1. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the generalized bedrock of a part of western New York State.

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Juniper Mathews
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1 1. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the generalized bedrock of a part of western New York State. 3. The table below describes the deposits that an observer saw while walking downstream along a 500 meter section of a streambed. It could be inferred from the above data that the stream's velocity A) was constantly decreasing B) was constantly increasing C) decreased and then increased D) remained the same As the Niagara River enters Lake Ontario, the velocity of the river water A) decreases and larger sediments are deposited first B) decreases and smaller sediments are deposited first C) increases and larger sediments are deposited first D) increases and smaller sediments are deposited first 2. What is the minimum water velocity necessary to maintain movement of 0.1-centimeter-diameter particles in a stream? A) 0.02 cm/s B) 0.5 cm/s C) 5.0 cm/s D) 20.0 cm/s

2 4. Which graph best represents the relationship between the slope of a river and the particle size that can be transported by that river? A) B) C) D) 5. The diagram below represents a core sample of a sedimentary deposit found at a particular location. The deposition most likely occurred as a result of A) dropping directly from a glacier B) an avalanche on a mountainside C) a decrease in the velocity of a stream D) dropping of weathered rock fragments from a cliff 6. What is the minimum water velocity needed in a stream to maintain the transportation of the smallest boulder? A) 100 cm/sec B) 200 cm/sec C) 300 cm/sec D) 500 cm/sec 7. The largest sediment particles that can be transported by a stream traveling at a velocity of 200 centimeters per second are A) boulders B) cobbles C) pebbles D) sand 8. Two streams, A and B, carry the same volume of water, but stream A has a greater velocity. The most likely cause of this greater velocity would be that stream A A) has more tributaries B) has a wider streambed C) flows down a steeper slope D) travels over less resistant bedrock 9. As the velocity of a stream decreases, the amount of sediment in the water of the stream A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 10. A stream flowing at a velocity of 250 centimeters per second is transporting sediment particles ranging in size from clay to cobbles. Which transported particles will be deposited by the stream if its velocity decreases to 100 centimeters per second? A) cobbles, only B) cobbles and some pebbles, only C) cobbles, pebbles, and some sand, only D) cobbles, pebbles, sand, slit, and clay 11. Which material would most likely be carried by a stream traveling at a rate of 40 centimeters per second? A) clay, only B) boulders, only C) sand, silt, and clay D) boulders, cobbles, and pebbles

12. A stream is carrying sediment particles ranging from 0.0004 to 25.6 centimeters.

3 12. A stream is carrying sediment particles ranging from to 25.6 centimeters. When the stream velocity decreases from 300 to 100 centimeters per second, the stream will most probably deposit A) silt and clay B) sand and silt C) pebbles and sand D) cobbles and pebbles 13. More deposition than erosion will take place in a streambed when the A) density of the rock particles carried by the stream decreases B) slope of the stream increases C) discharge of the stream increases D) velocity of the stream decreases 14. What are the largest particles that a stream can transport when its velocity is 200 centimeters per second? A) silt B) sand C) pebbles D) cobbles 15. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagrams of four rock outcrops, A, B, C, and D, located within 15 kilometers of each other. The rock layers have not been overturned. Which stream velocity carried only clay particles to the depositional environment where the shale formed? A) 0.02 cm/s B) 0.05 cm/s C) 10 cm/s D) 20 cm/s

4 16. As water velocity of a stream increases from 25 to 225 centimeters per second, in which order will particles of different sizes begin to move? A) sand pebbles cobbles boulders B) silt sand pebbles cobbles C) cobbles pebbles sand silt D) silt pebbles sand cobbles 17. A river's velocity slows from 100 to 50 centimeters per second at a point in its channel. Which statement best describes the transport and deposition of particles at this point? A) Clay, silt, sand, pebbles, and smaller cobbles stay in transport; some cobbles are deposited. B) Clay, silt, sand, and smaller pebbles stay in transport; some pebbles are deposited. C) Clay, silt, and smaller sand stay in transport; some sand is deposited. D) Clay and smaller silt stay in transport; some silt is deposited. 18. Deposition within a meandering stream usually occurs on the inside of the curves because the A) water velocity decreases B) stream gradient increases C) water is deeper D) stream is narrower 19. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows a portion of a stream that flows southward. Letters A through E represent locations in the stream. Line XY is the location of a cross section. Where this stream s velocity decreases from 300 to 200 centimeters per second, which size sediment will be deposited? A) cobbles B) sand C) silt D) clay

Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the diagram below, which shows a meandering stream. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate locations on the streambed. 25.

Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff of sedimentary rock layers.

What are the largest particles that this stream can transport when its velocity is 200 centimeters per second? A) silt B) sand C) pebbles D) cobbles 21.

5 Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the diagram below, which shows a meandering stream. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate locations on the streambed. 25. What is the minimum rate of flow at which a stream can maintain transport of boulders? A) 100 cm/sec B) 200 cm/sec C) 300 cm/sec D) 400 cm/sec 26. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff of sedimentary rock layers. The rock layers are labeled A through I. Line XY represents a gap in the geologic record (an unconformity). 20. What are the largest particles that this stream can transport when its velocity is 200 centimeters per second? A) silt B) sand C) pebbles D) cobbles 21. A decrease in the velocity of this stream will most likely cause an increase in A) the amount of sediment carried by the stream B) the size of the particles carried by the stream C) deposition within the stream channel D) abrasion of the stream channel 22. What is the approximate minimum water velocity needed to maintain movement of a sediment particle with a diameter of 5.0 centimeters? A) 75 cm/sec B) 100 cm/sec C) 150 cm/sec D) 200 cm/sec 23. What is the largest particle that can be kept in motion by a stream that has a velocity of 100 centimeters per second? A) silt B) sand C) pebble D) cobble 24. A stream with a water velocity of 150 centimeters per second decreases to a velocity of 100 centimeters per second. Which sediment size will most likely be deposited? A) pebbles B) sand C) boulders D) cobbles Which graph best represents the relative water velocity at the time of deposition of the particles that make up the rock layers shown? A) B) C) D)

6 27. Stream velocity and stream discharge were recorded continuously at the same location in a stream channel. Which graph best shows the relationship between stream velocity and stream discharge at this location? A) B) C) D) 28. What is the minimum stream velocity needed to maintain transport of a pebble that is 1 centimeter in diameter? A) 23 cm/sec B) 50 cm/sec C) 75 cm/sec D) 100 cm/sec 29. As the gradient of a stream increases, the stream's ability to carry sediment A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 30. A river carrying pebbles, sand, silt, and clay flows into the ocean. The sediments are sorted by size as they are deposited at different distances from shore. Which sedimentary rock will most likely form from the sediment deposited farthest from shore? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale

31. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which represent a particular location of the channel of the San Juan River in Utah.

7 31. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which represent a particular location of the channel of the San Juan River in Utah. Changes in river discharge (Q), in cubic meters per second, and sediment deposits before, during, and after a flood are shown. On October 14, during the flood, the discharge of the San Juan River changed dramatically. The change in the river s discharge at this location was related to an increase in the river s A) velocity B) gradient C) channel length D) sediment deposits 32. A stream flowing at a velocity of 75 centimeters per second can transport A) clay, only B) pebbles, only C) pebbles, sand, silt, and clay, only D) boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay 33. What is the minimum rate of flow at which a stream of water can maintain the transportation of pebbles 1.0 centimeter in diameter? A) 50 cm/sec B) 100 cm/sec C) 150 cm/sec D) 200 cm/sec 34. A pebble with a diameter of 5.0 centimeters is being rolled in a rapidly moving stream. The velocity of the pebble is most likely A) less than the velocity of the stream B) greater than the velocity of the stream C) the same as the velocity of the stream 35. A stream s velocity decreases from 100 cm/s to 5cm/s. Which size sediment particles will still be transported by the stream? A) pebbles, sand, silt, and clay B) sand, silt, and clay, only C) silt and clay, only D) clay, only 36. Sediment is deposited in a river delta because the A) velocity of the river decreases B) force of gravity decreases C) volume of the river increases D) gradient of the river increases

Transported sediments are usually deposited at locations in which A) the freezing and thawing of water occurs B) the chemical breakdown of rocks occurs C) a decrease in the speed of the agent of

8 37. The diagram below represents a cross section of sedimentary deposits. Where would this type of deposition most likely occur? A) at the base of a shifting sand dune B) at the rapids in a stream C) beneath a large glacier D) in a lake fed by a stream 38. Transported sediments are usually deposited at locations in which A) the freezing and thawing of water occurs B) the chemical breakdown of rocks occurs C) a decrease in the speed of the agent of erosion occurs D) an increase in the physical weathering of rocks occurs 39. What is the approximate minimum stream velocity needed to keep a particle in motion that has a diameter of 10 centimeters? A) 110 cm/s B) 190 cm/s C) 325 cm/s D) 425 cm/s 40. The cross section below illustrates the general sorting of sediment by a river as it flows from a mountain to a plain. 41. What is the largest particle that can generally be transported by a stream that is moving at 200 centimeters per second? A) sand B) pebble C) cobble D) boulder 42. Why do the particles carried by a river settle to the bottom as the river enters the ocean? A) The density of the ocean water is greater than the density of the river water. B) The kinetic energy of the particles increases as the particles enter the ocean. C) The velocity of the river water decreases as it enters the ocean. D) The large particles have a greater surface area than the small particles. 43. A stream with a velocity of 100 centimeters per second flows into a lake. Which sediment-size particles would the stream most likely deposit first as it enters the lake? A) boulders B) cobbles C) pebbles D) sand 44. What is the approximate minimum stream velocity needed to keep a 6.4-cm-diameter particle in motion? A) 10 cm/s B) 50 cm/s C) 100 cm/s D) 200 cm/s Which factor most likely caused the sediment to be sorted in the pattern shown? A) velocity of the river water B) hardness of the surface bedrock C) mineral composition of the sediment D) temperature of the water

45. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a model used to investigate the erosional-depositional system of a stream.

9 45. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a model used to investigate the erosional-depositional system of a stream. The model was tilted to create a gentle slope, and a hose supplied water to form the meandering stream shown. How can the model be changed to increase the amount of sediment transported by the stream? A) decrease the temperature of the sediment B) decrease the slope C) increase the size of the sediment D) increase the rate of the water flow 46. What is the minimum stream velocity that would 51. Which change at a particular location in a stream maintain movement of a quartz cobble with a usually causes more sediments to be deposited at diameter of 10.0 centimeters? that location? A) 80 cm/sec B) 120 cm/sec C) 210 cm/sec D) 280 cm/sec 47. A decrease in a river's velocity will most likely result in more A) erosion by the river B) deposition within the river C) large particles being carried by the river D) dissolved material being picked up by the river 48. What is the lowest stream velocity that would keep a cobble-sized particle moving downstream? A) 100 cm/sec B) 180 cm/sec C) 220 cm/sec D) 290 cm/sec 49. Which stream velocity would transport cobbles, but would not transport boulders? A) 50 cm/sec B) 100 cm/sec C) 200 cm/sec D) 400 cm/sec 50. The largest particles that a stream deposits as it enters a pond are 8 centimeters in diameter. The minimum velocity of the stream is approximately A) 100 cm/sec B) 200 cm/sec C) 300 cm/sec D) 400 cm/sec A) decrease in stream velocity B) decrease in stream width C) increase in stream slope D) increase in stream discharge

Water flowing in the stream can move sediments along the stream channel because of an exchange of energy from the

Water flowing in the stream can move sediments along the stream channel because of an exchange of energy from the 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the diagram below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a laboratory stream table. Water