1. Which table correctly shows the classification of the rock samples based on the amount of weathering during this experiment?

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1 Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the laboratory experiment described below. The weathering of four different rock samples with different masses was studied. Each rock sample was placed in a separate beaker containing 500 milliliters of a dilute acid for 10 minutes. Bubbling was observed in some of the beakers. The data table below shows the mass of each sample, in grams, before placement in the acid and after removal from the acid. 1. Which table correctly shows the classification of the rock samples based on the amount of weathering during this experiment? A) B) C) D) 2. Which Earth process is being modeled in this experiment? A) physical weathering in the hydrosphere B) physical weathering in the mesosphere C) chemical weathering in the hydrosphere D) chemical weathering in the mesosphere 3. Which property of the gneiss sample prevented it from weathering? A) crystalline texture B) mineral composition C) density D) cleavage 4. Approximately what percentage of the marble sample remained after the experiment? A) 0.4% B) 8.0% C) 20.7% D) 99.6%

2 5. Which agent of erosion is most likely responsible for the deposition of sandbars along ocean shorelines? A) glaciers B) mass movement C) wave action D) wind action 6. The diagram below shows four magnified block-shaped sandstone samples labeled A, B, C, andd. Each sandstone sample contains quartz grains of different shapes and sizes. The quartz grains are held together by hematite cement. In which sample did the quartz grains undergo the most abrasion during erosional transport? A) A B) B C) C D) D 7. At high elevations, which is the most common form of physical weathering? A) abrasion of rocks by the wind B) alternate freezing and melting of water C) dissolving of minerals into solution D) oxidation by oxygen in the atmosphere

3 8. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New Hampshire s well-known symbol the Old Man of the Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain s history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man s face, and it eventually became New Hampshire s most recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003 Which agent of erosion is most likely responsible for the collapse of the granite profile? A) running water B) glacial ice C) wave action D) mass movement 9. Impact craters are more obvious on the Moon and 10. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of Mercury than on Earth because rock weathering caused by frost action? A) meteorites have not struck Earth B) weathering processes on Earth have removed most craters C) Earth is younger than Mercury or the Moon D) all meteorites burn up in Earth's atmosphere A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below freezing B) a wet climate in which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing C) a dry climate in which temperatures remain below freezing D) a dry climate in which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing

4 11. Adding automobile exhaust gases to the atmosphere has had the greatest impact on landscape development by A) changing the position of crustal plates B) changing Earth s prevailing wind patterns C) increasing the rate of chemical weathering D) increasing the amount of ozone in ground water 12. In the cartoon below, Lucy gives Linus incorrect information about pebbles. 15. Which geologic feature is caused primarily by chemical weathering? A) large caves in limestone bedrock B) a pattern of parallel cracks in a granite mountain C) blocks of basalt at the base of a steep slope D) the smooth, polished surface of a rock in a dry, sandy area 16. The demonstration shown in the diagram below indicates that powdered limestone reacts faster than a single large piece of limestone of equal mass when both are placed in acid. If Lucy wanted to give Linus correct information about pebbles, which statement would be most accurate? A) Pebbles can become cemented together to form a rock called gabbro. B) Pebble is the name given to the smallest-size sediment. C) Any large rock that weathers could become a pebble. D) Magma is composed of pebbles. 13. Which rock weathers most rapidly when exposed to acid rain? A) quartzite B) granite C) basalt D) limestone 14. What occurs when a rock is crushed into a pile of fragments? A) The total surface area decreases and chemical composition changes. B) The total surface area decreases and chemical composition remains the same. C) The total surface area increases and chemical composition changes. D) The total surface area increases and chemical composition remains the same. The most likely reason powdered limestone reacts faster is that it has A) less total volume B) more chemical bonds C) more total surface area D) lower density 17. Chemical weathering will occur most rapidly when rocks are exposed to the A) hydrosphere and lithosphere B) mesosphere and thermosphere C) hydrosphere and atmosphere D) lithosphere and atmosphere

5 Base your answers to questions 18 through 20 on flowchart below, which shows a general overview of the processes and substances involved in the weathering of rocks at Earth s surface. Letter X represents an important substance involved in both major types of weathering, labeled A and Bon the flowchart. Some weathering processes are defined below the flowchart. 18. Which weathering process is most common in a hot, dry environment? A) abrasion B) carbonation C) frost action D) hydrolysis 19. Which substance is represented by X on both sides of the flowchart? A) potassium feldspar B) air C) hydrochloric acid D) water 20. Which term best identifies the type of weathering represented by A? A) physical B) biological C) chemical D) glacial 21. By which processes are rocks broken up and moved to different locations? A) evaporation and condensation B) weathering and erosion C) burial and cementation D) compaction and transportation

6 22. The diagram below represents equal masses of two identical rock samples. Sample A is one large block, while sample B was cut into four smaller blocks of equal size. If subjected to the same environmental conditions, sample B will weather more quickly than sample A. The best explanation for this is that the A) volume of sample B is greater than that of sample A B) surface area of sample B is greater than that of sample A C) density of sample A is greater than that of sample B D) hardness of sample A is greater than that of sample B 23. The diagram below shows an outcrop of different layers of sandstone in a region receiving heavy rainfall. Which sandstone layer appears to be the least resistant to weathering? A) A B) B C) C D) D

7 Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the graph below, which shows the effect that average yearly precipitation and temperature have on the type of weathering that will occur in a particular region. 24. Which type of weathering is most common where the average yearly temperature is 5 C and the average yearly precipitation is 45 cm? A) moderate chemical weathering B) very slight weathering C) moderate chemical weathering with frost action D) slight frost action 25. The amount of chemical weathering will increase if A) B) C) D) air temperature decreases and precipitation decreases air temperature decreases and precipitation increases air temperature increases and precipitation decreases air temperature increases and precipitation increases 26. In which climate would the chemical weathering of limestone occur most rapidly? A) cold and dry C) warm and dry B) cold and humid D) warm and humid

8 27. The block diagram below represents caves that developed in a region over time. 31. The diagram below shows granite bedrock with cracks. Water has seeped into the cracks and frozen. The arrows represent the directions in which the cracks have widened due to weathering. Which type of weathering was primarily responsible for the development of these caves? A) physical weathering of sandstone B) physical weathering of limestone C) chemical weathering of sandstone D) chemical weathering of limestone 28. Which factor has the least effect on the weathering of a rock? A) climatic conditions B) composition of the rock C) exposure of the rock to the atmosphere D) the number of fossils found in the rock 29. A rock will weather faster after it has been crushed because its A) volume has been increased B) surface area has been increased C) density has been decreased D) molecular structure has been altered 30. Why is the surface of Mercury covered with meteor impact craters, while Earth s surface has relatively few craters? A) Mercury is larger than Earth, so it gets hit with more meteors. B) Mercury is an older planet, so it has a longer history of meteor impacts. C) Earth s less dense water surface attracts fewer meteors. D) Earth s hydrosphere and atmosphere destroyed or buried most meteor impact sites. Which statement best describes the physical weathering shown by the diagram? A) Enlargement of the cracks occurs because water expands when it freezes. B) This type of weathering occurs only in bedrock composed of granite. C) The cracks become wider because of chemical reactions between water and the rock. D) This type of weathering is common in regions of primarily warm and humid climates. 32. Landscapes will undergo the most chemical weathering if the climate is A) cool and dry B) cool and wet C) warm and dry D) warm and wet 33. Which characteristic would most likely remain constant when a limestone cobble is subjected to extensive abrasion? A) shape B) mass C) volume D) composition 34. Which activity demonstrates chemical weathering? A) freezing of water in the cracks of a sandstone sidewalk B) abrasion of a streambed by tumbling rocks C) grinding of talc into a powder D) dissolving of limestone by acid rain

9 35. The diagram below represents a naturally occurring geologic process. Which process is best illustrated by the diagram? A) cementation B) erosion C) metamorphism D) weathering 36. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the bedrock of a portion of the Helderberg Escarpment, located in Thacher State Park near Albany, New York. The rock formations are identified by name. What is the main factor that causes the bedrock to weather at different rates? A) elevation above sea level B) mineral composition C) age of rock layers D) environment of formation

10 37. In the diagram below, sample X and sample Y represent equal masses of earth material which are weathering under the same conditions. The samples have the same mineral composition. The weathering rate for sample Y will most likely be A) less than X B) greater than X C) the same as X 38. Which property of water makes frost action a common and effective form of weathering? A) Water dissolves many earth materials. B) Water expands when it freezes. C) Water cools the surroundings when it evaporates. D) Water loses 334 Joules of heat per gram when it freezes. 39. The two block diagrams below represent the formation of caves. Which types of weathering and erosion are primarily responsible for the formation of caves? A) chemical weathering and groundwater flow B) chemical weathering and runoff C) physical weathering and groundwater flow D) physical weathering and runoff 40. Which process involves either a physical or chemical breakdown of earth materials? A) deposition B) sedimentation C) weathering D) cementing

11 41. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 43. The diagram below shows a process called frost wedging. The action of the root splitting the bedrock is an example of A) chemical weathering B) deposition C) erosion D) physical weathering 42. What is the best explanation for the shape of the cliff in the diagram? A) Rocks A and C are made of larger particles than rock B. B) The particles in rocks A and C are more firmly cemented than those in rock B. C) The minerals in rocks A and C erode faster than those in rock B. D) Rocks A and C have not been exposed to weathering as long as rock B. Frost wedging is an example of A) weathering B) cementing C) metamorphism D) deposition 44. The four limestone samples illustrated below have the same composition, mass, and volume. Under the same climatic conditions, which sample will weather fastest? A) B) C) D) 45. Water is a major agent of chemical weathering because water A) cools the surroundings when it evaporates B) dissolves many of the minerals that make up rocks C) has a density of about one gram per cubic centimeter D) has the highest specific heat of all common earth materials

12 46. Four pieces of the same rock material which have different shapes but equal volumes are exposed to the atmosphere. Which piece would probably weather fastest? A) a piece shaped like a sphere B) a piece shaped like a cube C) a piece shaped like a cylinder D) a piece shaped flat and thin 47. Which graph best represents the chemical weathering rate of a limestone boulder as the boulder is broken into pebble-sized particles? A) B) 50. A large rock is broken into several smaller pieces. Compared to the rate of weathering of the large rock, the rate of weathering of the smaller pieces is A) less B) greater C) the same 51. As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks into several smaller pieces, the rate of weathering of the sediment will A) decrease due to a decrease in surface area B) decrease due to an increase in surface area C) increase due to a decrease in surface area D) increase due to an increase in surface area C) D) 48. Which change in climate would most likely cause the greatest increase in chemical weathering of local bedrock? A) lower temperature in winter B) lower humidity in winter C) higher atmospheric pressure in summer D) greater precipitation in summer 49. The data table below gives information about four samples of limestone particles. Each sample has a total mass of 1 kilogram. The particles in each sample are of uniform diameter. Which sample would dissolve at the fastest rate when placed in a container of dilute hydrochloric acid? A) A B) B C) C D) D

13 52. The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposed basalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert. Which cross section best represents the appearance of this cobble after many years of exposure to the wind-driven sand? A) B) C) D) 53. Which long-term atmospheric changes would increase the rate of chemical weathering of surface bedrock? A) decreasing temperature and decreasing precipitation B) decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation C) increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation D) increasing temperature and increasing precipitation 54. Rock samples brought back from the Moon show absolutely no evidence of chemical weathering. This is most likely due to A) the lack of an atmosphere on the Moon B) extremely low surface temperatures on the Moon C) lack of biological activity on the Moon D) large quantities of water in the lunar "seas" 55. The block diagram below represents a landscape where caverns and sinkholes have gradually developed over a long period of time. Why did these caverns and sinkholes form? A) The bedrock chemically reacted with acidic groundwater. B) This type of bedrock contained large amounts of oxygen and silicon. C) Glacial deposits altered the shape of the bedrock. D) Crustal uplift formed gaps in the bedrock. 56. In hot, wet climates, bedrock rapidly weathers into soil because water A) dissolves many minerals B) expands when it freezes C) is part of most chemical compounds D) cools the surroundings when it evaporates

14 57. Which event is an example of chemical weathering? A) rocks falling off the face of a steep cliff B) feldspar in granite being crushed into clay-sized particles C) water freezing in cracks in a roadside outcrop D) acid rain reacting with limestone bedrock