1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below
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1 1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below freezing B) a wet climate in which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing C) a dry climate in which temperatures remain below freezing D) a dry climate in which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing 2. In which climate would the chemical weathering of limestone occur most rapidly? A) cold and dry B) cold and humid C) warm and dry D) warm and humid 3. Which event is an example of chemical weathering? A) rocks falling off the face of a steep cliff B) feldspar in granite being crushed into clay-sized particles C) water freezing in cracks in a roadside outcrop D) acid rain reacting with limestone bedrock 4. Which change in climate would most likely cause the greatest increase in chemical weathering of local bedrock? A) lower temperature in winter B) lower humidity in winter C) higher atmospheric pressure in summer D) greater precipitation in summer 5. Rock samples brought back from the Moon show absolutely no evidence of chemical weathering. This is most likely due to A) the lack of an atmosphere on the Moon B) extremely low surface temperatures on the Moon C) lack of biological activity on the Moon D) large quantities of water in the lunar "seas"
2 6. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the bedrock of a portion of the Helderberg Escarpment, located in Tacher State Park near Albany, New York. The rock formations are identified by name. Which formations appear to be the most resistant to weathering? A) Esopus and Oriskany B) Onondaga and Coeymans C) Schoharie, and Marcellus and Hamilton D) New Scotland, and Schenectady and Indian Ladder beds 7. Which factor has the greatest influence on the weathering rate of Earth s surface bedrock? A) local air pressure B) angle of insolation C) age of the bedrock D) regional climate 8. As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks into several smaller pieces, the rate of weathering of the sediment will A) decrease due to a decrease in surface area B) decrease due to an increase in surface area C) increase due to a decrease in surface area D) increase due to an increase in surface area 9. A rock will weather faster after it has been crushed because its A) volume has been increased B) surface area has been increased C) density has been decreased D) molecular structure has been altered
3 10. The cross section below shows layers of soil. Which two processes produced the layer of dark brown to black soil? A) melting and solidification of magma B) erosion and uplifting C) weathering and biologic activity D) compaction and cementation 11. Why are Precambrian gneiss cobbles and boulders commonly found on top of the surface bedrock in the Catskills? A) The surface bedrock of the Catskills is composed of Precambrian gneiss. B) The surface bedrock of the Catskills has been overturned. C) Many meteorites composed of gneiss have landed in the Catskills. D) Glaciers transported these rocks from the Adirondacks to the Catskills. 12. On a field trip 40 kilometers east of the Finger Lakes, students observed a boulder of gneiss on the surface bedrock. This observation best supports the inference that the A) surface sedimentary bedrock was weathered to form a boulder of gneiss B) surface sedimentary bedrock melted and solidified to form a boulder of gneiss C) gneiss boulder was formed from sediments that were compacted and cemented together D) gneiss boulder was transported from its original area of formation 13. A large, scratched boulder is found in a mixture of unsorted, smaller sediments forming a hill in central New Jersey. Which agent of erosion most likely transported and then deposited this boulder? A) wind B) a glacier C) ocean waves D) running water 14. Which quartz sample has probably undergone abrasion in a stream for the longest period of time? A) B) C) D) 15. Base your answer to the following question on The block diagram below shows a displacement of rock layers. Which process describes the downward sliding of the rock material? A) tidal changes B) glacial erosion C) mass movement D) lava flow
4 16. For which movement of earth materials is gravity not the main force? A) sediments flowing in a river B) boulders carried by a glacier C) snow tumbling in an avalanche D) moisture evaporating from an ocean 17. Base your answer to the following question on The model shown below illustrates stream erosion between locations A and B in the stream. Placing a second block under location A will cause the stream's velocity to A) decrease and the rate of erosion to decrease B) decrease and the rate of erosion to increase C) increase and the rate of erosion to decrease D) increase and the rate of erosion to increase 18. Why do most streams in the Northeast have a greater stream discharge in spring than in summer? A) Potential evapotranspiration is greater in spring than in summer. B) More transpiration occurs in spring than in summer. C) Most New York State water budgets have a deficit in spring. D) Melting snow increases runoff in spring. 19. Which sediment is most easily picked up and transported by the wind? A) cobbles B) pebbles C) sand D) silt 20. The photograph below shows a large boulder of metamorphic rock in a field in the Allegheny Plateau region of New York State. The boulder was most likely moved to this location by A) glacial ice B) prevailing wind C) streamfiow D) volcanic action
5 21. In what way is a pebble probably changing as it is carried by a mountain stream? A) Its density is decreasing. B) Its mass is decreasing. C) Its particle size is increasing. D) Its hardness is increasing. 22. Based on the diagrams of rock fragments below, which shows the least evidence of erosion? A) B) C) D) 23. The diagram below shows sand particles being moved by wind. 26. When small particles settle through water faster than large particles, the small particles are probably A) lighter B) flatter C) better sorted D) more dense 27. Deposition within a meandering stream usually occurs on the inside of the curves because the A) water velocity decreases B) stream gradient increases C) water is deeper D) stream is narrower 28. Where is the most deposition likely to occur? A) on the side of a sand dune facing the wind B) at the mouth of a river, where it enters an ocean C) at a site where glacial ice scrapes bedrock D) at the top of a steep slope in a streambed 29. The cross section below shows a stream flowing downhill. Points A through D are locations in the stream. At which Earth surface locations is this process usually the most dominant type of erosion? A) deserts and beaches B) deltas and floodplains C) glaciers and moraines D) mountain peaks and escarpments 24. Long, sandy islands are composed mostly of sand and rounded pebbles arranged in sorted layers. Which agent of erosion most likely shaped and sorted the sand and pebbles while transporting them to their island location? A) glaciers B) landslides C) wind D) ocean waves 25. Which characteristics of a particle would usually result in the longest settling time for the particle in calm water? A) low density and round shape B) low density and flat shape C) high density and round shape D) high density and flat shape At which point would most deposition occur? A) A B) B C) C D) D 30. Dynamic equilibrium between erosion and deposition in a river exists when the amount of deposition is A) less than the amount of erosion B) greater than the amount of erosion C) the same as the amount of erosion
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