different examples of one process that transports sediments. At which location is the erosional-depositional system of the stream in dynamic equilibrium? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D Which process is shown in these diagrams? 1) chemical weathering 2) wind action 3) mass movement 4) rock abrasion

8 Page 8 26 The block diagram below shows a landscape region. 27 The block diagram below shows a region that has undergone faulting. Which stream drainage pattern would most likely develop at the surface of this region? 1) Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that would most likely develop on the surface of this region? 1) 2) 2) 3) 3) 4) 4)

9 Page 9 Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the drainage basin of the Mississippi River system. Several rivers that flow into the Mississippi River are labeled. The arrow at location X shows where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico. 28 The entire land area drained by the Mississippi River system is referred to as a 1) levee 2) watershed 3) meander belt 4) floodplain

10 Page 10 Base your answers to questions 29 through 33 on the information and diagrams below. A mixture of colloids, clay, silt, sand, pebbles, and cobbles is put into stream I at point A. The water velocity at point A is 400 centimeters per second. A similar mixture of particles is put into stream II at point A. The water velocity in stream II at point A is 80 centimeters per second. 29 Which statement best describes what happens when the particles are placed in the streams? 1) Stream I will move all particles that are added at point A. 2) Stream II will move all particles that are added at point A. 3) Stream I cannot move sand. 4) Stream II cannot move sand. 30 Which statement is the most accurate description of conditions in both streams? 1) The greatest deposition occurs at point B. 2) Particles are carried in suspension and by bouncing along the bottom. 3) The particles will have a greater velocity than the water in the stream. 4) The velocity of the stream is the same at point B as at point C. 31 If a sudden rainstorm occurs at both streams above point A, the erosion rate will 1) increase for stream I, but not for stream II 2) increase for stream II, but not for stream I 3) increase for both streams 4) not change for either stream 32 What will most likely occur when the transported sediment reaches lake II? 1) Clay particles will settle first. 2) The largest particles will be carried farthest into the lake. 3) The sediment will become more angular because of abrasion. 4) The particles will be deposited in sorted layers.

11 Page In lake I, as the stream water moves from point C to point D, its velocity 1) decreases 2) increases 3) remains the same 34 Which two cities are located in the Interior Lowlands? 1) Elmira and Binghamton 2) Riverhead and New York City 3) Massena and Old Forge 4) Buffalo and Watertown 35 The longest portion of the Genesee River in New York State flows through which landscape region? 36 A plane traveling in a straight line from Watertown to Utica would fly over which landscape region? 1) Tug Hill Plateau 2) Adirondack Mountains 3) St. Lawrence Lowlands 4) Champlain Lowlands 37 In New York State, both the Delaware River and the Susquehanna River flow over landscapes classified as 1) mountain regions 2) coastal plains 3) lowlands 4) plateaus 1) Erie-Ontario Lowlands 2) Tug Hill Plateau 3) Allegheny Plateau 4) St. Lawrence Lowlands

12 Page 12 Base your answers to questions 38 through 42 on the passage and map below. The map shows the generalized landscape regions of Vermont. Landscape Regions of Vermont Most of Vermont s landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that were covered by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand, cobbles, and boulders were deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six landscape regions. (1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain moderating its temperature. (2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400 million years ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known for its deposits of talc and asbestos. (3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are commonly mined in this region. (4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most of the bedrock in the region is limestone and marble. (5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region consists of rolling hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry. (6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite bedrock.

13 Page Some of the bedrock in the Green Mountains is actually green in color because of the presence of the mineral chlorite. Which other mineral can cause rocks to appear green? 43 The sequence of bedrock cross sections below represents the same landscape region over a period of geologic time. 1) sulfur 2) magnetite 3) olivine 4) halite 39 Which processes formed the granite that is mined in Vermont? 1) compaction and cementation of sediments 2) cooling and solidification of magma 3) uplift and weathering of bedrock 4) application of heat and pressure to shale 40 The classification of landscape regions is primarily based on which factors? 1) climate, vegetation, and surface features 2) bedrock type, structure, and elevation 3) state boundaries, streams, and rivers 4) nearness to mountains, lakes, and oceans 41 Which Vermont landscape region is a continuation of New York State s Champlain Lowlands landscape? This sequence best represents 1) an arid region that experienced mostly uplifting forces 2) an arid region that experienced mostly erosional forces 3) a humid region that experienced mostly uplifting forces 4) a humid region that experienced mostly erosional forces 44 The graph below shows the average change in the elevation of a mountain range over time. 1) Vermont Lowlands 2) Valley of Vermont 3) Taconic Mountains 4) Green Mountains 42 During which geologic period did a major orogeny form the Taconic Mountains? 1) Cretaceous 2) Permian 3) Devonian 4) Ordovician According to the graph, the rate of uplifting was greater than the rate of erosion during which geologic time period? 1) Silurian 2) Devonian 3) Carboniferous 4) Permian

14 Page Which Earth process most likely formed the depression now occupied by the lake shown in the diagram below? 47 The maps below represent four different stream drainage patterns. 1) glaciation 2) climate changes 3) erosion 4) faulting 46 The diagram below represents a cross section of the bedrock and land surface in part of Tennessee. The dotted lines indicate missing rock layers. Which factor most likely caused the differences in these patterns? 1) time 2) climate 3) human activities 4) bedrock structure 48 The diagram below shows a geologic cross section of the rock layers in the vicinity of Niagara Falls in western New York State. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? 1) Rocks are weathered and eroded evenly. 2) Folded rocks are more easily weathered and eroded. 3) Deposits of sediments provide evidence of erosion. 4) Climate differences affect the amount of erosion. Which statement best explains the irregular shape of the rock face behind the falls? 1) The Lockport dolostone is an evaporite. 2) The Clinton limestone and shale contain many fossils. 3) The Thorold sandstone and the whirlpool sandstone dissolve easily in water. 4) The Rochester and Queenston shale and the Albion sandstone and shale are less resistant to erosion than the other rock layers.

15 Page The diagram below represents a cross section of a series of horizontal sedimentary rock layers. 50 One characteristic used to classify landscape regions as plains, plateaus, or mountains is 1) type of soil 2) amount of stream discharge 3) weathering rate 4) underlying bedrock structure 51 Which landscape region probably resulted from the erosion of folded rock layers? 1) The variation in the steepness of the eroded hillslopes in the diagram is most likely due to the 1) resistance of the rock layers 2) thickness of the rock layers 3) tilt of the rock layers 4) age of the rock layers 2) 3) 4)

16 Page 16 Base your answers to questions 52 and 53 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows part of the North American coastline. The present coastline is shown as a solid line. The symbols on the key below indicate the inferred coastline 18,000 years ago and an inferred future coastline if global warming continues. 52 The inferred position of the future coastline is based on the assumption that the 1) total amount of global precipitation will decrease 2) thickness of the ozone layer will decrease 3) concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth s atmosphere will increase 4) rate of uplift of the North American continent will increase 53 Which statement best explains why 18,000 years ago the coastline was at a different location than it is today? 1) The climate of Earth was extremely hot and dry. 2) A large amount of Earth's water was stored in large continental ice sheets. 3) The east coast of North America was being subducted under the Eurasian Plate. 4) North America had just separated from Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean was forming.

17 Page An environmental scientist needs to prepare a report on the potential effects that a proposed surface mine in New York State will have on the watershed where the mine will be located. In which reference materials will the scientist find the most useful data with which to determine the watershed s boundaries? 1) topographic maps 2) geologic time scales 3) tectonic plate maps 4) planetary wind maps 55 In recent years, the trees in large areas of tropical rain forests have been cleared. As a result of this activity, the soil of these areas will 1) become richer and deeper 2) become residual 3) develop more horizons 4) be eroded 56 The diagram below shows a highway road cut. 57 The process of developing and implementing environmental conservation programs is most dependent on 1) the availability of the most advanced technology 2) the Earth's ability to restore itself 3) public awareness and cooperation 4) stricter environmental laws 58 Humans can cause rapid changes in the environment, which may produce catastrophic events. Which statement below is the best example of this concept? 1) Mountainside highway construction causes a landslide. 2) Lightning causes a forest fire. 3) Shifting crustal plates cause an earthquake. 4) Changing seasonal winds cause flooding in an area. 59 Some scientists believe that high-flying airplanes and the discharge of fluorocarbons from spray cans are affecting the atmosphere. Which characteristic of the atmosphere do they believe is affected? The water well has probably gone dry because 1) crustal uplift has altered the landscape 2) human activities have altered the landscape 3) the climate has become more humid 4) the bedrock porosity has changed 1) composition of the ozone layer of the stratosphere 2) wind velocity of the tropopause 3) location of continental polar highs 4) air movement in the doldrums 60 Wind moves from regions of 1) high temperature toward regions of low temperature 2) high pressure toward regions of low pressure 3) high precipitation toward regions of low precipitation 4) high humidity toward regions of low humidity

18 Page A sedimentary deposit produced by wind erosion is most likely composed of 64 The picture below shows a geological feature in the Kalahari Desert of southwestern Africa. 1) sorted fine-grained particles in cross-bedded layers 2) a range of particle sizes from 1.0 to 10.0 cm in diameter in thick layers 3) flat, angular boulders in unsorted piles 4) shells of varying size, shape, and composition in isolated mounds 62 Which landscape features are primarily the result of wind erosion and deposition? 1) U-shaped valleys containing unsorted layers of sediment 2) V-shaped valleys containing well-sorted layers of sediment 3) terraces of gravel containing unsorted layers of sediment 4) cross-bedded sand deposits containing finely sorted layers of sediment Which process most likely produced the present appearance of this feature? 1) wind erosion 2) volcanic eruption 3) earthquake vibrations 4) plate tectonics 63 How could a local landscape be changed most in the shortest amount of time? 1) activities of humans 2) wind erosion 3) physical weathering 4) a changing climate

19 Page 19 Base your answers to questions 65 and 66 on the diagram below, which shows several different landscape features. Points X and Y indicate locations on the streambank. 65 Explain why the stream meanders on the floodplain, but not in the mountains. 66 Identify which point, X or Y, has more stream erosion and explain why the amounts of erosion are different.

20 Page 20 Base your answers to questions 67 through 69 on block diagram below, which shows the landscape features of an area of Earth s crust. Two sedimentary rock layers, A and B, are labeled in the diagram. The rock symbol for layer B has been omitted. 67 The graph below shows the particle sizes that compose the clastic sedimentary rock in layer B. 68 Describe how the caverns formed in rock layer A. 69 Identify the most abundant mineral in rock layer A. In the area below, draw the map symbol that represents rock layer B.

21 Page 21 Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows a meandering stream as it enters a lake. Points A through D represent locations in the stream. 70 Draw a cross-sectional view of the general shape of the stream bottom between points A and B. The water surface line has already been drawn.

22 Page 22 Base your answers to questions 71 through 73 on the diagram below, which shows igneous rock that has undergone mainly physical weathering into sand and mainly chemical weathering into clay. 72 Describe the change in temperature and moisture conditions that would cause an increase in the rate of chemical weathering into clay. 73 Compare the particle size of the physically weathered fragments to the particle size of the chemically weathered fragments. 71 If the igneous rock is a layer of vesicular andesite, identify three types of mineral grains that could be found in the sand.

23 Page 23 Base your answers to questions 74 and 75 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The map shows the location of Sandy Creek, west of Rochester, New York. X and Y represent points on the banks of the stream.

24 Page The symbols representing four sediment particles are shown in the key below. These particles are being transported by Sandy Creek into Lake Ontario. On the cross section below, draw the symbols on the bottom of Lake Ontario to show the relative position where each sediment particle is most likely deposited. 75 Draw a line represent the shape of the stream bottom from point X to point Y.

25 Page 25 Base your answer to the following question on the block diagrams below, which show three types of streams with equal volumes. 76 Explain how the differences between the type 1 and type 3 stream channels indicate that the average velocities of the streams are different. 77 New York States Adirondacks are classified as a mountain landscape region. Describe one bedrock characteristic and one land surface characteristic that were used to classify the Adirondacks as a mountain landscape region.

26 Page 26 Base your answers to questions 78 and 79 on the data table below, which shows the percent and uses of different types of salt in the United States. 78 Shaded areas on the map above represent some counties in New York State where salt is mined. State the name of one New York State landscape region in which all or part of these counties are located. 79 On the pie graph provided, complete the graph to show the percent of each salt usage. (The percent of salt used in industry has been drawn and labeled.) Label each section of the pie graph to indicate the salt usage.

27 Page 27 Base your answers to questions 80 and 81 on the passage and the cross section below. The passage describes the geologic history of the Pine Bush region near Albany, New York. The cross section shows th bedrock and overlying sediment along a southwest to northeast diagonal line through a portion of this are Location A shows an ancient buried stream channel and location B shows a large sand dune. The Pine Bush Region The Pine Bush region, just northwest of Albany, New York, is a 40-square mile area of sand dunes and wetlands covered by pitch pine trees and scrub oak bushes. During the Ordovician Period, this area was covered by a large sea. Layers of mud and sand deposited in this sea were compressed into shale and sandstone bedrock. During most of the Cenozoic Era, running water eroded stream channels into the bedrock. One of these buried channels is shown at location A in the cross section. Over the last one million years of the Cenozoic Era, this area was affected by glaciation. During the last major advance of glacial ice, soil and bedrock were eroded and later deposited as till (a mixture of boulders, pebbles, sand, and clay). About 20,000 years ago, the last glacier in New York State began to melt. The meltwater deposited pebbles and sand, forming the stratified drift. During the 5000 years it took to melt this glacier, the entire Pine Bush area became submerged under a large 350-foot-deep glacial lake called Lake Albany. Delta deposits of cobbles, pebbles, and sand formed along the lake shorelines, and beds of silt and clay were deposited farther into the lake. Lake Albany drained about 12,000 years ago, exposing the lake bottom. Wind erosion created the sand dunes that cover much of the Pine Bush area today.

28 Page How does the shape of the sand dune at location B provide evidence that the prevailing winds that formed this dune are blowing from the southwest? 81 What evidence shown at location A suggests that the channel in the bedrock was eroded by running water?

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30 Answer Key beginning WED practice test. Page The stream began to flow over a nearly flat landscape. Stream velocity decreased. Gradient decreases from the mountains to the floodplain. The stream flows more slowly on the floodplain. The floodplain is composed of loose sediment. 66 Point X is on the outside of a meander curve. Stream velocity is greater at point X. More deposition occurs at Y Examples: Limestone reacts with acids in groundwater. Acids in water cause limestone to dissolve. Chemical weathering of limestone Water flowing through cracks removes limestone. 69 Examples: calcite CaCO plagioclase feldspar biotite amphibole quartz or pyroxene 72 Moisture and temperature should both increase. 73 The physically weathered sediments are larger in particle size than the chemically weathered particles. The sand fragments are larger than clay fragments. The sand fragments range from cm to 0.2 cm in diameter and the clay fragments are less than cm in diameter Responses include, but are not limited to: The type 3 stream meanders more; The type 3 stream occupies a wider floodplain; The type 1 stream has a straighter course.

31 Answer Key beginning WED practice test. Page Bedrock characteristics: The Adirondacks have faulted, folded, and deformed bedrock. The Adirondacks have intensely metamorphosed bedrock. The oldest bedrock is near the center of the Adirondacks. Land surface characteristics: The Adirondacks have high elevations. The Adirondacks have steep slopes. The Adirondacks are a partially eroded dome. 78 Credit for Erie-Ontario Lowlands or Allegheny Plateau or Appalachian Plateau The gentle slope of the dune is on the southwest side. The windward side has a less steep slope. The steeper side is leeward. 81 Examples: The channel at A has a V-shape. Running water produces V-shaped channels.