As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
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1 1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together, forming a material that is most similar in origin to A) an extrusive igneous rock B) an intrusive igneous rock C) a clastic sedimentary rock D) a foliated metamorphic rock 2. The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specific areas A, B, C, and D by a stream entering an ocean. As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D 3. Which sedimentary rock would be formed by the compaction and cementation of particles 1.5 centimeters in diameter? A) shale B) sandstone C) conglomerate D) siltstone 4. Dolostone is classified as which type of rock? A) land-derived sedimentary rock B) chemically formed sedimentary rock C) foliated metamorphic rock D) nonfoliated metamorphic rock 5. Large deposits of rock gypsum and rock salt usually form in areas of A) active volcanoes B) continental ice sheets C) fault zones in the crust D) shallow evaporating seas 6. Which type of rock is represented by the map symbol below? A) clastic sedimentary rock formed from organic substances B) chemically formed sedimentary rock that consists mainly of the mineral calcite C) regional metamorphic rock with block like foliation D) contact metamorphic rock that results from the alteration of limestone by contact with an igneous intrusion
2 7. Which phrase best describes coal? A) low density, mafic B) chemical precipitate C) organic plant remains D) glassy texture, volcanic 8. Base your answer to the following question on the index fossil below, which was found in surface bedrock in Connecticut. 11. Wavy bands of light and dark minerals visible in gneiss bedrock probably formed from the A) cementing together of individual miner grains B) cooling and crystallization of magma C) evaporation of an ancient ocean D) heat and pressure during metamorphism The surface bedrock in which this index fossil was found is most likely composed of A) basalt B) granite C) limestone D) anthracite coal 9. The photograph below shows a large outcrop of rock composed primarily of visible crystals of mica, quartz, and feldspar. Based on the composition and foliated texture, this rock can best be identified as A) marble B) schist C) slate D) anthracite coal 10. Which rock is only formed by regional metamorphism? A) slate B) hornfels C) dunite D) marble
3 12. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is within the metamorphic rock. The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely A) marble B) quartzite C) phyllite D) slate 13. The rock shown below has a foliated texture and contains the minerals amphibole, quartz, and feldspar arranged in coarse-grained bands. 16. The diagram below shows four rock samples. Which rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite 14. Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone of contact metamorphism? A) conglomerate B) hornfels C) pegmatite D) quartzite 15. Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment but not banding, and contains medium-sized grains of quartz and pyroxene? A) phyllite B) schist C) gneiss D) quartzite Which sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? A) A B) B C) C D) D 17. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? A) shale schist phyllite slate gneiss B) shale slate phyllite schist gneiss C) shale gneiss phyllite slate schist D) shale gneiss phyllite schist slate
4 18. How do the metamorphic rocks schist and quartzite differ? A) Quartzite contains the mineral quartz and schist does not. B) Quartzite forms from regional metamorphism and schist does not. C) Schist is organically formed and quartzite is not. D) Schist is foliated and quartzite is not. 19. The cartoon below presents a humorous look at history. 20. The geologic cross section below shows limestone that was intruded. Part of the limestone (zone A) was heated intensely but was not melted. What kind of rocks does the complaining rock collector want? A) felsic volcanic rocks B) clastic sedimentary rocks C) inorganic sedimentary rocks D) regionally metamorphosed rocks Which type of rock most likely formed in zone A? A) gneiss B) slate C) marble D) obsidian 21. Heat and pressure due to magma intrusions may result in A) vertical sorting B) graded bedding C) contact metamorphism D) chemical evaporites 22. A rock is composed of several large, rounded pebbles and sand grains cemented together. Which inference about the rock is best supported by this description? A) The rock is older than the pebbles. B) The rock is igneous. C) The rock is sedimentary. D) The rock resulted from evaporation of sea water. 23. Which sedimentary rock is formed by the compaction and cementation of sorted sediments 0.05 centimeter in diameter? A) shale B) siltstone C) sandstone D) conglomerate
5 24. Which bedrock would be most likely to contain fossils? A) Precambrian granite B) Cambrian shale C) Pleistocene basalt D) Middle-Proterozoic quartzite 25. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff of sedimentary rock layers. The rock layers are labeled A through I. Line XY represents a gap in the geologic record (an unconformity). If rock layer G contained angular fragments instead of rounded fragments, it would be classified as a A) breccia B) gneiss C) siltstone D) chemical limestone 26. Which feature is characteristic of sedimentary rocks? A) layering B) foliation C) distorted structure D) glassy texture 27. A rock that forms directly from land-derived sediments is A) sandstone B) dolostone C) gabbro D) granite 28. Which characteristic would best indicate that a rock was formed from sediments deposited in shallow water near shore rather than in deep water? A) hardness B) a dark color C) a large grain size D) a large amount of cement 29. Which process could lead most directly to the formation of a sedimentary rock? A) metamorphism of unmelted material B) slow solidification of molten material C) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge D) precipitation of minerals from evaporating water 30. Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by the rock cycle? A) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock. B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock. D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock. 31. Which type(s) of rock can be the source of deposited sediments? A) igneous and metamorphic rocks, only B) metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, only C) sedimentary rocks, only D) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks 32. Most of the sediment that is compacted and later forms shale bedrock is A) clay B) silt C) sand D) pebbles 33. Which sedimentary rock may form as a result of biologic processes? A) shale B) siltstone C) fossil limestone D) breccia 34. Which rock type most often contains fossils? A) gabbro B) quartzite C) limestone D) metaconglomerate
6 35. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate during regional metamorphism? A) breccia B) conglomerate C) dolostone D) shale Base your answers to questions 36 through 38 on the diagrams below which represents the same rock material at five stages of development. The graph below shows the temperature and depth of burial at which stages A through D develop Stage E has intentionally been omitted from the graph. 36. In the simple rock-cycle diagram, which processes along path X would change the schist (stage C) directly into a pile of sediments (stage A)? A) uplift, weathering, and erosion of the schist B) cementing of sediment grains followed by compaction C) melting of the schist followed by cooling D) heat and/or pressure applied to the schist 37. Clayey sandstone will form gneiss if the A) temperature and pressure both decrease B) temperature and pressure both increase C) temperature decreases and the pressure increases D) temperature increases and the pressure decreases 38. According to the graph, gneiss is formed at a depth of approximately A) 10 km B) 7 km C) 3 km D) 0 km
7 39. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure results in A) metamorphic rock B) sedimentary rock C) igneous rock D) volcanic rock 40. Where is metamorphic rock frequently found? A) on mountaintops that have horizontal layers containing marine fossils B) within large lava flows C) as a thin surface layer covering huge areas of the continents D) along the interface between igneous intrusions and sedimentary bedrock
8 Answer Key SED and META fall C 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. C 22. C 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. D
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